NOTE TAKING GUIDE
Topic # 3045
DIGESTION PROCESS
Created by: Tracey Hoffman
Resources:
Animal Science Biology & Technology. Interstate Publishers textbook.
I.
Introduction
“The process of digestion ________________ feed particle size and
______________ chemical composition of the feed for _______________ by the animal.
After absorption, the bloodstream _____________ the digested nutrients to body cells.
Rumen: unique _________________ chamber that contains multitudes of
_____________ that digest some feedstuffs
____________ and sheep have a rumen that digests some feedstuffs that other
animals, such as swine and ____________, cannot digest." Pg. 47
II.
ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS
Water
1. most abundant
2. __________ -___________% of total body weight is comprised of water
3. medium for _________________ reactions in body
4. major component of ____________________
Protein
1. promotes _______________ and ______________ of body cells
2. consists of strings of ____________________ called amino acids
Amino Acids: building blocks containing ____________________
3. amino acids cannot be _________________ by the body, but must be
consumed in the __________________
4. a _________________ in one or more _______________ amino acids can
cause reduced ________________ or death
5. plant feeds with high levels of protein
* _______________ meal
* _____________ alfalfa hay
* distillers dried ______________
6. animal protein feeds
* __________ meal
* __________meal
* __________ products
Ruminants: animals with a _______________ stomach
7. ruminants have the ability to ________________ new proteins
8. during digestion proteins are __________________ into individual amino acids
Carbohydrates
Simple carbohydrates: starch and sugar used as _____________ energy
Complex carbohydrates: ___________________ and _________________
cannot be digested by simple-stomached animals but can be digested by
__________________ and horses.
Fats
1. ____________________ energy source
2. used to boost energy levels in feeds without _________________ the feed
__________________
Vitamins
1. two classes of vitamins
* fat-soluble
Vitamin A: _______________ and maintenance of skin cells
Vitamin D: bone and tooth ____________________
Vitamin E: red blood cell _______________ and keys energy
________________
Vitamin K: essential blood ___________________ factor
* water-soluble: cannot be stored within the body and must be consumed
or manufactured on a regular basis
2. vitamin needs are met by feeding vitamin-mineral ___________________
Minerals
1. two groups of minerals
_____________________: major mineral needed in the diet in relatively large
amounts
* salt and potassium are involved in maintaining
________________________ in the cells
* calcium, phosphorus, and ___________________ are important in bone
structure and development
Microminerals: trace minerals required in ________________ amounts
2. macrominerals are usually ________________ in normally fed grains and
forages
III.
THE DIGESTION PROCESS
Peristalsis: smooth muscle ___________________
Hydrochloric acid: extremely ______________ substance that breaks down
proteins into shorter chains of ________________________
______________: partially digested material
Peptidases: enzymes produced by the ______________, which further reduce the
amino acids
Villi: microscopic finger-like ______________ that increase _________________
area
Cecum: supports the ________________ of digestive bacteria in horses
Steps in digestion
1. teeth ____________________ food particles
2. enzymes in ________________begin to break simple __________________
3. food moves down __________________ into the ____________________
4. acid in the ______________ kills the bacteria ingested with
the_______________ & begins to break down __________________
5. chyme moves into _______________ intestine (_______________, jejunum,
and ________________)
6. remaining digestive activity takes place in ___________________ where
peptidases are mixed with _______________
7. _________________ absorb digested food particles
8. indigestible components and ____________ enter the large intestine
(________)
9. the colon absorbs water into the _________________ and undigested material
is packaged for ___________________
IV.
TYPES OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS
Swine
Monogastrics: one- or simple-stomached
1. designed to use ______________ energy feeds
2. not suited to be fed large amounts of _________________, such as hay
3. human and swine digestive systems are _________________
Poultry
1. monogastric
Crop: located at the base of the neck, serves as a storage area for
______________ feed
Proventriculus: true ___________________
Gizzard: structure used to _________________feed
Ruminants
1. adapted to diets containing ____________ amounts of ______________
2. Examples of forages:
* hay
* __________ ___________
*legumes
* __________
3. ruminants can digest complex ______________________
4. four-______________ stomach
Reticulorumen: ____________ and reticulum
Reticulum: small ____________ located on the side of the rumen and functions
as a trap for ____________________________
Omasum: absorbs water from the _______________
Abomasum: “true-stomach”, contains high levels _________________
5. forage is stored in the _______________________
Rumination: forage is _______________, chewed, and __________________
and serves to reduce particle size
6. forage must be ___________ in the diet to ensure proper rumen
____________
7. products of digestion or __________________ are called _______________
fatty acids or VFAs, which are an energy ____________________
8. ________________ bacteria provide the ruminant with large amounts of high
______________________
Symbiotic: relationships between two species that are mutually beneficial
Horses
1. adapted to high _______________ diets
2. ________________ ferments forages
3. ______________ are absorbed by the cecum but microbial
________________ is lost in the feces