THE
ND
2
ERA OF IMPERIALISM
INDUSTRIALIZATION AND
IMPERIALISM: THE MAKING OF
THE EUROPEAN GLOBAL ORDER
INDUSTRIALIZATION
AS CATALYST
• Industrialization
–
–
–
–
Made it possible to easily build empires
Technology gave Europeans a technical superiority
Technology allowed Europeans to reach all areas
Scientific advances helped cure diseases harmful to Europeans
• Industrialism changed European expansion
– Trade no longer solely luxury goods
• Europe sought raw materials for its factories
• Markets for its manufactured goods.
– European navies required foreign bases to refuel
– Steam engines required coal, wood, water
– Later petroleum engines required oil to fuel machines
– Part of imperialism was finding naval bases, naval stores
SWITCH TO LAND POWERS
•
In the early stages of imperial advance
Great trading companies led acquisition of territories
•
–
–
•
Later, companies drawn into regional conflicts
Had to negotiate with princes for land, make alliances
Companies began to arm soldiers, build navies
Acquired land as a result of successful wars
With slow communications prior to industrialization
•
•
•
•
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•
Sought to avoid involvement in political rivalries
Favored trade instead of wars as wars cut into profits
Local commanders conquered large regions
Home countries did not know what was happening
Examples
British East India Company
•
•
•
Operating from Madras, Bombay
Acquired Bengal and smaller enclaves
Dutch East India Company
•
•
•
•
Operating from Batavia
Acquired Java and parts of other islands
Acquired Ceylon
French East India Company
•
•
•
Possessed port cities and factories
Tried to interfere with local princes to oust British from India
RISE OF LANDBASED EMPIRES
PROTOTYPE: THE DUTCH ADVANCE ON JAVA
•
The Dutch at Batavia
• Initially satisfied to be vassals of sultan of Mataram
–
–
•
The kingdom that controlled much of Java's interior
Intervention in succession wars within Mataram
» Dutch received control over the region around Batavia
» After 1670, Dutch won control of most of Java
The local sultans
–
–
Were able to retain only small kingdoms on the island
Java became the core of the Dutch Asian empire
• Dutch expand control in parts of East Indies
• Control local ports and some area
• Leave interiors to native princes
• Control the import, export of goods
• Collect tribute
The submission of Prince Diponegoro to General De Kock (Dutch East
Indies Company) at the end of the Java War in 1830
EARLY COLONIAL
SOCIETY
• In the Beginning
▫ British, Dutch representatives
 Established themselves atop indigenous social hierarchies
 Europeans Had to accommodate themselves to the ecology
 New types of housing, dress, work habits adopted
• A Blending
▫ Colonial representatives were male
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Liaisons with indigenous women were common
Intermarried with local women producing mixed groups
Eurasian mixed races become common intermediaries
Mixed races controlled exchanges between whites, locals
Many mixed groups created their own ethnic hierarchies
▫ Syncretism of Styles and Religions
 Christianity arrived but two Christianities resulted
 A purely European and an ethnic, blended tradition
REFORM
• By the 1770s, rampant corruption within the East India Company
–
–
–
–
Forced the British government to enact reforms
Sweeping reforms were undertaken by Lord Charles Cornwallis
Cornwallis' reforms in 1790s
• Cleansed the East India Company administration
• Constricted the participation of Indians in their own government.
Evangelical religious movements in Britain also induced reform.
• Slavery was abolished
• Campaigns launched against what were viewed as Indian social abuses
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–
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British utilitarians supported the cries for social reform
Evangelicals, Utilitarians pressed for English-language instruction in India
Reformers supported infusion of British technology.
• At the center of the social reform program
–
–
Abolition of the practice of sati
Despite some resistance, British insisted on an end to the practice
• British reforms also brought other cultural aspects
–
–
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Centerpieces of Western civilization including law, government
Including education, technology, and administrative organization
Attempted to recast Indian civilization in the Western image.
DUTCH EAST INDIES
•
Interactions
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War and Diplomacy
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Trade
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•
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Dutch created new political framework

Systematically replaced local rulers, states with colonial state; Imposed modern bureaucratic systems
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Standardization of currency systems, banking systems, insurance firms, and all-purpose service institutions
Left many local institutions, elites in place so long as they cooperated with Dutch, fulfilled their economic quotas
Sarekat Islam (Islamic Union)


•
United different kinds of Indonesian Muslims in one mass movement
Modeled after Indian movements, Chinese Revolution and parties
Social and Gender
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▫
•
Export industries increased rapidly until they came to dominate the economy
Capitalist, world-market-driven forces created national economic structures
State Structure
▫
•
Dutch conquer island interiors following Javanese revolt
Dutch, English redrew political map according to their own desires; boundaries have lasted until current era
New boundaries connected particular power centers within a Dutch colonial state, outside state to Netherlands
Forced culture system: government contracts with natives, crop control, and fixed prices
Private enterprise, land ownership expanded in late 19th century; population subject to world price fluxuations
Cultural
▫
▫
Dutch Native Schools: primary schools, university education helped fuel Indonesian nationalism
Islamic reformism (education, self-reform) came to Indonesia via movements in Middle East
▫
Debate between revivalist, modernist reconstructions of Islam; rise of ethnic identities
 Prompted social and intellectual changes
 Resistance movements and new political parties
Environment and Demography
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Population steadily, rapidly increased; significant migrations into and within the area
Chinese, Indian trading groups made up significant percentage of immigrants
Introduction of coffee, tea, rubber, cocoa plantations; rice production expanded
Dutch developed tin, oil industries
DUTCH EAST INDIES
FRENCH INDOCHINA
• Interactions
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Diplomacy: Began century as Chinese tributary states, independent princely states
Diplomacy: Negotiations left Thailand as buffer and led to annexation of Laos by 1902
Wars: French fought Chinese, Vietnamese, Siam to acquire colonies, protectorates 1859 - 1882
War: many peasant/guerrilla insurrection, Buddhist rebellions against French influence
• State Structure
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Vietnam began as imperial state with Confucian bureaucracy modeled after China
French navy conquer southern area, including Cambodia
Introduced European administration, taxing/fiscal systems but left many ruling elites in place
French monopolies on salt, opium, alcohol, and all public facilities
• Social and Gender
▫
▫
French colonial administrators assisted by French trained Vietnamese bureaucrats
Confucian ruling elites, traditional social structures largely left in place but little influence
• Cultural
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Conversion of many Vietnamese to Christianity
Attempted repression by emperor led to French intervention
French practice policy of cultural assimilation , allow elites to rule locals
Migration of Chinese merchants to area especially in South, to cities
Many Vietnamese intellectuals educated in French universities
• Technology
▫
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▫
Infusion of modern technology, irrigation, all weather roads, ports
Conquest by technologies: warships, modern weapons, telegraph
Coal mines and rice plantations were opened with French funding
• Environment and Demography
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Rise of Saigon, Hanoi, Haiphong due to French administration
Export industries dominate: plantations for rubber, tea, rice
FRENCH INDOCHINA
RISE OF BRITISH IN INDIA
• British gradually assumed a position of superiority
▫ Establishment of British control in India
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Based out of Bombay which became center of trade, banking
Had much to do with an imperial rivalry with the French
Armed ships and fielded English led native levies of troops
Signed alliances with local princes, fought opposition
British emerged as victors and masters of an Asian empire
▫ British representative of BEIC was Robert Clive.
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Won initial victories in southern India
Won a major battle over ruler of Bengal at Plassey in 1757
Clive had help of Hindu bankers
Successfully bought off the chief general, allies of rival
• Clive's victory sealed British supremacy over France in India
CONSOLIDATION OF
BRITISH RULE
• After Plassey
– British representatives
• Involved themselves in succession disputes, wars
• Among the Indian rulers who bordered Bengal
– British East India Company
•
•
•
•
Wrested control of India from a declining Mughal Empire
Madras, Bombay, Calcutta became administrative centers
British Presidencies incorporated territory controlled by BEC
Other Indian states were left as dependent allies.
• Despite their awareness of the growing power of the British
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Indian princes continued to squabble among themselves
Supplied recruits for the British armies.
Armies recruited from India became a force in British empire
Indian soldiers served British masters throughout empire
INDIA: EXTERNAL
• Interactions
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War: French Revolution impacts seas, princes: English expand control
War: Numerous colonial wars of conquest, revolts
War: 1858 Sepoy Rebellion of Muslims, Hindus against British rule
Diplomacy: UK gets external control, land, rights
Diplomacy: Indians get local self-rule, protection, prestige
Diplomacy: India becomes a British imperial colony annexing Burma
Trade: Export of opium, raw cotton, indigo dye, cotton textiles, tea, rubber
Trade: British make Indian economy dependent on English trade, merchants
Trade: Opening of Suez Canal made India economically very important
• State Structure
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1750: Many princely states vie for leadership; English East India Company on rise
1858: United Kingdom takes over EEIC after Sepoy Rebellion, rules India directly
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Joint Anglo-Indian rule
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Cabinet system was introduced; civil service appointments were regulated
Army reorganized, recruited increasingly from the Punjab and Nepal
Code of civil procedure (1859), penal code (1860), code of criminal procedure (1861), high courts (1862)
Legislative councils were appointed containing a small proportion of Indian members
High caste Indians allowed to hold higher positions
British: land revenue-based state, sedentary society, guarantees of property rights, and the “rule of law.”
Regional rulers, local communities, local elites retained most social, political influence
Locals advanced visions of what Indian society should be that were different from British administrators
First nationalist movements, Hindu, Muslim reform movements
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Political leaders such as Gandhi begin to unite urban, rural and social, religious activities to unify nation
1914 Indian Congress Party seeks independence for a united Hindu-Muslim state
1914 Muslim League seeking independence for Muslims from a Hindu state
INDIA: INTERNAL
• Social and Gender
▫
Profound social changes both by British, locals
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English hostile to worst aspects of traditions, caste system but rule through elite Muslims, Hindus
Rise of English educated and technical elite; Indian bureaucracy, civil service largely native
British abolish sati; tried to diminish effects of caste system
Wealthy Indian merchants increasing buy land and do not invest in industry, trade
Elimination of the Thugees, a murderous Kali cult by British
Increasing tensions between Muslim, Hindus; Sikhs prominent in Indian Army
British officials accompanied by wives, socially and intellectually aloof from Indian subjects.
• Cultural
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▫
Founding of Anglo-Indian colleges, schools of higher education
Rise of Orientalism, a European intellectual school favoring Indian studies (Transcendentalists)
Protestant, Catholic missionaries very active in India, especially south; resented by Muslims, Hindus
• Technology
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British introduced printing press in 1778 creating an intellectual revolution
Printed media especially newspapers expanded in 19th century
British developed public works, ports, roads, railroads, bridges, irrigation canals, telegraph, post
Indian Great Rail System unites country for first time
Industrialization limited but some regional industrialization occurred in Bombay, Bengal
• Environment and Demography
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▫
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Indian population increased with new food stuffs
Increased urbanization
Growth of plantation economics in areas: teas, rubber, opium
Immigration of Indian labor throughout British Empire
INDIAN EMPIRE, 1914
COMPETITION
• Nationalism as competition
•
•
•
•
Industrial competition as nationalism
Militarism as a part of industrialization
Increased military, technological advantage
Competition among nations for colonies
• Imperialism and colonialism
•
•
•
Race to establish international empires
Colonies: economic insurance for industrialized nations
– They supplied raw materials, markets,
– Places where disgruntled workers could be shipped
Improved transportation and communications permitted
– National leaders play direct roles in imperial conquest
– National presses gave governments the ability
»
»
To build up public support
To publicize victories abroad.
AFRICA IN
1830:
BEFORE
SCRAMBLE
FOR
CONTINENT
BEGAN
SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA
FRENCH WEST AFRICA
•
•
Interactions
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Jihads by Sokoto spread faith; slaving wars; civil wars between Muslim states
By 1898 French reached Lake Chad, Nile; Fashoda Crisis nearly led to war with England
Industrial capitalism shaped demand, supply of goods and service on a world scale
Price fluctuations hurt West Africa
▫
Export of vegetable oils, cottons
State Structure
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Militant Muslim forces established Sokoto Caliphate, others in early to middle 19th century
French West Africa
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Forms of resistance: migration, tax evasion, disobedience, disrespect
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
•
Islamic education, piety made significant advances; great Muslim revival
White Fathers Mission charged with Catholic missionary work in Africa
Technology
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▫
•
Expansion of slavery to interior contributed to agricultural, craft, trading, and herding activities; social prestige
Mouridiyya brotherhood: peasants, former slaves, defeated warriors create Muslim community during Colonial rule
French expect men to migrate for work; while slavery abolished, many coerchive forms of labor used
Cultural
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•
Much less obvious, much more difficult to control; resistance continued throughout colonial period
Africans turned to Christianity, Western education as means of resisting the power of colonial rule
Social and Gender
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•
Established in 1895 to unify diverse, widespread French colonial possessions
Government centralized, direct rule from Paris, by French governor; all levels of government, courts run by French
All French colonies had to be self-supporting, taxable entities; little direct French investment in colonies
French weapons, transportation, steamships facilitate conquest, control
Quinine used to suppress malaria, permit Europeans to live in Africa
Environment and Demography
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▫
Expansion of peanut production (Peanut Revolution) throughout region
Introduction of cotton production for export
FRENCH
WEST AFRICA
NIGERIA
•
Interactions
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•
State Structure
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British, American missionaries set up schools, begin activities (Presbyterians, Methodists, Anglicans)
Rise of western educated elite due to missionaries, education which challenged traditional elites
In villages were men migrated to work, women assumed many traditional male roles
British economics, education disrupted many tradition patterns and changed social focus
Technology
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▫
•
Before British arrival, slave trade redirected to interior and expanded; many economic, social benefits
African slavery contributed to patriarchy because slave wives had fewer rights than freeborn wives
Traditional elites remained but undermined by European educated elites, Christians, businessmen
Cultural
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•
Forest Regions: 1750 until conquest -Divine right monarchies assisted by elites, councils ruled small states
Sudan/Sahel: 1750 until conquest- Muslim jihad, reformist purifying movement creates modern, model states
Royal Niger Company instrumental in acquiring lands, facilitation British expansion to interior
British establish two colonies: North, South and eventually merge both into one colonial entity
British dominate highest positions including military; ruled indirectly through local elites
Educated Africans become government civil servants, lawyers, police, teachers under British supervision
Social and Gender
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•
1750-1830 saw slaving wars between African states; later many civil wars for power
1870-1914 colonial wars of conquest, British forced to put down resistance
Industrializing countries sought tropical commodities (oils, cotton, ivory, indigo, gum)
Increased slavery augmented production of goods for regional and international trade
Exploration: the Niger, interior of the continent
Steamboats used in environment; weapons; modern medicines made conquest easier
Railroads, electricity, roads, port facilities expanded and created a unified colony
Environment and Demography
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Abolition of Atlantic slave trade in 19th century but expansion of slavery within African interior
Peanuts, yams introduced into region, a major food crop: population expanded in 19th century
Rise of Lagos as administrative capital, port
COLONIAL WARS
• Europe by the late 19th century
– Nations could wage devastating war
– Small armies had enormous power
• Technology gave them great power
• Machine guns, steam power, iron hulls
• The peoples of Asia and Africa
– Not able to provide effective resistance
– Asian, African leaders continued to resist
– Although they were able to win some victories
• Local states could not sustain conventional wars
• Most effective resistance was offered by guerrillas
• Case of Congo in Africa
–
–
–
–
Henry Stanley never had more than 1000 men
His army had machine guns, cannons, steamers
Conquered Congo Free State (Zaire) for Belgium
State is half the size of the continental USA
RESISTANCE
• Africans, Asians Resist
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▫
Resisted as best they could
Refused to cooperate
Slowed work, output
Disappeared to avoid work
Often resorted to war
• Sepoy Rebellion 1857
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▫
Hindu, Muslims sepoys rebel
Crushed by British troops
UK annexes India from East Indies Co.
• Ethiopia
▫
▫
Italy invaded in 1896
At Battle of Adowa, Ethiopia wins
• Zulu Wars
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1870s
English, Boer in region: seek Zulu land
Zulus resist
Battle of Isandhlwana


Zulus defeat British
Too little to win war
PATTERNS OF
DOMINANCE
– European Superiority
•
•
•
Fueled desire for Western learning
Asian, African elites cooperated to try to maintain their powers
Asian and African middle classes westernized
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Europeans needed lower echelon bureaucrats to run empire
New middle classes, urban classes especially clerks worked with Europeans
Fueled westernization issues as many adopted European standards
– Two primary types of colonies
•
Tropical dependencies
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•
Small numbers of Europeans ruled large numbers of indigenous peoples
Europeans there to exploit resources but not settle
Often left for better life after making their money, reputation
Settlement, settler colonies.
–
–
Within the settlement colonies there were two patterns.
In the White Dominions, such as Canada and Australia
»
»
–
Much of the population descended from European immigrants
Possible because of the die-off of native peoples
In contested settler colonies, such as Algeria, Kenya, New Zealand, Hawaii
»
»
Large numbers of European immigrants vied with indigenous peoples
Europeans tried to monopolize best lands, resources
THE
COLOSSUS
ASTRIDE
AFRICA
(CECIL
RHODES)
TROPICAL
DEPENDENCIES
Followed models established in India, Java
• Exploited religious or ethnic divisions
•
•
•
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Europeans rigidified differences
Divided indigenous peoples into artificial tribes
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Europeans often placed one tribe over other tribes
Europeans ruled through this tribe
The powerful tribe often exploited other tribes, peoples
Ashanti in Gold Coast, Kikuyu in Kenya, Buganda in Uganda
Brahmin and Kshatriya castes, Sikhs in India
–
–
With the help of Western-educated African, Asian subordinates.
British also drew on educated Indians to support
administrative
Rule through one tribe
Europeans gained control over vast regions of Asia, Africa
• Few Europeans governed masses of indigenous peoples
•
In Africa, unlike other colonized regions
–
–
–
Education left in the hands of missionaries rather than the state
This policy stunted the growth of an African middle class
Such policies
»
»
Intentionally eliminated the development of nationalist leaders
Isolated groups within the colonized peoples
CHANGING SOCIAL
RELATIONS
After 1850
•
Europeans in Asia, Africa tended to isolate themselves
Inclusion of European women in the colonies
–
Ended liaisons between European males, local women
–
Laws were established forbidding mixed marriages.
–
Measures were passed to prevent social interactions
•
•
White Racial Supremacy
•
Europeans increasingly felt they were racial superior
Looked down upon all colored or darker races
White Man’s Burden
•
•
•
•
•
•
Whites as superior civilization had a duty to inferiors
Whites imparted civilization to inferiors
Development of Social Dawinism
–
Based on Darwin’s theories
–
Saw whites as survival of the fittest
–
Other races were lower on the evolutionary scale
–
Used to justify European imperialism, myth of racial superiority
Administrators and colonists
•
•
•
•
•
•
Increasingly saw Africans, Asians as savages, uncivilized
Attempted to create European enclaves
Lived in increasing isolation from Asians, Africans
Took best lands from natives and introduced European lifestyles
Place locals at bottom of all social pyramids
MISSION CIVILISATRICE
WHITE MAN’S BURDEN
ECONOMIC
EXTRACTION
• Coercive Means of Colonialism
•
•
Efforts made to increase production of exports
Often used coercive means
–
–
•
Head, hut taxes imposed payable only in commodities
Forced locals to mine minerals, tap rubber for Europeans
Worse Case = Congo Free State
–
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–
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No rules governing colonization and King of Belgium wanted an empire
Hired Henry Stanley with small armies to create his own new state
Called Congo Free State
Forced locals to harvest rubber under pain of death, punishment
Labor quotas little more than slavery
Eventually his atrocities discovered, state taken over by Belgium
• Development of Infrastructure
•
To facilitate the movement of raw materials, agricultural crops
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–
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–
•
Imperial nations built roads, railroads from colonial interiors to ports.
Mining and agricultural productivity increased in the colonies
But profits went to European imperialists.
African and Asian workers scarcely benefited from their labor.
Colonial economies reduced to dependence on industrialized Europe.
IN THE RUBBER COILS
The Congo “Free” State
Congo Free State, Imports and Exports, 1887-1903
Year
Exports
Imports
Year
Exports
Imports
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1,980,441
2,609,300
4,297,543
8,242,199
5,353,519
5,487,632
6,106,134
8,761,622
10,943,019
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
9,175,103
11,104,723
10,685,848
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
12,389,600
15,146,976
22,163,482
36,061,959
47,377,401
50,488,394
50,069,515
54,597,835
15,227,776
22,181,462
23,084,447
22,325,847
24,724,109
23,102,064
18,080,909
20,896,331
MISSIONARIES AND
IMPERIALISM
• The Flag Followed The Faith
– Missionaries
• Were active before imperialists
• Often penetrated interior of Asia, Africa
• Brought faith and many other goods, ideas
– Missionaries were active as social imperialists
• Missionaries favored Western ways
• Insisted that conversion meant westernization
• Native vs. European Clergy
– Three Christian traditions developed
• Roman Catholic and Anglican traditions – very similar
• Protestant traditions like Presbyterians were late starters
• Indigenous Clergy and African Christian movements
• Developed after some time
• Often did not belong to any established tradition
• Very strongly Afro-centric and often pentecostal
– Europeans dominated African Christianity until 1950s
SPREAD OF
CHRISTIAN
MISSIONS IN
AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICA
NGUNI & MFECANE
• Nguni
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Bantu tribal language family in Southern Africa
Arrived 1600s in Cape area
Arrive in area same time as Dutch settled Capetown
Tribes: Zulu, Xhosa, Sotho, Swahzi, Nbelle, Shona
Many moved into area following decline of Zimbabwe
Corn introduced from Americas: rise of population
Scarce resources during 10 year drought: conflict
• Mfecane
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Zulu for the scattering or crushing
Rise of Zulu Empire c. 1780 – 1840
Created by Shaka Zulu, the use of modern iron swords
Zulu war machine forced Ngoni tribes to scatter
Let to rise of Zulu-like states throughout region
• Mfecane meets Great Trek
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▫
▫
▫
British rule increasingly unacceptable to Dutch Farmer (Boer)
British oppose slavery which Boers support
Boer picked up entire communities and migrated to interior
The Great Trek of Boers collided up against Mfecane
MAPPING THE MFECANE
SOUTH AFRICA
•
Interactions
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▫
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▫
•
Diplomacy: British acquire land from Dutch following Napoleonic war
Wars: European border wars with Bantu; Anglo-Boer War 1899
Bantu Mfecane caused by Zulus; Great Trek: Boers immigrated into interior to get away from British
Imperialism: gold, diamonds led British to seek to control Boer Republics
State Structure
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▫
Cape Colony, Natal were British settler colonies; Transvaal, Orange Free State were independent
Indirect British rule of Africans through chiefs; 1853 British settlers acquire legislature, self-rule
Union of South Africa as a British federal crown dominion in 1910 united all states, provinces
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•
Social and Gender
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1795 Slaves outnumbered European colonists
19th century saw expulsions of Bantu from lands; heavy English settler immigration to colonies
Casted society with misgenation laws, racial segregation laws in place
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•
Conversion of many Africans to Protestantism
Europeans dominated all levels of the government, economy
Technology
▫
▫
•
English Settlers; Afrikaaner (Boer) Settlers dominate society
Indian indentured labor in sugar plantations; mixed populations in Cape Colony, Natal
African (Bantu) populations relegated to homelands, tribal lands
Cultural
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▫
•
Immigration Act of 1913 restricted rights of Indians, led to arrest, rise of Gandhi
Native Land Act of 1913 restricted African landing holding to under 8%
African National Congress founded by blacks in 1913; South African Nationalist party founded in 1914
Railroads, modernized ports
Heavy mining of gold, diamonds led to industrial capitalism,
Environment and Demography
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▫
Ranching and farming introduced
Cities were often heavily Caucasian, Indian, Mixed populations: black suburban slums
BOER GREAT
TREK
• Dutch in South Africa
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▫
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▫
17th century Dutch occupy Capetown Province
Dutch, French Huguenots settle in Cape Province
Society develops called Boer
People speak Afrikaans, a dialect of Dutch
Create a settler society based on ranching, slavery
• British Acquire Cape Province
▫
▫
Following Napoleonic Wars, British annex Cape Province
British abolish slavery and English immigration increases
• Great Trek
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▫
Waves: semi-nomadic pastoralists and skilled artisans, merchants, farmers
Reasons for migration
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




Felt their life style and traditions were threatened by the British
Disliked Anglicization policies in society and faith
Disagreed with British abolition of slavery
Felt British were unreceptive to attacks by Bantu Nguni tribes on borders
Sought good farm land which was in short supply in Cape Province
Boers had a large, expanding, young population
• Results
▫
▫
▫
Establishment of three Boer Republics in interior
These republics did not permit slavery but established racial segregation
Conflicts between Boers and Bantu especially Zulu and Xhosa increase
MAPPING
THE GREAT
TREK
CONTESTED SETTLER COLONIES
• Australia, South Africa, Kenya, New Zealand, Algeria
• Contested settler colonies
Attracted large numbers of European immigrants
 Earlier settler colonies
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Disease decimated indigenous populations
Europeans able without much trouble to take best lands
Introduced complete European society inc. food, animals
“Neo-Europes”
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Created abroad including food, animals
Society an exact replication of Europe
American colonies
Canada and Quebec
19th-century settler colonies
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Were in areas with large indigenous populations
Conflict, competition between indigenous, settler
NEO-EUROPES & IMMIGRATION
EUROPEANS
SETTLE AUSTRALIA
• Early Settlement of Australia
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May 1787 11 ships sailed from England bound for Botany Bay
British Crown Colony of New South Wales 1788
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Included the current islands of New Zealand, which was administered as part of New South Wales
Van Diemen's Land now known as Tasmania settled in 1803 and became a separate colony in 1825
Britain formally claimed the western part of Australia in 1829
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1835 the Colonial Office implemented the legal doctrine of terra nullius
Land belonged to no one prior to the British Crown taking possession
Quashed earlier treaties with Aboriginal peoples
All people found occupying land without authority of government considered illegal trespassers
• Separate colonies were created from parts of New South Wales
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South Australia in 1836; New Zealand in 1840; Victoria in 1851; Queensland in 1859
Northern Territory founded in 1863 as part of the Province of South Australia
1829 Swan River Colony founded: later became Western Australia
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Western Australia was founded as a free colony
Later accepted transported convicts because of an acute labor shortage
The transportation of convicts to Australia was phased out between 1840 and 1868
Massive areas of land were cleared for agriculture and various other purposes
• 1850: Gold Rushes led to massive immigration
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Immigration from England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales
Immigration from United States and Canada
Immigration of Chinese laborers to support European construction, service industries
• 1901: Australia granted Dominion Status
AUSTRALIANS
Aborigine Tribes Prior to 1830
The Creation of Australia to 1901
THE PACIFIC
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European, American, and Japanese colonialism
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Resulted in demographic disasters and social disruption
New Zealand and Hawaii serve as examples
War of 1898 made US a Pacific Power
USA acquired Philippines, Guam, Hawaii, Samoa
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Contact between Europeans, Maoris occurred end of 18th century
European settlement was not extensive
Exposure to diseases, dissemination of firearms resulted in massive population loss
By middle of 19th century
New Zealand
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The surviving Maoris had begun to establish sedentary agricultural communities
Used European technology and domesticated animals
British settlement began in earnest in the 1850s
European immigrants seized the most fertile lands; Maoris driven to interior of the islands
Maoris survived by acculturating to British law and government
New Zealand was able to construct a multiracial society in which elements of the Maori culture flourished.
Hawaii
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Captain James Cook opened Hawaii to Western development in 1777
With use of Western weapons, Kamehameha united all of Hawaii 1794 to 1810
Kamehameha encouraged economic exchange with Western merchants
In 1819, US missionaries began to convert the Hawaiians to Christianity
Missionaries brought in their wake cultural change and Western education
Exposure to Western diseases decimated the population of the Hawaiian islands
Westerners soon began to experiment with plantation crops
As Hawaiian monarchy declined, planter groups called for more active U.S. intervention
The United States formally annexed Hawaii as a colony in 1898.
SETTLEMENT
OF NEW ZEALAND
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1000-1300
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1642
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First Christian mission begin
Sheep, cattle, chickens, horses
1820s – 1840s
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First European settlers
First European women arrive
1814
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60% of Maori on North Island die
due to disease
1793 – 1806
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Cook visits islands
1790
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Dutch visit islands
1769
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Arrival of Polynesians
Maori wars using muskets
1840 – 1841
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Major European settlements
New Zealand becomes British
PACIFIC EMPIRES
WHY WESTERN DOMINANCE?
• Concept of Decline Is Common to All Civilizations
▫ Internal Weaknesses
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Slow, vulnerable communications hinders cohesion
Long term cohesion of political unity begins to disappear
Ethnic, religious, regional differences re-emerge
Self-serving corrupt elite make pleasure predominate
Elites lose control
Deterioration of government, military increase social tensions
▫ External Weaknesses
 Influx of nomadic peoples were a factor through 1450
 Neighboring states clash in wars
• Western Europe was different when it emerged in 1450s
▫ European naval power and diseases had enormous impact
▫ 17th and 18th Industrial and technological revolution
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Europeans sought to master the natural world – know it, use it
Resources exploited to maximum, manufacturing encouraged
War ability to project military power was vastly greater than locals
Material culture was very advanced and innovation accepted
Vibrant culture of risk taking rewarded: other cultures frowned upon it
▫ Other cultures copied European models, westernized in many cases
IDENTIFICATIONS
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COLONIALISM
IMPERIALISM
ROBERT CLIVE
SEPOYS
SEPOY REBELLION
BRITISH RAJ
BATTLE OF PLASSEY
PRINCELY STATES
CROWN STATES
NABOBS
“WHITE DOMINIONS
TROPICAL COLONIES
WHITE RACIAL
SUPERIORITY
• SOCIAL DARWINISM
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BOERS, AFRIKAANERS
CECIL RHODES
BOER WAR
LEOPOLD OF BELGIUM
CONGO FREE STATE
ZULUS
BATTLE OF ISANDHALWANA
MENELIK II OF ETHIOPIA
BATTLE OF ADOWA