Cambi Biogas Summer Seminar
UMB & Bioforsk.
18.Th – 20.th of june 2012
Optimized biogas production by utilizing
the primary agricultural products: Manure and Ligno-cellulosic Crops and
Crop By-products
by
Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen, Ph.D.
Head of Center for Bioenergy og Green Engineering
Department of Energy Technology,
Aalborg University
Niels Bohrs vej 8, 6700 Esbjerg
Cell; +45 2166 2511
E-mail: jhn@et.aau.dk
www.et.aau.dk; www.aau.dk ~ search JBH-N;
1
Fig. Worldwide extent of human land-use and land-cover change
Published by AAAS: J. A. Foley et al., Science 309, 570 -574 (2005)
2
“ We are what we are eating! ”
Food – Feed – Fuel considerations
Global food requirement for three diets: vegetarian: 2388 kcal cap-1 day-1 of
which 166 kcal cap-1 day-1 from animal products; moderate: 2388 kcal cap-1
day-1 of which 554 kcal cap-1 day-1 from animal products; and an affluent: 2746
kcal cap-1 day-1 of which 1160 kcal cap-1 day-1 from animal products. The actual
population size in 1998 (5.9∙109 people) and the estimated population size in
year 2050 (9.37∙109 people), as expressed in grain equivalents 109 tons dry
weight per year. Adapted from Wolf et al.
Diet type
Year
Food
requirement
[109tTS ∙year-1]
Vegetarian
diet
1998
2050
2.80
4.45
Quality diet
(Moderate)
Affluent
diet
1998 2050
1998 2050
5.17
9.05 14.36
8.21
Wolf J., Bindraban P.S., Luijten J.C., Vleeshouwers L.M.: Exploratory study on the land area required for global food3
supply and the potential global production of bioenergy. (2003) “Agricultural Systems”, Vol. 76, 841-861.
a. Crop lands
-green area
b. Pasturelands
- partly green
areas
c. Rain forests and
forests
- no go!!!
d. Deserts areas
algal productions
Solar-biofuels refineries.!!!
e. More actions now What are we waiting fore?
4
World energy scenarios – Future goals
No.
Bioenergy potentials - terrestrial
1.
Non collected straw (50%)
75 000 PJ/year
2.
Collected waste processing (50%)
45 000 PJ/year
3.
Forest/pastures (50%)
150 000 PJ/year
4.
10% of arable land – World Wide
(20tTS/ha)
51 000 PJ/y
5.
20% of arable land – World Wide
(20tTS/ha)
101 000 PJ/y
6.
30% of arable land – World Wide
(20tTS/ha)
152 000 PJ/y
Sum: 1+2+3+5
Total energy consumption forcast
Predicted value
Source
Sanders J.: Biorefinery, the bridge between
Agriculture and Chemistry. Wageningen
University and Researchcenter.
Workshop: Energy crops & Bioenergy.
Holm-Nielsen J.B., Madsen M., Popiel P.O.:
Predicted energy crop potentials for
biogas/bioenergy. Worldwide – regions
– EU25. AAUE/SDU. Workshop: Energy
crops & Bioenergy.
371 000 PJ/year
Predicted value
Source
Total energy required year 2050
1 000 000 PJ/year
Sanders J.: Biorefinery, the bridge between
Agriculture and Chemistry. Workshop:
Energy crops & Bioenergy.
Total energy demand year 2050
1 300 000 PJ/year
Shell’s World Energy Scenario
5
6
Source: European Commission
182 Mtoe can be achieved from biomass cultivated on 20% of arable
land in EU-27.
This corresponds to more than 10% of primary energy demand in 2020,
equals 50-60% of the RES share.
7
Comparison of the basic principles of the petroleum
refinery and the biorefinery, Source: Kamm et al. 2006
Two-platform biorefinery concept
Source: NREL 2006, Biomass Programm, DOE/US]
8
Energy crops - Paradigm shift through land productivity and energy
balance; Crop productions needs
large changes!
• The Sun as energy source
• Special energy crops that use the
entire vegetation period
• Total digestion of the whole plant
Digested
plant residue
• Nutrient cycle possible
Low Input - High Output
Fermenter
• Large installations work efficiently
and are friendly towards
the environment
Biogas
• Upgrading of biogas enables complete
utilisation of the crop (the gas can be
stored)
Gas cleaning
• Biorefineries;biothanol/biogas/
biodiesel and higher value products
Source: KWS, D
Heat
Electricity
Fuel
9
Growth Progress of a Conventional Silo Maize (SM)
and an Energy Maize (EM)
Clearly later harvest of the Energy Maize
Harvest
EM
GTMyield/ha
Flowering
EM
Harvest
SM
Flowering
SM
Time
Source: KWS
Cultivation target:
Stepwise increase of the energy yield to
approximately 100 % in 10 years
Energy Maize
30 t/ha
Nowadays silo
maize varieties
15 - 18 t/ha
Source:
KWS
Biogas and biogas + separation,
upgrading facilities
Animal manure
– from farming problems to
society resources!
12
AD Co-digestion heterogeneous
feedstock’s
- Manure
- Food waste
- Organic by-products
- Crops
13
Biogas
•
•
•
Redistribution and treatment facilities
Organic fertilizer plants
– Bioslurry, biofibres and other biomasses.
– Redistribution and surplus treatment as
organic fertilizer sale products
– Electricity, heat and transportation fuels
– Water environment, Climate combat and
odour reduction
– Further treatment of fibres
– Digested fibre incineration /gasification
Increased utilisation of biogas
– Local and further distances from the
biogas plants – gas
– CHP utilisation and the transport sector
* Biogas are biorefinery platforms step 1.
- This is the future challenge 2012-2020
- Need fast tracks, by all new projects
Joint biogas plants
New plants (examp.)
14
Energy potential of pig and cattle manure in EU-27
Total
manure
[106
tons]
1,578
Biogas
Methane
Potential
Potential
[106
m3]
[106 m3]
[PJ]
[Mtoe]
31,568
20,519
827
Methane heat of combustion: 40.3
18.5
MJ/m3;
1 Mtoe = 44.8
PJ
Assumed methane content in biogas: 65%
Biogas
Production
&
Forecast:
Actual 2008 production of biogas in EU 27:
7 Mtoe
2012-2015 EU forecast
15 Mtoe
Manure potentials
18.5-20 Mtoe
Organic waste and byproducts
15-20 Mtoe
Crops and crop residuals
20-30 Mtoe
Total long term forcast Biogas
60 Mtoe
Biogas can cover 1/3 of EU’s total RES 20% demands year 2020
15
Comparison of analytical strategies for process monitoring
(Mortensen 2006)
Time consuming versus on-line real time measurements!
Different PAT/PAC
laboratory approaches
and strategies
- Off-line;
- At-line;
- On-line;
(McLennan 1995)
16
Fundamental disciplines of Process Analytical Chemistry (PAC)
(Mortensen, 2006). PAT integration in the AD sectors (JBHN, 2008)
Numerous technologies can be applied in a PAT measuring programs for process
understanding and controlling. The technologies can be categorized in four major areas:
1. Technologies that imply use of Process Analytical Technology or Process
Analytical Chemistry
2. Technologies for monitoring and control of the process and end products
3. Technologies for continuous improvement of gained process knowledge
4. Technologies for acquisition and analysis of multivariate data
( FDA - PAT Guidance, 2005)
17
Linkogas full scale trials, 2007 - 2008
- on-line PAT monitoring fermenter 3, 2400 m3
18
Model for probionic acid; MSC corrected, test set validation
19
Concentration level of acetate and propanoic acid and corrected
biogas production during the trial period.
20
Statistics from best calibration models; MSC corrected, test set validation
21
Process instrumentation diagram of the process loop
22
Acoustic sensors deployment
at two different bypass string locations
(Felicia N. Ihunegbo et al., in press, 2011)
Loading weights and an acoustic spectrum
with corresponding frequencies
(Felicia N. Ihunegbo et al., in press, 2011)
Acoustic chemometric prediction of total solids in bioslurry:
a full-scale feasibility study for on-line biogas process monitoring
Felicia N. Ihunegbo, Michael Madsen, Kim H. Esbensen, Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen, Maths
Halstensen (2011)
26
The Green Biorefinery
From ideas, brainstorms, lab scale, scale up tests
to full scale reality takes more than 10 years!
Source:
P. Kiel & J.B. Holm-Nielsen
University of Southern Denmark
1994. Project for the Danish Board 27
of
Technology,
Enhacing biogas production from lignocelluloses and manure using
steam explosion pretreatment
Lignocellulosic biomass employed: Salix viminalis ”Christina”.
Source: Taherzadeh and Karimi, 2008. Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Wastes to
Improve Ethanol and Biogas Production: A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 9, 1621-1651;
ISSN 1422-0067.
Steam explosion Unit at UMB campus, Ås, Norway.
(CAMBI, Asker, Norway)
It is a high temperature treatment followed by a rapid
pressure drop, causing a mechanical disruption of the
lignocellulosic fibers.
Porosity increases and hemicelluloses and celluloses
become more available free from lignin for the
microorganisms to degrade.
No chemical addition is needed except H2O, no sample
pre-treatment and minimum handling, many biomasses
can be treated this way in the same unit.
28
BIOGAS PLANTS DEVELOPMENT
in operation
under construction
planned
31
POLDANOR’S BIOGAS PLANTS:
BIOGAS PLANT
LOCATION
STARTED
POWER
[kWe/kWt]
REMARKS
1.
Pawłówko
Powiat człuchowski, gmina
Przechlewo
09.06.2005
946/1 004
Original power
725kWe/ 980kWt
2.
Płaszczyca
Powiat człuchowski, gmina
Przechlewo
21.04.2008
625/692
-
3.
Kujanki
Powiat człuchowski, gmina
Człuchów
12.09.2008
11.2009
330/390
Heat only
Electricity+heat
4.
Koczała
Powiat człuchowski, gmina Koczała
15.04.2009
2 126/2 206
-
5.
Nacław
Powiat koszaliński, gmina Polanów
07.06.2010
625/692
First in
zachodniopomorskie
voivodeship
6.
Świelino
Powiat koszaliński, gmina Bobolice
15.11.2010
625/692
-
7.
Uniechówek
Powiat człuchowski, gmina Debrzno
18.04.2011
1 064/1 088
-
8.
Giżyno
Powiat drawski, gmina Kalisz
Pomorski
Under
construction
1 064/1 088
-
No.
In total 7,405 MWel and 9,938 MWt of which 5,277 Mwel and 7,762 MWt in full
operation
32
Relations before and after building up a biogas plant
Electrical Grid (supplier)
Electricity + Heat
production
Biogas
Pig production
Plant &
Arable Production
Digested manure
Chemical fertilizer
& Manure
With out biogas
Full Biogas Integration
33
Utilization of the post-fermented mass as natural
fertilizer, using the soil injection method
Highly efficient logistics, only spring application
34
Production start:
04.2009
Power:
2 126 kWel
Substrates:
Manure – 150 t/day
Silage – 110 t/day
Other – 4 t/day
Biogas production:
~ 25 000 m3/ day
Annual energy production:
~ 16 600 MWh
„Budowa biogazowni rolniczej w Koczale„ - projekt współfinansowany ze środków Narodowego Funduszu Ochrony Środowiska i Gospodarki Wodnej
35
36
37
Large Scale Bioenergy Lab
Project focus 2012 -2015. New biomass, innovation
technologies, lot’s of green jobs in the cross border region.
Identification, Analysis, Mapping and Management of Sustainable Biomass
Resources in the Region of Southern Denmark-Sleswig-K.E.R.N.,
Germany:
• Biomass from nature conservation
– Protected nature: meadow, marshland
• Biomass from permanent grassland
• Agricultural residues
– Manure
• Biomass from other areas
– Airports
– Roadside grass
• Biomass from recreational areas
– Golf course
– Parks
– Football fields
• Others..
– Algae, seaweed
– Household waste
– Industrial waste
Environmental and Nature Conservation considerations; Permanent
grassland and pastures – at such areas the nature has the highest priority.
- Ruman grasing or small amounts of biomass harvesting from extensive
grassland areas can take place if its in a strategy to support the management of
species-rich grassland, to maintain a high biodiversity.
39
The open landscape
Meadow, heather, marshland, moor, lakes…
Pressure from society:
–
–
–
–
–
Intensive cultivation
Urbanization
Climate changes
Nutrient pollution
Lack of nature conservation
”Engen er agerens moder”
(Meadow - the ”mother” of arable land)
Meadow
Livestock
Manure
Crops
Meadow
Livestock
Crops
Meadow
Biogas
plant
Crops
Energy
Energy
Biodiversity
Nature
conservationBiogas
projects
Environment
Potential
Ha
60 %
100.200
20 %
33.400
Denmark
GJ (20-60 %)
Households (20-60 %)
794.000 – 3.500.000
16.800 – 73.100
Benefits
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Production of Renewable Energy
Alternative to fossil fuel
Prevents leaching of nutrients
Recycling of nutrients to croplands
Potential for organic/ecological fertilizer
Preserves the open landscape
Increase in biodiversity
Recreational value will increase
Thank you for your attention!
Q & A ‘s
•
•
•
•
R, D & D cooperation partners;
AAU – ET, Denmark: Bioenergy Research Group; - Ane Katharina Paarup Meyer,
Ehiaze Augustine Ehimen, Michael Madsen, Kim H. Esbensen, Felicia Nkem
Ihunegbo (HIT), Saqib Sohail Toor, Lasse A. Rosendahl
UMB, Norway: Biogas and Bioenergy Center; - Kristian Fjørtoft, Maria Magdalena
Estevez, Magdalena Bruch, Zehra Sapci, John Morken.
FHF, Germany; Biogas R&D group - Lars Jürgensen, Thorsten Philips, Jens Born
Poldanor, Poland; Biorefinery test-platform – Benny Laursen, Pawel Krawat, Bjarne
Møller, Grzegorz Brodziak.
Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen, Ph.D., Associate Professor
Center for Bioenergy and Green Engineering,
Head of Energy Section – Esbjerg Campus,
Institute of Energy Technology,
Aalborg University
Cell: +45 2166 2511
E-mail: jhn@et.aau.dk
www.et.aau.dk;
46