Name _____________________________________________ Hour _______
Unit 2: Founding of a Nation
“The Road to Revolution”
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
Growing Discontent
A. After Glorious Revolution of 1688 and collapse of Dominion of New England in America, _________
__________________________________________________________
i. ___________________________________________________ _______________________
B. Britain taxed colonists to pay for F & I War debt – __________________________________________
i. Stamp Act – taxed documents- wills, licenses and newspapers
 __________________________________________________ - colonists openly protested
 Tax would pay for more British soldiers in the colonies
ii. _______________________________________ (for rum)
C. “_____________________________________________________” traced back to Magna Carta
i. ____________________________________________________________________________
ii. No elected officials to represent colonists
iii. Colonists were outraged - violence erupted
D. _________________________________________, so British repealed Stamp Act
Albany Plan of Union
A. Influenced by the _________________________________________
B. Plan proposed by __________________________ - make laws, levy taxes, and establish defense
i. Called for Grand Council w/ representatives from each colony
ii. Rejected by colonial assemblies
C. Significant because it was the __________________________________________________________
Townshend Acts
A. Taxed imported glass, lead, paper, silk and tea
B. _____________________________________________________________________
i. Writs of assistance – _____________________________________________
ii. Colonists protested – ____________________________________________
Non-importation Agreement
A. Colonists response to Townshend Acts
B. _____________________________________________ – hurt British merchants
C. Colonists organized effort through newspapers
D. ______________________________ - ___________________________________________________
i.. Stop using taxed goods and quit drinking British tea
E. Daughters of Liberty – wear only homespun cloth
Colonial Leaders
A. Samuel Adams (MA) ____________________________________________________________
B. John Adams (MA) ______________________________________________________________
C. George Washington (VA) ________________________________________________________
D. Mercy Otis Warren – plays made fun of British officials
E. Trouble in the Cities
i. New York – ___________________________________________________
ii. Boston – ____________________________________________________________
Boston Massacre (3/5/1770)
A. Angry colonists gathered outside Boston customs house
B. Unknown person fired a shot - ___________________________________________________
i. Five people were killed including __________________________________
C. Paul Revere’s, ____________________________________________________________________
D. John Adams represented soldiers in court – _______________________________________________
E. Parliament repealed Townshend taxes – except tea
F. ____________________________________________________________________
i. Formed by ___________________________________________________________________
VII.
Trouble over Tea
A. British East India Tea Company was in financial trouble
B. _________________ (1773) passed – could sell directly to consumers
i. Meant to lower the price of tea
ii. Colonists were outraged, ___________________________________________________
C. Boston Tea Party – ___________________________________________________
i. Gov. Hutchinson (MA) demanded tea be unloaded from ships
ii. ____________________________________________________________________
iii. ____________________________________________________________________
VIII. Coercive/Intolerable Acts (1774)
A. ___________________________ – people of Boston must be punished
i. ___________________________________________________
ii. Town meetings only held once a year
iii. ________________________________________________________________, not MA
iv. __________________________________ – citizens must house soldiers
B. __________________________________ formed ________________________________________
i. 12 colonies attended, not GA
ii. ______________________________________________ & stop exporting to England
iii. Urged colonies to _______________________________
iv. Agreed to ___________________________________________________
IX.
“The British are Coming”
A. Gen. Gage’s scouts reported Concord, MA had an arsenal
B. On 4/18/1775, Gage sent 700 troops to seize arms
C. ____________________________________________________________________ in advance
D. Battle at _____________________ – “__________________________________________________”
i. Capt. Parker led 70 minutemen, but British advanced
E. Battle at _________________
i. British returned to find 300 men waiting at bridge
ii. British retreated – 73 dead, 200 wounded
F. ___________________________________________________!!!
“The American Revolution”
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
Green Mountain Boys
A. Led by _____________________________ (Vermont)
B. Surprise attack on ______________________________ resulted in victory
i. Controlled _____________________________________________
Last Effort for Peace
A. ___________________________________________________ (England) declaring loyalty
i. ___________________________________________________
B. Continental Army formed > __________________________________
British Military
A. Strengths – _________________________________________________________________________
B. Weaknesses - _______________________________________________________________________
Continental Army
A. Strengths – _________________________________________________________________________
B. Colonial Weaknesses – _______________________________________________________________
Bunker Hill > _______________________________
A. Patriots led by ___________________________, ____________________________ led British attack
B. _______________________________, but costly (1,000 men dead or wounded)
C. Proved ___________________________________________________
VI.
Advance to Canada
A. Montgomery seized Montreal (Nov. 1775)
B. ____________________________________________________________________
i. ________________________________________________________ during horrible winter
ii. French Canadians refused to support Americans
C. Quebec was attacked - ____________________________________________________________
i. Americans withdrew > __________________________________
VII. Common Sense
A. Pamphlet ___________________________________________________ in Jan. 1776
B. United colonists – stated ____________________________________________________________
C. Structured it like a __________________________________________ to make his case to the people
D. Sold more than _____________________________________________
VIII. Declaration of Independence
A. Stated that _______________________________________________________________________
i. Influenced by _________________ – right to __________________________________
ii. John Adams, Ben Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Robert Livingston, & Roger Sherman
 ___________________________________________________
B. ____________________________________________________________
C. Three main parts - _________________________________________________________________
IX.
Competition Within
A. Patriots - ___________________________________________________
B. Loyalists - __________________________________________________
i. _____________________________________________________
ii. Difficult life > some were tarred and feathered
X.
Campaign in New York
A. ______________________________________________ - 1,400 American causalities
B. _________________________________________ across the _______________________________
C. _______________________ slipped behind British lines & returned w/ detailed battle plans
i. ___________________________________________________
XI.
Battle of Trenton
A. _______________________________________________
i. Crossed __________________________________________________________________
ii. Continental Army launched ___________________________________________________
 Caught the _______________________________________________________________
B. Americans then took Princeton > NEW HOPE!!!!!
XII. Battle of ___________________
A. _______________________________________
i. ____________________________________________________________________
ii. King Louis XVI declared France an ally to America
iii. ___________________________________________________________ > HUGE!!!
iv. Provided _____________________________________________
v. ___________________________________________________
B. Boosted American spirits
XIII. Valley Forge
A. ______________________________________________________________ – brutal winter
i. ____________________________________________________________________
B. Women offered much needed assistance
C. ___________________________________________________ by the troops
XIV. Help from Abroad
A. Lafayette – ____________________________________________________________________
B. _________________ – Spaniard secretly supplied gunpowder, medicine & muskets
C. Von Steuben – __________________________________________________________________
XV.
War in the South
A. Battle of Moore’s Creek Bridge (NC)
B. ___________________________________________________ & boosted Patriots morale
C. ____________________________________________________________________________ in SC
D. ____________________________________________________________________ (SC)
E. ___________________________________________________ that wore down the British
XVI. An American Traitor
A. _________________________ was a respected leader & _______________________________
B. ______________________________________________
i. Offered __________________________________________
C. Message was ___________________________________________________
D. ___________________________________________________
XVII. Victory at Last!!!
A. Yorktown was the ___________________________
i. British, led by Cornwallis, camped __________________________________
ii. ________________________________________________________________________
iii. French support
 ________________________________________________
 ________________________________________________
iv. ___________________________________________________
v. Supplies to British were cut off > _____________________________________________
B. ________________________________ (1783)
i. __________________________________________________________
ii. Borders: ___________________________________________________
iii. Congress _____________________________________
C. UNITED STATES BECAME AN INDEPENDENT NATION!
“Forming a New Government”
I.
II.
III.
IV.
Reasons for Independence
A. Citizens wanted to _____________________________________________
B. ____________________________________ – “No taxation without representation”
C. ______________________________________
D. Desired to be represented fairly and equally in the lawmaking process
Ideation
A. English laws traced to Magna Carta, or “Great Charter”
i. _________________________________________
ii. __________________________________ w/ Parliament in control
iii. __________________________________________
B. English Bill of Rights protected rights
C. Enlightenment influences
i. ____________________ – “the mind once enlightened…”
ii. ____________________ – right to life, liberty, and property
iii. ____________________ – separate powers of govt. (3 branches)
American Models
A. ______________________________ (Iroquois Confederacy)
i. _____________________________________________ and the idea of unity
B. New England town meetings
C. _________________________________________ – legislative govt.
D. ______________________________
State Constitutions
A. _____________________________________________ elected governors
i. Limit govt. control & separation of powers
B. Bill of Rights – George Mason (VA)
C. Suffrage – _______________________________________________________________________
V.
Articles of Confederation
A. Our first Constitution – November 15, 1777
B. Created a _____________________________________________
i. ______________________________________________________
ii. Congress – _____________________________________________
iii. 13 States – ______________________________
iv. _______________________________________
v. __________________________ – weary of too much power
C. _____________________________________________________________________
i. Conflicts over western lands
ii. VA, NY – largest land claims
iii. MD – refused until they got their share
iv. NY ratified in 1780 & VA approved in 1781
D. Finally _____________________________________________
VI.
Weaknesses of Articles of Confederation
A. _________________________________________ was the greatest weakness
B. All states had to agree to pass laws
C. _______________________________________________________________
D. Labeled as “feeble and ineffectual”
VII. Western Lands
A. _____________________________________________ raised revenue by selling land
i. Sold in large plots – companies not farmers
ii. ________________________________________________________________
B. ____________________________________________________________ – no slaves
i. Finest achievement under A of C
ii. Five states formed – ______________________________________
VIII. Shay’s Rebellion
A. Economic _____________________________________________
i. Farmers: _____________________________________________
ii. Revolt shut down courts in MA
 _____________________________________________
B. 2,000 rebels participated - _____________________________________________
C. Impact ~ ___________________________________________________________ – not working
i. Congress couldn’t raise taxes
ii. No branch to enforce laws
iii. All states had to agree to pass laws
iv. ________________________________________
D. Push for Change
i. Revisions to A of C – national conference held
ii. No NE states or NC, SC, GA ~ Only 5 states attended
IX.
Constitutional Convention
A. Purpose was to _______________________________________________________
B. Philadelphia in 1787 – ______________________________
C. Preserve the Union!!!
D. ________________________________________ - RI refused to attend
i. College educated w/ political experience
E. James Madison - “_____________________________________________”
i. _________________________________ – wanted to preserve states rights w/ a strong Union
ii. ___________________________________ in his daily diary
F. Absent – ____________________________________________________________
Virginia Plan – Madison
A. Strong national govt. w/ 3 branches
i. Legislative – passes laws
ii. Executive – carries out laws
iii. Judicial – interprets laws
B. ____________________________________________________________
i. ____________________________________, so small states opposed
XI.
New Jersey Plan – William Paterson
A. Small states response to VA Plan
B. Three branches
C. ____________________________________________________________
D. Federal govt. powers: taxes & regulate commerce
XII. The___________________________________ – Roger Sherman
A. Major disagreement between VA/NJ Plans centered on _____________________________________
B. Upper house – Senate gets two reps per state (NJ plan)
C. Lower house – House of Reps. – based on population (VA)
D. Created a __________________________________________________________________________
E. Three-Fifths Compromise - Southerners wanted slaves counted
i. ____________________________________________________________________________
XIII. Opposing Views
A. Federalism – divide power between fed/state govt.
B. ______________________________ - limit the power of govt.
i. ____________________________________________________________
 ____________________________________________________________
 Judicial Branch determines ___________________________________________________
C. Federalists – ___________________________________________
D. Anti-federalists _____________________________________________________________________
i. Claimed that it didn’t protect our rights!
XIV. The Federalists Papers
A. Purpose was to ____________________________________________________________
B. Written by ____________________________________________________________
C. States wouldn’t be overpowered by fed. govt.
XV. Ratification of the Constitution
A. ____________________________ needed to ratify
B. June 1788 – _____________________________________________
C. NY, VA, NC, and RI ratify later
D. Bill of Rights – the ____________________________________________________________
E. Amendments – _____________________________________________
1. ______________________________
6. ______________________________
2. ______________________________
7. Jury in civil case
3. Lodging troops
8. ______________________________
4. Search and seizure
9. Power of people
5. ______________________________
10. ______________________________
F. Constitution has three parts: _____________________________________________________
> Greatest living document in history!
X.
“Forging the New Republic”
I.
Washington Becomes President
A. ______________________________: Moved to NY – temporary capital
B. Felt the ____________________________________________________________________
i. “…feelings of a culprit who is going to execution”
C. ___________________________________________________________________________
II.
Washington’s Cabinet
A. ______________________________ – surrounded himself w/ trusted advisors
B. Secretary of State – ______________________________
C. Secretary of War – __________________________
D. Secretary of Treasury – ______________________________
E. Attorney General – Edmund Randolph
III. First Political Parties in the U.S.
Federalists
vs.
Democratic Republicans
Led by _________________________
Led by ___________________________
_______________________________
__________________________ (power w/ states)
Supported ______________________
Supported _____________________
_______________ construction
_______________ construction
_______________________________
______________________________
*Political parties formed due to _____________________________________________*
IV. Hamilton’s Economic Plan
A. An effective govt. needed an “_________________________________________”
B. Govt. should assume all existing _______________________________________
C. The country needed a ___________________________
D. The nation’s economy should be based on ________________________________________
E. Needed to create govt. revenue – _______________!
i. Tariff – _____________________________________________
ii. Excise “sin” tax – _____________________________________________
F. Compromise reached – ________________________________________________________
i. Southerners then agreed to ______________________________
V.
National Bank Issue
A. ___________________________________ of Hamilton’s plan
B. Loose construction – _____________________________________________
i. Hamilton – “necessary and proper clause”
ii. ___________________________________________
C. Strict construction – ______________________________________________
i. Jefferson – “limit the power of govt.”
ii. ___________________________________________
D. ____________________________________________________________
VI.
Whiskey Rebellion
A. Farmers _____________________________________________
B. Tax affected their pocketbooks - ______________________________
D. 2,000 _____________________________________________
E. ____________________________________________________________
F. Farmers scattered “____________________________________________________”
VII. Remaining Neutral
A. Washington issued _____________________________________________
i. U.S. would be _________________________________________________________
ii. GW opted to _____________________________________________
B. _______________________, French ambassador, openly ________________________________
C. _________________________________________________________
D. Diplomatic challenges
i. ____________________________________________________________
ii. British seized __________________________________________________________
iii. Britain stirred up trouble in_________________________________________
E. Jay’s Treaty (1794) - Chief Justice John Jay negotiated w/ British
i. Brits ____________________________________________________________
ii. No more _____________________________________________
F. Pinckney’s Treaty- settled _____________________________________________
VIII. Conflicts in the NW Territory (1790’s)
A. ____________________________________________________________ - Ohio and Indiana
B. Little Turtle led forces to victory - ___________________________________________________
C. Battle of Fallen Timbers - _________________________________________
D. Treaty of Greenville (1795) gained ______________________________
IX.
Farewell Address by Washington
A. Precedents established for our future leaders
i. Warned of _____________________________________________ (divided country)
ii. ______________________________________________ – supported his policy of neutrality
iii. _____________________________________________
iv. ______________________________
B. Religious principle would guide national morality
X.
President Adams
A. Election of 1796: Adams (F) defeated Jefferson (D-R) 71 to 68
B. Flaw in the Constitution- _____________________________________________
C. XYZ Affair
i. Jay’s Treaty didn’t sit well w/ France
ii. ____________________________________________________________
iii. Adams went to Congress and named French agents X,Y and Z
iv. __________________________________________
v. Congress responded ________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________
vi. US skillfully _____________________________________________
D. Alien and Sedition Acts
i. Response to XYZ and __________________________________________
ii. _____________________________________________
iii. Allowed _____________________________________________ “dangerous” foreigners
iv. Prohibited ___________________________________________ (FREEDOM OF SPEECH?)
v. Jefferson and Madison argued that ___________________________________________
> Created deeper divide in Congress and the country
XI.
Marbury vs. Madison
A. Supreme Court defined its power of _____________________________ by declaring ___________
__________________________________________
B. John Marshall ~ “______________________________________”
i. ________________________ from 1801 -1835
ii. Established ____________________________________________________________
C. Helped establish ___________________________________________________________
i. Judicial review provides __________________________________________________