APPENDICULAR SKELETON
BONES TO KNOW 2
REVIEW
a—scaphoid
b—lunate
c—triquetral
d—pisiform
a—hamate
b—capitate
c—trapezium
d—trapezoid
a—calcaneus
b—talus
c—navicular
d—cuboid
e—intermediate cuneiform
f—lateral cuneiform
g—medial cuneiform
g
f
Pectoral Girdles (Shoulder Girdles)
Figure 7.22a
Clavicles (Collarbones)
Figure 7.22b, c
Scapulae (Shoulder Blades)
Figure 7.22d, e
Humerus of the Arm
Figure 7.23
Bones of the Forearm
Figure 7.24
Hand
Figure 7.26a
Pelvic Girdle
• Formed by 2 hip bones (ossa coxae).
• These are large and heavy bones
attached securely to the axial skeleton.
• The sockets (Acetabulums) that connect
the thigh bones are deep and heavily
reinforced by ligaments.
• Most important function is: bearing the
total weight of the upper body.
• Reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and
parts of the large intestine lie within.
Hip Bones
• Each hip bone is formed by the fusion of 3
bones: ilium, ischium, and the pubis.
• Ilium- forms most of hip bone. When you
rest your hands on your hips they are on
your alae (wing like projection)
– Iliac crest important for intramuscular
injection sites.
Hip Bones
• Ischium- sit down bone
– Greater sciatic notch: allows blood and the
large sciatic nerve to pass from pelvis to
thigh. Buttocks Injections should be far away
from here.
• Pubis- pubic bone
– Obturator foramen: opening that allows
blood vessels and nerves to pass into anterior
thigh.
– Pubic Symphysis: Pubic bones of each hip
fuse to form cartilaginous joint
Pelvic Girdle (Hip)
obturator foramen
Figure 7.27a
Pelvis: Lateral View
Figure 7.27b
Ilium: Medial View
Figure 7.27c
Comparison of Male and
Female Pelvic Structure
Characteristic
Female
Male
Bone thickness
Lighter, thinner, and smoother
Heavier, thicker, and
more prominent
markings
Pubic arch/angle
80˚–90˚
50˚–60˚
Acetabula
Small; farther apart
Large; closer together
Sacrum
Wider, shorter; sacral curvature
is accentuated
Narrow, longer; sacral
promontory more ventral
Coccyx
More movable; straighter
Less movable; curves
ventrally
Comparison of Male and
Female Pelvic Structure
Female
Male
Image from Table 7.4
Thigh
• Femur- heaviest and strongest bone
• Neck of femur is a common fracture site,
especially in old age.
• Head of femur articulates with the
acetabulum of the hip bone
Femur
Figure 7.28b
Leg bones
• Two bones: Tibia and Fibia
• Connected by interosseous membrane
• Tibia= shinbone, larger and more medial
– Medial and lateral condyles articulate with
femur.
– Kneecap ligaments attach to tibial tuberosity
• Fibula
– Takes no part in forming the knee joint.
– Lateral malleous forms outer part of ankle
Tibia and Fibula
Figure 7.29
Foot
• Composed of: tarsals, metatarsals, and
phalanges.
• 2 important functions:
– Support our weight
– Propel our bodies forward when we walk or
run.
Bones of feet
• Tarsals- ankle bones
– 7 bones total
• Metatarsals- soles of the foot
– 5 total
• Phalanges- bones of the toes
– 14 total (3 per toe except for the greater toe
which only has 2)
Tarsals
• Body weight is carried mostly by the two
largest: Calcaneus (heel bone) and talus
(ankle bone)
• Last 5 are: Navicular, medial cuneiform,
intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform,
and cuboid.
Metatarsus and Phalanges
Figure 7.31a
Tarsus
Figure 7.31b, c
Arches of Foot
• 3 strong arches: 2 longitudinal and 1
transverse.
• Ligaments which connect foot bones and
tendons of foot muscles help hold foot
bones firmly in arched position.
• Weak arches= fallen arches or flat feet