AP BIOLOGY
Ch. 6 “A Tour of the Cell”
Objectives:
How We Study Cells
1.
2.
3.
Distinguish between magnification and resolving power.
Describe the principles, advantages, and limitations of the light microscope, transmission electron microscope, and
scanning electron microscope.
Describe the major steps of cell fractionation and explain why it is a useful technique.
A Panoramic View of the Cell
4.
5.
6.
Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Explain why there are both upper and lower limits to cell size.
Explain the advantages of compartmentalization in eukaryotic cells.
The Nucleus and Ribosomes
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Describe the structure and function of the nuclear envelope, including the role of the pore complex.
Briefly explain how the nucleus controls protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.
Explain how the nucleolus contributes to protein synthesis.
Describe the structure and function of a eukaryotic ribosome.
Distinguish between free and bound ribosomes in terms of location and function.
The Endomembrane System
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
List the components of the endomembrane system, and describe the structure and functions of each component.
Compare the structure and functions of smooth and rough ER.
Explain the significance of the cis and trans sides of the Golgi apparatus.
Describe the cisternal maturation model of Golgi function.
Describe three examples of intracellular digestion by lysosomes.
Name three different kinds of vacuoles, giving the function of each kind.
Other Membranous Organelles
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
Briefly describe the energy conversions carried out by mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Describe the structure of a mitochondrion and explain the importance of compartmentalization in mitochondrial
function.
Distinguish among amyloplasts, chromoplasts, and chloroplasts.
Identify the three functional compartments of a chloroplast. Explain the importance of compartmentalization in
chloroplast function.
Describe the evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts are semiautonomous organelles.
Explain the roles of peroxisomes in eukaryotic cells.
The Cytoskeleton
24.
25.
26.
Describe the functions of the cytoskeleton.
Compare the structure, monomers, and functions of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.
Explain how the ultrastructure of cilia and flagella relates to their functions.
Cell Surfaces and Junctions
27.
28.
29.
30.
Describe the basic structure of a plant cell wall.
Describe the structure and list four functions of the extracellular matrix in animal cells.
Explain how the extracellular matrix may act to integrate changes inside and outside the cell.
Name the intercellular junctions found in plant and animal cells and list the function of each type of junction.
AP Bio. Ch.6
Key Terms:
actin
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basal body
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cell fractionation
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cell wall
flagellum
phagocytosis
central vacuole
food vacuole
plasma membrane
centriole
gap junction
plasmodesma
centrosome
glycoprotein
plastid
chloroplast
Golgi apparatus
primary cell wall
chromatin
granum
prokaryotic cell
chromosome
integrin
proteoglycan
cilium
intermediate filament
pseudopodium
collagen
light microscope (LM)
ribosome
contractile vacuole
lysosome
rough ER
crista
microfilament
scanning electron microscope (SEM)
cytoplasm
microtubule
secondary cell wall
cytoplasmic streaming
middle lamella
smooth ER
cytoskeleton
mitochondrial matrix
stroma
cytosol
mitochondrion
thylakoid
desmosome
myosin
tight junction
dynein
nuclear envelope
tonoplast
electron microscope (EM)
nuclear lamina
transmission electron microscope (TEM)
endomembrane system
nucleoid
transport vesicle
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
nucleolus
ultracentrifuge
eukaryotic cell
nucleus
vesicle
extracellular matrix (ECM)
organelle
fibronectin
peroxisome
Possible Essay Questions
Ch. 6: Cell size and shape
obj. 5: Upper and lower limit on cell size.
obj. 6: Advantages of compartmentalization in eukaryotic cells
obj. 19,21: Functional compartments of mitochondria and chloroplast, explain importance.
Ch. 7:
Describe how membrane structure is related to the transport of materials across a membrane.
obj. 1,8,15,16,19,20
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AP BIOLOGY
Ch. 7
“Membrane Structure and Function”
Objectives:
Membrane Structure
1. Explain why phospholipids are amphipathic molecules.
2. Explain what freeze-fracture techniques reveal about the arrangement of proteins in membranes.
3. Describe the fluidity of the components of a cell membrane and explain how membrane fluidity is influenced by
temperature and membrane composition.
4. Explain how cholesterol resists changes in membrane fluidity with temperature change.
Traffic Across Membranes
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Distinguish between peripheral and integral membrane proteins.
List six major functions of membrane proteins.
Explain the role of membrane carbohydrates in cell-cell recognition.
Explain how hydrophobic molecules cross cell membranes.
Distinguish between channel proteins and carrier proteins.
Define diffusion. Explain why diffusion is a spontaneous process.
11. Explain why a concentration gradient of a substance across a membrane represents potential energy.
12. Distinguish among hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions.
13. Define osmosis and predict the direction of water movement based on differences in solute concentrations.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
Describe how living cells with and without cell walls regulate water balance.
Explain how transport proteins facilitate diffusion.
Distinguish among osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and active transport.
Describe the two forces that combine to produce an electrochemical gradient.
Explain how an electrogenic pump creates voltage across a membrane.
Describe the process of cotransport.
Explain how large molecules are transported across a cell membrane.
Distinguish between pinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis.
KEY TERMS:
amphipathic molecule
aquaporin
concentration gradient
cotransport
diffusion
electrochemical gradient
electrogenic pump
endocytosis
exocytosis
facilitated diffusion
flaccid
fluid mosaic model
gated channel
glycolipid
glycoprotein
hypertonic
hypotonic
integral protein
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ion channel
isotonic
ligand
membrane potential
osmoregulation
osmosis
passive transport
peripheral protein
phagocytosis
pinocytosis
plasmolysis
proton pump
receptor-mediated endocytosis
selective permeability
sodium-potassium pump
tonicity
transport protein
turgid
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