Biology 1406 Test I Study Guide
Chapter 1.
1.
What is Biology?
2.
What are the different levels of organization of living systems?
3.
What are the different domains and kingdoms of living organisms?
4.
How does a prokaryote differs from an eukaryote?
5.
What are the steps of the scientific method?
Chapter 2. Chemistry of Living Systems
6.
What is an atom? What three types of particles are commonly found in atoms?
Where in the atoms is each particle found?
7.
Be familiar with concepts / terms such as: electrically neutral, atomic number, atomic weight, isotope, ion, cation, anion, electron donor, electron acceptor, acid, base, and buffer.
8.
What determines whether a particular atom is gold rather than silver, lead rather than carbon?
9.
What are the elements necessary to living systems? Which of these are the most common?
10.
How many electrons are typically found in orbitals (energy levels)? How many electrons are at various distances around an atom’s nucleus? What are valence electrons and why are they important?
11.
What sorts of bonds are commonly used in living system to combine atoms into molecules? How does each form? (i.e. sharing vs. transfer of electrons)
12.
How do polar and nonpolar covalent bonds differ from each other?
13.
What are hydrogen bonds? How do they differ fundamentally from both covalent and ionic bonds?
14.
What are reactants and products in a chemical reaction?
15.
What determines whether a particular chemical is ‘organic’? Know the definitions for both acid and base. What ion is common to all acids? What ion is common to all bases?
16.
What is a buffer?
17.
What properties of water are important for life?
Chapter 3.
18.
Know why is carbon important for biological molecules.
19.
Identify the main 6 functional groups (in general, how their formulas give rise to their structures)
20.
Know what are the main 4 classes of biomolecules.
21.
Know what is the general mechanism of synthesis of large molecules from their subunits and the mechanism that breaks apart the large molecules into their monomers.
22.
Know some examples of monosaccharides, of disaccharides, and of polysaccharides. How does the structure of starch differs from that of cellulose and from chitin, and how this affects each one in its function.
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23.
Recognize the glucose structure
24.
How can glucose be stored and where.
25.
What are the main subunits of fat. How does saturated fat differs from unsaturated fat. Which one is fluid at room temperature?
26.
How do you make a triglyceride.
27.
What part of the phospholipids is polar and which one is non-polar.
28.
Know the general formula of a carbohydrate
29.
Know the general formula of an aminoacid and what makes them different
30.
What is the name of the bond between aminoacids.
31.
Be able to mention at least 3 functions of the proteins.
32.
What are the four levels of protein structure?
33.
What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?
Ch 4. Cell membrane structure and function
Study questions
34.
What are the main components of biological membranes?
35.
What are the main properties that fats, proteins, and steroids give to a membrane?
36.
What does it mean that a membrane is a fluid mosaid?
37.
What parts of a phospholipids are hydrophilic and which ones are hydrophobic?
38.
What are the main types of transport across a membrane?
39.
What are examples that can cross a membrane by simple diffusion?
40.
Define diffusion. How is facilitated diffusion different from diffusion?
41.
Define osmosis
42.
What is active transport?
43.
What is a hypertonic solution?
44.
What is a hypotonic solution?
45.
In what type of solution would a red blood cell burst? In which one would a red blood cell shrink?
46.
What is endocytosis? What is exocytosis?
47.
What is pinocytosis
48.
what is phagocytosis?
49.
What are types of specialized cell junctions and their functions?
50.
What is the component of cell walls in plants?
From lab experiments:
51.
Use your lab manual and your notes to :
52.
Identify the parts of the microscope (Exercise 1), and make calculations on magnification.
53.
Know how to handle the microscope and use.
54.
Remember some of the organisms, cellular organelles, etc.,we saw: Euglena, hydrilla, chloroplasts, cyclosis,plasmolysis (Exercises 1, 4 and 5). Different between isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solutions.
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