TOPIC: Locomotion
Aim: Explain the structure and functions
of the 3 types of muscles.
Do Now: Take out the Reflex Arc ISA
HW: Castle Learning Nervous and
Endocrine Systems due Tuesday!
(Interneuron)
1. What kind of response
is a reflex?
It is a fast automatic
response to a stimulus
without involving the
brain.
2. Identify the structures
involved in a reflex arc.
Receptor
Sensory neuron
Interneuron
Motor neuron
Effector
PNS
PNS
3. Why does the impulse
NOT travel to the brain
CNS during a reflex?
(Interneuron)
The response would
occur at a much faster
rate.
PNS
4. Which divisions of the
nervous system are
PNS involved in a reflex?
CNS and PNS
Identify all glands labeled in the diagram.
Pituitary gland
Parathyroid
gland
Thyroid gland
Adrenal
glands
Pancreas
Ovaries
Identify
the purple
structures
in the
diagram.
Explain
their
function.
Did you know…………….
• You have over 30 facial muscles which
create looks like surprise, happiness,
sadness, and frowning.
• Eye muscles are the busiest muscles
in the body. Scientists estimate they
may move more than 100,000 times a
day!
• The largest muscle in the body is the
gluteus maximus muscle in the
buttocks.
Identify the three types of muscles.
• Skeletal
• Cardiac
• Smooth
What are muscle fibers able to do?
• They can CONTRACT (shorten)
Skeletal • Attached to bones
Muscle
• Voluntary
• Striated (striped)
Identify the two proteins that create the striated appearance.
A cramp is defined as
an involuntary, forcibly
contracted muscle that
does not relax. The
pain can be abrupt and
intense with visible
hardening or a knot
when its contracted.
The most common sites
of muscle cramps seem
to be the calf, thigh and
arch of the foot. There
are different theories on
the cause of muscle
cramps, but the exact
reason why a cramp
develops is uncertain. It
is generally agreed that
an over firing of the
nerves that stimulate
the muscles are the
primary cause of “true”
cramps.
Factors that may lead to muscle
cramping include muscle fatigue, lack of
flexibility, exercising in the heat and
imbalances of the electrolytes in the
blood. A diet lacking in minerals such as
potassium, calcium and magnesium also
may contribute to spasms and cramps.
Vigorous exercise and repetitive
movements can result in cramping
during the activity or even much later. An
injury or sudden blunt trauma to the
muscle, such as getting hit with a
baseball, can cause a persistent muscle
spasm. Holding a position for a
prolonged time can cause muscle fatigue
and cramping. Muscle cramps may
occur at rest or during the night when the
muscle is shortened by sleeping in an
awkward position. Simply lying with the
toe pointed downward can cause
shortening of and a cramp in the calf
muscle
• Pectoralis muscles - found on each side
of your upper chest
• Rectus abdominus muscles:
(abdominals) found on each side of your
upper chest
• Biceps – muscle in your arm
• Quadriceps (quads)– on the front of your
thighs
• Gluteus maximus – muscle that's under
the skin and fat in your behind
Smooth • Inside some organs
– Stomach
Muscle
– Intestines
– Trachea
– Blood vessels
• Involuntary
• Non-striated (no stripes)
• Not as long as skeletal muscles
• ONLY in the HEART
Cardiac
Muscle • Involuntary
• Striated
• Branched shape
What supplies energy for muscle
contraction?
• Glucose is used to make ATP
Glucose
Energy
+
+
Water
Oxygen
+
Carbon
Dioxide
Identify what controls muscle
contraction.
• Nervous system
1.Identify substance A. Support your answer.
2.Which part of the neuron release substance
A?
3.What does substance A attach to on the next
neuron?
Nervous System Review
1. What is the difference between a receptor
and an effector?
2. What is an example of a receptor? An
effector?
3. What are the two divisions of the nervous
system?
4. Which division is made up of the brain and
spinal cord?
5. Which division is made up of all the nerves
that extend from the spinal cord?
Let’s summarize…
1. Identify the 3 types of muscles.
2. Describe where each type of muscle is
located.
3. Describe whether each type of muscle is
involuntary or involuntary.
4. Describe whether each type of muscle is
striated or non-striated.
Review: Identify the muscle being described.
1. Involuntary
2. Striated
3. Found in the heart
4. Lines internal organs
5. Voluntary
6. Branched fibers
7. Attached to bones
MUSCLES TYPES
A
B
C
D
E
F