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● CCoT Essay
○ due Monday, May 2
● Ch. 16 & Ch. 17 Reading
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○ due Monday, May 9
1750-1914
Modern era of history.
It’s very connected!
The Industrial
Revolution
AP World History
What is it?
(in 1 sentence)
The Industrial Revolution, which
took place from the 18th to 19th
centuries, was a period during
which predominantly agrarian, rural
societies in Europe and America
became industrial and urban.
Why do we care?
Affects almost everything that happens in the Modern Era
(1750-1914)
Large-scale: political and economic developments around the world
Small-scale: daily life
Two huge consequences of industrial technology:
Industrialized countries = access to advanced weaponry
Factories need raw materials to make products & markets to sell those
products
Colonization solves both those problems
Explaining the Industrial Revolution
Between 1400 & 1800 = rapid population growth worldwide
Consequence of international trade & Columbian Exchange, among
others
Global energy crisis (wood, charcoal become scarce)
Industrial Revolution = response to this dilemma
New fuels discovered/used = coal, oil, natural gas
New fuels → increased output, faster technological
innovation
Changes in social order through urbanization & new classes
Life Before the Industrial Revolution
Most people lived in rural villages; small
communities
Farming = major economic sector
1/3 of the babies died before 1 year old; life
expectancy was 40 years old
Disease was common
Private and public farmlands were not separated
or fenced off
Early Industries in Britain
Great Britain = wool industry
Later, imported cotton
Wool and cotton worked by hand into textiles
(cloth)
Used domestic system = products produced in
the home by hand
Workers set own hours & could take care of domestic
duties
Women took care of kids, cooked, etc. while making
Shifts from Country to City
Before: Britain had an open-field system = farmers could
plant crops on unfenced private and public lands
Enclosure movement = passing of laws that allowed
landowners to take over and fence off private and
common lands
New agricultural innovations
Lighter plows, selective animal breeding, crop rotation, higheryielding seeds, etc.
Increased output, lowered food prices → less farmers needed
Why Britain?
Agricultural improvements → increased food production
More $$$ to buy manufactured goods
Rapid population growth → surplus of labor for factories
Farms need fewer workers, so more men for factories in cities
Religious toleration in Britain = skilled workers of all faiths
Capital supply: money to invest in labor, machines, and raw materials
Had become wealthy because of Trans-Atlantic trade & colonies
Wealthy aristocrats interested in profit
Why Britain? (pt. 2)
British government favored businessmen
Private property laws & patents to protect inventors
Passed tariffs to keep out cheap foreign goods
Provided stability, created roads & canals
Britain’s colonial empire
Big rivals in colonization = Dutch, French
Had more colonies than either
Markets to buy Britain’s manufactured goods
Cotton Sparks a Revolution
Britain’s textile industries can’t keep up with demand
Everyone in their empire gets textiles from Britain
Cotton gin (1793, in USA)
Previous domestic system (sewing by hand) too slow
New inventions increase manufacturing speed
Spinning Jenny (1768)
Water-powered loom (1787)
Cotton Sparks a Revolution
Steam engine (1782) -- engine that pumps steam to
power machinery by heating water, using coal
Invented by James Watt - can pump water way faster than previous
methods
Britain’s geography -- lots of rivers for steam power
Result of this technology: Britain’s cotton production
explodes
1760: 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton imported into Britain
1787: 22 million pounds (textile machines)
Other Technological Changes
Increased production of iron ore
Britain has lots, but first improvement in iron production since Middle Ages
From mid-1700s to mid-1800s: 17,000 tons to 3 million tons
Invention of the steam-powered locomotive
6,000 miles of railroads by 1840
Creates new job opportunities & connects towns long distance = newer, bigger markets
Helps define Industrial Revolution by continuous, self-sustaining economic growth
Use of the factory system
Industrialization Spreads
Other European states: Belgium, France, Germany - after 1815
Didn’t have to reinvent the wheel -- learned from Britain’s methods
Governments support building factories, railroads with $$$
Joint-stock investment banks: pool a bunch of people’s $$$ to invest in capital
United States becomes the second-biggest industrial nation
Dramatic population growth & urbanization
Shift from farmers to factory-workers, centered in New England
Steamboat & railroad → the whole country can buy the Northeast’s goods
Robert Fulton’s steamship
Inventions of the Industrial Revolution
Telegraph - Samuel Morse, 1837
Communicate across great distances by
sending morse code signals
Telephone - Alexander Graham Bell, 1876
You’re probably familiar with this one
Lightbulb - Thomas Edison, 1879
Helps factories run all night
Internal Combustion Engine - Gottlieb
Damier, 1885
Advances in medicine & science
Pasteurization
First vaccinations
X-rays
Charles Darwin’s “natural selection”
Results of the
Industrial
Revolution
Changes to the Social &
Economic Order
Urbanization & Population Growth
Europe’s population doubles from 1750-1850
Less wars & epidemic diseases, more food supply
Cities in European industrial nations grow
Steam engine-powered factories in urban centers
New arrivals from around country looking for work
Living quarters cramped in factory cities
In a tenement house: “63 families with 5 people sharing
one bed”
Rise of the Middle Class
Had existed since Middle Ages -- bourgeois lived in
cities, worked as merchants, lawyers, etc.
Benefited the most from industrialization
Size, power, and wealth of the middle class increased
Upper levels = factory and mine owners, bankers, merchants
Middle levels = smaller businessmen, doctors, lawyers, engineers,
teachers, journalists, scientists, other professionals
Aristocracy weakens as a class
The Industrial Working Class
The proletariat -- ran machines in factories
Dangerous work & terrible conditions
Accidents very common no workers’ compensation
Monotonous work; noisy; heavy machines
10-14 hours a day in unventilated rooms
Diseases like pneumonia and tuberculosis = common
Wages extremely low -- even lower for women and children
Women & children worked in large numbers, as young as 6
Women in the Industrial Revolution
Factory Act of 1833: Restricted children’s work in factories
Less child labor → women dominate labor force instead
Paid half or less of what men received
Men and women = separate roles, work vs. home
Men are the primary workers
Women take care of the family, do work that can be done @ home, create an “emotional
haven” & moral center for fam
Second Industrial Revolution = new job opportunities
Second Industrial Revolution
After 1870s -- a boom in prosperity
New products
Steel -- stronger & more efficient than iron for construction
Electricity -- power stations for neighborhoods by 1910
Transportation (airplanes, cars, ocean liners)
New ideas: mass consumerism
Manufactured goods are cheap, real wages go up
→ Europeans buy way more consumer products
Red & Orange:
● Industrialized
● High standards
of living
● Relatively
healthy
● Systems of
education &
transportation
Yellow & Green:
● Still agrarian
● Low standards
of living
● Provide raw
materials & food
to industrial
countries
Industrialization Spreads (Again)
International trade increases dramatically after 1850
Shift in balance of trade:
Before: Europe imports from Asia
Now: Europe exports manufactured goods to Asia
Capital + industries + military = Europeans dominant
Surge of industrialization in Russia after 1890s
35000 miles of railroad track, massive oil & steel production
Much of the population still poor farmers
Industrial Capitalism
The ideas to explain & justify the Industrial Revolution
Mass production
Eli Whitney’s interchangeable parts
Henry Ford’s assembly line -- each worker does one thing
Efficient, but less value on individual workers
Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations
Basis for capitalism -- break away from European mercantilism
Trade is good for everyone involved -- everyone wins
Protests & an Organized Working Class
Workers complain, demand better working conditions
Labor unions: organizations of workers created to
pressure business owners to improve working
conditions, wages
Stronger as a group than as individuals
Union tactics included:
Nationwide organization and cooperation
Strikes
Protests: Alternative Visions of Society
Poor conditions for working class inspire socialist movements
Definition: an economic system where ownership of the means of production
are shared by people or owned by government
Marxism views industrial capitalism as an unstable system
doomed to collapse
Explained in Karl Marx’s Communist Manifesto & On Capital
All of history defined by class struggle - workers vs. capital owners
Proletariat would overthrow bourgeoisie