Topic: Applied Genetics
Aim: Describe some methods that can be
used to develop organisms with desirable
traits.
Do Now: Take out your genetic engineering
reading notes.
Tape Pedigree Chart ISA into your notebook.
HW: Pedigree Chart ISA
Castle Learning Genetics – Due Tuesday, May
10th
1. Define
• Biological and chemical
genetic
methods to change the
engineering. arrangement of a gene’s
DNA.
What is happening to the DNA in the
picture?
2. Identify
• Genetic material from
what
two different organisms.
recombinant
DNA
consists of.
• The human gene for insulin can
3. How can
be INSERTED into a
recombinant
DNA be used bacterium.
to produce • The bacterium will begin
producing insulin
insulin?
http://www.goldiesroom.org/Shockwave_Pages/REG-20-recombination.htm
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FAMRQz7fOaE
4. Identify
• Human growth hormone
other
• Chemicals to treat
chemicals
cancer
that can be
produced
using
recombinant
DNA.
2000: Alba, a genetically-engineered bunny possessed "green
fluorescent protein" genes from a jellyfish that made it glow
in the dark. French genetic researchers created Alba. The
albino rabbit glows green when placed under special lighting. In
regular light, Alba appears like any other furry white rabbit.
But place her under a black light, and her eyes, whiskers and
fur glow a otherworldly green.
"Glow in the dark" fish: These genetically modified
fish were developed by a Taiwanese aquatic firm.
They are planning to reproduce these fish in
numbers and sell them for pets.
In 2007, South Korean scientists altered a cat’s
DNA to make it glow in the dark and then took that
DNA and cloned other cats from it — creating a set
of fluffy, fluorescent felines.
5. Describe a • The long-term effects of
consuming genetically modified
possible
disadvantage plants are unknown.
of eating
genetically
modified
plants.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aCWH7PlBKBw
This 1986 picture of a glowing tobacco plant
bearing the “light” gene of fireflies
demonstrates the power and potential of
genetic engineering.
Scientists at the
University of
Washington are
engineering poplar
trees that can clean up
contamination sites by
absorbing
groundwater
pollutants through
their roots. The plants
then break the
pollutants down into
harmless byproducts
that are incorporated
into their roots, stems
and leaves or released
into the air.
Corn plants: On the left we see corn a plant that was not
genetically engineered. On the right we see a pest-free
genetically engineered corn plant. They were planted side
by side.
Scientists have recently
taken the gene that programs
poison in scorpion tails and
looked for ways to combine
it with cabbage. Why would
they want to create
venomous cabbage? To limit
pesticide use while still
preventing caterpillars from
damaging cabbage crops.
These GM cabbages would
produce scorpion poison
that kills caterpillars when
they bite leaves — but the
toxin is modified so it is not
harmful to humans.
Genetically modified pigs are created that produce higher
levels of growth hormone to produce a meatier pork chop.
The Enviropig, or
“Frankenswine,” as critics
call it, is a pig that’s been
genetically altered to
better digest and process
phosphorus. Pig manure
is high in phytate, a form
of phosphorus, so when
farmers use the manure as
fertilizer, the chemical
enters the watershed and
causes algae blooms that
deplete oxygen in the
water and kill marine life.
Bt Corn produces a chemical that makes them pest
resistant and results in a 5-10% increase yield. Public
opposition due to fears of human health and environmental
risks associated with the production and consumption of Bt
corn.
Golden Rice contains higher quantities of
Vitamin A and Iron.
Genetically modified tomatoes reach full
flavor and color on vine without rotting.
The Flavr Savr tomato
was the first
commercially grown
genetically engineered
food to be granted a
license for human
consumption. By adding
an antisense gene, the
California-based
company Calgene hoped
to slow the ripening
process of the tomato to
prevent softening and
rotting, while allowing
the tomato to retain its
natural flavor and
color.
Cows produce significant
amounts of methane as a
result of a bacterium in their
intestines. Methane is a major
contributor to the greenhouse
effect, so scientists have been
working to genetically
engineer a cow that produces
less methane.
Scientists at the University of
Alberta have identified the
bacterium responsible for
producing methane and
designed a line of cattle that
creates 25 percent less
methane than the average
cow.
Scientists in the agriculture department of a Hebrew
University have genetically engineered a chicken that
has no feathers.
6. Describe • Adding or deleting
gene
segments of genes to
therapy.
correct or get rid of
genetic disorders.
7. Identify • Cystic fibrosis
one disease • Sickle cell anemia
that can be
• Muscular dystrophy
treated
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bLI1Gfb0ynw
using gene
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SwmK5ARnFLE
therapy.
Cystic fibrosis is a
genetic disorder
that affects mostly
the lungs, but also
the pancreas, liver,
kidneys and
intestine. It causes
mucus to become
thick and sticky,
which can block the
normal function of
these organs.
Sickle cell anemia is an inherited
disease in which hemoglobin is
abnormal. These cells can block
small blood vessels and flow of
blood. This reduces the oxygen
supply to tissues, may damage
many organs and cause severe
pain. These pain attacks can occur
without warning, and a person often
needs to go to the hospital for
effective treatment. While normal red
blood cells live for about 120 days,
the abnormal sickle cells die after
only 10 to 20 days, resulting in
chronic anemia. Other complications
include organ damage, lung and
breathing difficulties, chronic leg
ulcers and an increased
susceptibility to infections, stroke
is also common in little children.
Topic: Applied Genetics
Aim: Describe some methods that can be
used to develop organisms with desirable
traits.
Do Now: Take out your genetic engineering
reading notes and the Pedigree Charts.
HW: Castle Learning Genetics – Due
Tuesday, May 10th
1. Identify the # of people in generation 1
that have dimples.
2
2. Identify the # of people generation 2 that
have dimples.
2
3. Identify the # of offspring from individuals 1
and 2 in generation 1. Which offspring have
dimples? 3, 1
4. Identify the # of offspring from individuals 3
and 4 in the generation 1. Which offspring
have dimples? 2, 1
The diagram represents a
technique used to
produce insulin.
1. Identify structure A.
Human insulin gene
2. Identify structure B.
Bacterial DNA
3. Where is structure B
inserted?
Into the bacterial cell
4. What will the bacterial
produce?
Insulin
5. How will the bacteria
reproduce?
Binary fission
Mitosis
Asexual reproduction
6. Identify the name of this
process.
Genetic engineering
7. Identify another substance
that can be produced using
this technique.
Growth hormone
Chemicals to treat cancer
8. Describe • When a new organism is
the process made that has the same
of cloning.
exact genes as the
organism from which it
was produced.
• GENETICALLY
IDENTICAL
• A somatic cell of the organism
9. Identify
you want to replicate
the two
cells used to • An empty egg cell (enucleated )
produce
Dolly.
10. What was • Nuclear transplant
done to the
– The nucleus from the
two cells to
somatic cell is placed into
produce
the empty egg cell
Dolly?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hepoJgGJtNc
11. Where was • Inside the uterus of a
the new cell
surrogate mother.
placed?
The adult sheep is Dolly,
the first mammal cloned
from an adult cell. The
lamb is Dolly’s offspring,
called Bonnie.
Idaho Gem = 1st cloned mule (MAY 2003)
Cloned from a champion racing mule
CopyCat = 1st cloned cat (2002)
12. Describe
• To bring back extinct
what cloning
species using the DNA
can be used
found in fossils
for.
• Save endangered species
• Clone a dead pet
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e1VL4XiC9nM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7tbxN5uwaqA
Misconception #1: Instant
Clones!
A common misconception is that a
clone, if created, would magically
appear at the same age as the
original. This simply isn't true. You
remember that cloning is an
alternative way to create an
embryo, not a full-grown
individual. Therefore, that embryo,
once created, must develop exactly
the same way as would an embryo
created by fertilizing an egg cell
with a sperm cell. This will require
a surrogate mother and ample time
for the cloned embryo to grow and
fully develop into an individual.
Misconception #2: Carbon Copies!
Your beloved cat Frank has been a loyal companion for
years. But Frank is showing signs of old age, and you
realize that your friend's days are numbered. You can't bear
the thought of living without her, so you contact a
biotechnology company that advertises pet cloning services.
Where they will clone Frank using DNA from a sample of
her somatic cells. You're thrilled: you'll soon have a carbon
copy of Frank - we'll call her Frank #2 - and you'll never
have to live without your pal! Right?
Not exactly. Are you familiar with the phrase "nature versus
nurture?" Basically, this means that while genetics can help
determine traits, the environment has a big impact on
shaping an individual's physical appearance and personality.
For example, do you know any identical twins? They are
genetically the same, but do they really look and act exactly
alike?
So, even though Frank #2 is genetically identical to the
original Frank, she will grow and develop in a completely
different environment than the original Frank or will have a
different mother, and she will be exposed to different
experiences throughout her development and life.
Therefore, there is only a slim chance that Frank #2 will
closely resemble the Frank you know and love.
13. Describe • When we select two
the process
organisms with desired
of selective
traits
to
serve
as
parents
breeding.
of the next generation.
Horses can also
be produced
through
selective
breeding. This is
an Appaloosa.
This horse is
bred for its
distinctive coat
pattern. Race
horses are often
selectively bred.
14. Identify
• Hybridization
the two
forms of • Inbreeding
selective
breeding.
15. Identify
• Hybridization
the type of
selective
breeding
that creates
offspring
that are
very
different
from either
parent
genetically.
16. Identify the • Hybrids
offspring of
hybridization.
Hybridization
Braham cattle:
good resistance
to heat but
poor beef
Shorthorn
cattle: good
beef but poor
heat resistance
Santa Gertrudis
cattle: formed by
crossing Braham and
shorthorn  good
heat resistance and
beef
Labradoodle
Buggs (Boston Terrier /
Pug mix)
The Mule is the result of breeding a female horse
(mare) to a male donkey (jack). The mule is
superior to the horse in strength, endurance,
intelligence and disease resistance.
The Cama is the result of breeding a
Llama to a Camel. Parents in background
of picture.
The Zebroid is the result of
breeding
a female Horse and a male
Zebra.
The Zedonk / Zonkey is
the result of breeding
a female Donkey and
male Zebra.
Hybridization
Tigon = male tiger + female lion
Hybridization
Liger = male lion +
female tiger
The liger has both stripes and spots. The stripes are
inherited from its tiger parent and the spots from the
lion parent. On their hind legs, ligers stand
approximately 12 feet tall. At most, ligers may weigh
up to 1,000 pounds.
• Inbreeding
17. Identify
the type of
selective
breeding
that creates
offspring
that will be
very similar
to both
parents.
• It increases the chance of
18. Describe
recessive genetic disorders.
the
disadvantage
of
inbreeding.
• Disadvantages =
– Smaller and weaker offspring
– More susceptible to diseases
– More prone to genetic disorders
The last white tiger
ever seen in the
wild was shot in
1958. As such,
today’s white
tigers are products
of severe
inbreeding,
causing more
genetic aberrations
with every
generation.
A BBC documentary
showed that some
of Britain’s most
popular dogs are
plagued with
health problems,
ranging from
cancer, epilepsy
and heart disease,
after decades of
inbreeding.
Let’s summarize:
1. Describe the process of genetic engineering.
Humans change an organism’s DNA
2. What is recombinant DNA made up of?
A combination of DNA from 2 different organisms
3. What substances can be made using recombinant DNA
and bacteria?
Insulin, GH, chemicals to treat cancer
4. Identify the technique of adding or deleting genes to
help treat genetic disorders.
Gene therapy
5. Describe cloning and the two cells used.
Producing a genetically identical offspring.
Somatic cell and an enucleated egg cell
6. Describe the process of selective breeding.
Humans choose the organisms that will mate and
produce offspring.
7. Identify the type of selective breeding in which two
organisms with similar traits are crossed.
Inbreeding
8. Identify the type of selective breeding in which two
organisms with different traits are crossed.
Hybridization
Review:
1.Genetic engineering is presently used in the
biotechnology industry to
(1.) eliminate all infectious disease in livestock
(2.) increase the frequency of fertilization
(3.) synthesize insulin, interferon, and human
growth hormone
(4.) create populations that exhibit incomplete
dominance
Using special enzymes, scientists have
successfully removed the gene that controls the
production of clotting factors and have inserted
this gene into the DNA of certain
bacteria. These bacteria can now produce
clotting factors. This technique is known as
(1.) amniocentesis
(2.) genetic engineering
(3.) differentiation
(4.) karyotyping
Cloning an individual usually produces
organisms that
(1) contain dangerous mutations
(2) contain identical genes
(3) are identical in appearance and
behavior
(4) produce enzymes different from the
parent
Which process is most similar to the
process of cloning?
(1)Fertilization
(2) Vegetative propagation
(3) Meiosis
(4) Gamete formation
Which process could be used by
breeders to develop tomatoes with a
longer shelf life and to develop cows
with increased milk production?
(1) natural selection
(2) genetic engineering
(3) sporulation
(4) chromatography
3. A man with blue eyes marries a woman who is
heterozygous for brown eyes. If brown eyes are
dominant, what are the chances of having a
blue eyed child? Also, give the phenotypes and
genotypes of all possible offspring.
B = Brown
bb X Bb
b = blue
bb X
Bb
b
b
B Bb Bb
b bb b b
Phenotype
percentages:
50% blue
50% brown
Genotype percentages:
50% heterozygous
50% homozygous
recessive
4. In tomatoes, red fruit color is dominant to yellow
fruit color. Predict the phenotypes and genotypes
of the offspring by crossing a homozygous
dominant parent with a homozygous recessive
parent. Draw a Punnett Square to illustrate your
prediction.
R = red
RR X rr
r = yellow
RR X
rr
R
r Rr
R
Rr
r Rr
Rr
Phenotype
percentages:
100% red
Genotype percentages:
100% heterozygous
AA
aa
Aa
1. How many
offspring of the
1st generation
have the trait?
2. Describe
individual U
and W.
3. Identify the
genotype of
individual Y.
4. Identify the
genotype X.
Farmer Brown is a dairy farmer and is known for his very creamy milk. The milk
produced by his cows has become so popular that he is not able to fill his
orders anymore. This is because his cows don’t produce enough milk each day
to meet the demand. He was looking for a cow that produced large amounts of
creamy milk. His vet suggested that he could solve his problem by selective
breeding. He needed to identify the Friesian cows that produce the most milk
and those Jersey cows that produce the creamiest milk and breed only with
them. By mating these selected few, Farmer Brown was able to produce
offspring which had an enhanced version of this characteristic. Over several
years he followed this program until he got the desired result, a cow that
produced a large amount of creamy milk.
Mr. Renaldo
Jane’s mom
Joe’s
mom
Joe’s dad
George
Emily
Jane Smith
Joe Smith
Grace
Clarissa
Having dimples is a recessive trait. Although Jane
and Joe Smith have dimples, their daughter, Clarissa,
does not. Joe’s dad has dimples, but his mother, and
his sister, Grace, do not. Jane’s dad, Mr. Renaldo, her
brother George, and her sister, Emily, do not have
dimples, but her mother does.