UCEL Reusable Learning Object Specification V2.0 Date: Dev. Date: Duration: Topic: Infection Control 09.11.05 Title: the inflammatory response Author(s): Jacqueline Randle and Joanne Lymn Developer(s): Learning objective: to understand stages in the inflammatory process Keywords: inflammatory response, immune response Summary: Last update: 01/07/2016 Page 1 of 3 4/11/02 ID: UCEL Reusable Learning Object Specification V2.0 Presentation: Introduction The inflammatory response is a series of local cellular and vascular responses which are triggered when the body is injured or invaded by micro-organisms or antigen. For instance, when you nick your skin or you get a foreign object in your eye, reactions occur in order to protect you. The functions of the inflammatory response are: to prevent the spread of the microorganism/antigen to other areas; dispose of any cellular debris and to begin the healing process. Cells that have been damaged by injury or invasion release a number of chemical signals, including histamine, prostaglandins and cytokines. These cause dilation of local blood vessels, which increases the blood flow to the injured area. This increased blood flow is responsible for the redness and heat associated with inflammation.The increased heat makes the local environment unfavourable for microorganisms. Some of these chemical signals act to attract specific types of white blood cells to the area while others stimulate capillaries to become more permeable and the increased blood flow transports more white blood cells to the area. The combination of these events means that plasma and white blood cells leak into the tissue. This results in swelling, (oedema) in the affected area. The types of white blood cells that are attracted to the damaged area include neutrophils and monocytes which are said to be phagocytic. That is they can remove bacteria and debris by engulfing or swallowing it. The activation of complement proteins by foreign cells such as bacteria also helps to promote phagocytosis. The pain associated with inflammation results from the swollen tissue putting pressure on the nerve endings causing pain. Some of the chemical signals released from the damaged tissues also act to stimulate the nerve endings, resulting in pain Last update: 01/07/2016 Page 2 of 3 4/11/02 Images etc: Picture of a bee stinging somebody, with the stinger penetrating the skin and injecting venom Picture of prostaglandin Picture of red and inflamed wound What about a list of possible mediators which can be dragged to the inflamed wound. Inflammatory mediators could stick whereas noninflammatory mediators would fall away?! Or what about a capillary underneath the injection site. If you drag an inflammatory mediator onto the site the capillary dilates?!! Picture of capillaries in tissue. Plasma passing through capillaries leaks into tissue. WBCs in plasma pass through capillary walls into tissue Picture of a neutrophil engulfing a bacterium and destroying it UCEL Reusable Learning Object Specification V2.0 4/11/02 Activity: Assessment: Criss-cross puzzle (see attached powerpoint file) Links (1): rlo of summary of non-specific defences Jo & myself to write Links (2): Glossary: Related concepts: Author’s notes: Time: Last update: 01/07/2016 Dev’s notes: Total: Total: Page 3 of 3