INSECTICIDE UPDATE 2006
Alex Latchininsky and Scott Schell
UW Extension Entomologists
WY Commercial Pesticide Applicator
Recertification School, Casper, 1/18/06
Disclaimer
• Trade or brand names used in this
presentation are used only for
the purpose of educational
information.
• No product endorsement is
implied.
Safety – First!
Always wear protective gear when
applying pesticides
Insecticide Product Labels
•Learn to read the small print.
•Look for the ACTIVE INGREDIENT,
NOT the brand name.
•One and the same active ingredient can be
commercialized under multiple brand
names.
•Insecticide label is THE LAW, always
follow its instructions.
Bye-bye, “good” old OPs
Organophosphate insecticides
are being phased out
Chlorpyrifos (Dursban) – Sales stopped in
December 2001
Diazinon – Completely withdrawn from
stores in December 2004
Malathion – Under re-registration
Orthene (Acephate) – limited availability
Organophosphates
Insecticides of this chemical class were
developed in the 1940s-50s from
German nerve gases.
Broad-spectrum poisons that inhibit
cholinesterase.
Hazardous for many groups of non-target
organisms (honey bees, birds, fish…)
Some, like ethyl parathion, are very
hazardous to mammals.
Diazinon
Diazinon was introduced in 1952.
Cheap, can use it on almost everything for
anything.
Along with related OP insecticides it was
produced and sold by the millions of
pounds per year in US.
A lot of sources of exposure for people.
Diazinon failed to
comply with FQPA
Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 requires
re-registration of all pesticides
Human Exposure, via dietary and non-dietary
sources are included in a “risk cup”
“The cup holds the total amount (100%) of a
given pesticide that a person could be
exposed to every day, for 70 years, without
additional health risks.”
Most Common
Diazinon Replacements
Synthetic Pyrethroids
Allethrin (1st generation – 1949s)
Resmethrin (2nd generation – 1960s)
Permethrin (3rd generation – 1970s)
Esfenvalerate (3rd generation)
Deltamethrin (4th generation – 1980s)
Cyfluthrin (Newest 4th generation - 1998)
Synthetic Pyrethroids
Chemical analogs of the toxic substance present in
the Pyrethrum plant (Aster family).
Fast knock-down, low persistence (4-7d on foliage).
Fast break-down in soil and water.
Broad-spectrum (Na+ channel blockers in CNS).
Generally, less hazardous for mammals.
Still highly hazardous for honey bees.
Organophosphates vs. Pyrethroids:
non-target hazards
Mammals Honey Bees Birds Fish
Organophosphates
*Diazinon
H
*Chlorpyrifos
H
*Methyl Parathion VH
Malathion
L
Orthene
M
VH
VH
VH
VH
VH
VH
VH
VH
H
M
H
VH
VH
M
L
Pyrethroids
Permethrin
Esfenvalerate
Cyfluthrin
Resmethrin
VH
H
H
H
L
L
L
L
VH
VH
H
H
L
H
L
M
Is Sevin® (Carbaryl) a good
Diazinon replacement?
Many carbaryl products are available for insect control:
Sevin Lawn granules®
Sevin Dust (Eliminator®)
Sevin Bug Killer®
Sevin Ant Bait®
Sevin XLR Plus®
Same mode of action as OP. Re-registration changes?
Non-target hazards
Diazinon
Carbaryl
Mammals
H
M/H
Honey Bees Birds Fish
VH
VH
H
VH
M
L
Insect pest control products
st
for the 21 century
BIORATIONAL INSECTICIDES:
WHAT ARE THEY?
No single, clear definition. EPA
identifies biorational pesticides as
having “fundamentally different
modes of action” and “lower risks
of adverse effects” than
conventional (i.e. neurotoxin)
pesticides.
Types of Biorational Pesticides
• Insect Growth Regulators (IGR)
• Juvenile Hormone Analogs
• Precocenes
• Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors
– Low toxicity for birds, mammals, reptiles but
effects non-target arthropods and insects.
– Only immature pests are killed.
IGR can also effect arthropod eggs and
embryogenesis.
Diflubenzuron (Dimilin® 2L)
Benzoyl-Urea; IGR (chitin synthesis inhibitor)
PROS:
Safety (bees, people, etc.)
Residual (strips)
Reliable results
Temperature range
$230
CONS:
Timing!!! (IGR = nymphs)
Less familiar (since ‘97)
High cost/unit
Harm to aquatic invertebrates – R.U.P.
Unsuccessful molt after Dimilin application
Insects are killed when
they grow to a next
developmental stage
Normal molt
TIMING
V
ineffective
is critical
when
applying
Dimilin
not recommended
IV
III
II
I
recommended
Pyriproxyfen (Knack®)
sub-lethal effects
Treated
Untreated
Other Types of Biorational
Pesticides
• Botanicals
• Natural toxicants like nicotine
• Neem (azadirachtin is less toxic but
still useful in greenhouses, UV light
breaks it down)
Other Types of Biorational
Pesticides
• Bacterial Fermentation Products
Spinosad
(has certified organic formulations)
Avermectin
SPINOSAD
Spinosad– a toxin mixture produced from
fermentation of a soil bacterium,
Saccharopolyspora spinosa
Disrupts binding of acetylcholine receptors
Brand names:
Ferti-lome Borer, Bagworm,
Leafminer & Tent Caterpillar Spray®;
Intruder®; Success®
Rapid contact and ingestion activity
Other Types of Biorational
Pesticides
• Microbials
• Bacteria (Bt varieties mostly)
• Fungi (Metarhizium anisopliae and
Beauveria bassiana)
• Viruses
• Nematodes
• Genetically modified plants (produce Bt
toxins)
– High selectivity
– Low toxicity for non-target animals
– Sensitive to environmental conditions, many have failed
commercially
Fungal pathogens
White Satin Moth in Wyoming
Damage
Pupa
Biological control with Bt
Pros: Safe for humans and non-target organisms
selective
repeated applications possible
Cons: May be slow
Needs UV protection
One week persistence
Limited shelf-life
May cause resistance if applied frequently
PRODUCT:
Foray® 48B – flowable concentrate (Valent BioSciences)
Dose rate: 16-43 oz./acre
Can be mixed with chemical insecticides
Other Types of Biorational
Pesticides
• Neonicotinoids - related to
nicotine and acts on the
acetylcholine receptors
– Imidacloprid most used worldwide
– Clothinidin
– Thiamethoxam
– Acetamiprid
– Dinotefuran* armored scales Safari®
Systemics for control of insect
pests of trees and shrubs
IMIDACLOPRID
Trade names
Confidor
Merit
Admire
Gaucho
Marathon
Premier
Premise
Provado
Grub-ex
Imicide
Bayer Advanced Garden Tree and
Shrub Insect Control
IMIDACLOPRID
Is it safe for non-target organisms?
•Moderate to low mammalian toxicity
•Toxic to game birds
But: birds learn to avoid it; may be
used as bird repellent seed
treatment
•Moderately toxic to fish
•Highly toxic to aquatic invertebrates
•Highly toxic to honey bees if used as a
foliar spray; not a hazard if used as
a seed treatment
IMIDACLOPRID
Very effective against pests with
piercing-sucking mouthparts
(aphids, soft scales, etc.)
Easy to use: mix with water and
pour at tree base
Dose rate: 1 oz/inch of tree
circumference or 3 oz/ft of
shrub height
32 oz. - $18-$32
Timing: apply in the fall for a
year-long control
IMIDACLOPRID
Problems
•May be phytotoxic – do not overdose!
•May NOT work against armored scale insects or mites
•Another neonicotinoid product - Safari® - works!
•Documented cases of resistance (Colorado potato
beetle, whiteflies in greenhouses)
•Mobile in soil – potential water contaminant
•Extreme care is needed to protect honey bees
Other new products?
FIPRONIL
Combat® (cockroach and ant control)
Regent® (agricultural pests)
Frontline® (pet pests)
Blocks GABA chloride channel in the insect CNS
Both contact and stomach action, long residual
Very effective at extremely low dose rates; insect
trophic transfer; very low mammalian
toxicity
Keeping up with changes*
• Crop Data Management Systems, Inc.
(they cover turf and ornamental
products also)
www.cdms.net
• Greenbook
www.greenbook.net
*Also make sure your state approves of the federal label use
(FIPRA). Some state labels are more strict than the federal
Quiz
This guy is a Wyoming certified commercial pesticide applicator
a. True
b. False
Questions?
Contact Alex Latchininsky or Scott Schell
Phone 766-2298 or 766-2508
Email: latchini@uwyo.edu or sschell@uwyo.edu