The Production Line Model of Policy-Making Agenda-Setting Evaluation Formulation Implementation Adoption/ Legitimation Government Institutions/Actors Agenda-Setting Agenda-setting involves two basic activities: (1) problem identification and (2) priority-setting. Problems may be identified by a wide variety of political actors, both inside and outside of government, who may have competing perceptions of the problem’s cause, scope, and severity. Priority-setting occurs when moving problems from the public agenda to the official agenda. Determining which problems are priorities and deserve government’s attention is an issue of determining “who gets access?” There are many points of access in the American political system because there is no single official agenda. Agenda-Setting Policy formulation involves working out the details of alternative strategies to address a problem placed on a government institution’s agenda. The formulation of alternative policy strategies may be carried out by professional, scientific policy analysts and planners, but more often it is an informal process in which entities that are affected by a problem and any potential policy response attempt to persuade government decision-makers of the merits of their preferred solution. In other words, formulation is a political rather than a rational process. Political actors both inside and outside of government may be involved in this stage of policy-making. Formulation Agenda-Setting In the adoption/legitimation stage, government officially accepts a particular course of action from among the alternatives produced in the formulation stage [adoption means “choosing”]. A policy statement is adopted. Policy statements may take several forms. Policy statements must be adopted by government institutions because (in American society) only government is recognized as having legitimate authority to impose binding decisions on society. This legitimacy is conferred by a legal/constitutional process. Adoption/ Legitimation Government Institutions/Actors Formulation Agenda-Setting Implementation Implementation involves doing the things to or for target groups that have been authorized by the policy statement. However, implementation is not as mechanical as mere administration. It is itself a dynamic, political process involving Formulation activities characteristic of each of the five stages of the broader policy-making process. Although implementing actions are generally carried out by a government bureaucracy, private individuals or businesses or non-profit agencies may have some implementation responsibilities as well. Adoption/ Legitimation Government Institutions/Actors Agenda-Setting Evaluation Implementation Evaluation is the measurement of policy performance and consequences in terms of policy goals and other standards. Policy evaluations may be conducted formally by policy analysts in government agencies, “policy thinktanks,” or the news media, or informally by just about anyone. Often informal, non-scientific evaluations shape perceptions of policy effectiveness more than rigorous, scientific analyses. “Feedback” occurs as a result of evaluationAdoption/ so that policy may be adjusted at any time. As Legitimation a consequence, old problems may be redefined or new problems may be identified and the policy-making process begins again. Thus, policy-making is a continual or cyclical process. Government Institutions/Actors