Biotechnology
Providing Options
for Philippine
Agriculture
(Revised: June 2003)
WORLD
from 6.05 billion to
about 7.5 billion
PHILIPPINES
from 82 million to
122 million
Sources: ADB, POPCOM
To feed this population...
world cereal production should
increase by 50%
Philippine rice production should
increase from 12 to 18 M tons
(40%)
Agricultural resources are limited by ...
• deforestation
• overgrazing
• land conversion
Source: FAO
With increasing demand for food
and limiting resources...
we need better and more
efficient ways to produce
food
one option is through
Biotechnology
Bio - life
Technology
- any technique or
procedure to develop
new products
Biotechnology
- any technique that uses whole or part
of a living thing to make new
products, improve or develop plants,
animals and other organisms for
specific use
GE of animals
GE to develop animal
vaccines
GE of biocontrol
agents against plant
pest & diseases
Plant protoplast
fusion
GE of plants
GE to improve
microorganisms
Recombinant DNA
for disease
diagnostics
Monoclonal anti
body production
Plant tissue culture
Embryo transfer
Fermentation, Biofertilizers
Insulin for diabetes
Interferon for treating
cancer
Hepatitis B vaccine
Using living organisms
to clean the environment
Food biotechnology
Improved food quality and
food processing
Better tasting
More nutritious
Cleaner food
Animal biotechnology
Better breeds of livestock
and poultry
• leaner meat
•more milk
Vaccines
Crops biotechnology
Tissue cultured planting
materials
High yielding crops
Varieties resistant to pests and
diseases
Diagnostic kits
Improved postharvest qualities
Genetic engineering
Technique that transfers gene(s)
of interest to develop and
improve plants, animals and
other organisms
Gene
- basic physical and functional
units of heredity which carries
information for the expression of
a particular trait
Wild Relative
Crop Plant
Conventional Breeding
Wild Relative
Crop Plant
Genetic Engineering
Conventional Breeding
Genetic Engineering
• limited to exchanges between
the same or very closely
related species
• little or no guarantee of
obtaining any particular gene
combination from the millions
of crosses generated
• undesirable genes can be
transferred along with
desirable genes
• take a long time to achieve
desired results
• allows the direct transfer of
one or just a few genes,
between either closely or
distantly related organisms
• crop improvement can be
achieved in a shorter time
compared to conventional
breeding
Genetically Modified
Organisms (GMOs)
= Transgenics
Products developed through genetic
engineering
2001 & 2002
(millions of hectares)
Global area by country
Country
2001
%
2002
%
+/-
%
USA
35.7
68
39.0
66
+3.3
+9
Argentina
11.8
22
13.5
23
+1.7
+14
Canada
3.2
6
3.5
6
+0.3
+9
China
1.5
3
2.1
4
+0.6
+40
South Africa
0.2
<1
0.3
1
+0.1
+50
Australia
0.2
<1
0.1
<1
-0.1
--
--
--
<0.1
<1
<0.1
--
Romania
<0.1
<1
<0.1
<1
<0.1
--
Spain
<0.1
<1
<0.1
<1
<0.1
--
Uruguay
<0.1
<1
<0.1
<1
<0.1
--
Mexico
<0.1
<1
<0.1
<1
<0.1
--
Bulgaria
<0.1
<1
<0.1
<1
<0.1
--
Indonesia
<0.1
<1
<0.1
<1
<0.1
--
Colombia
--
--
<0.1
<1
<0.1
--
Honduras
--
--
<0.1
<1
--
--
Germany
<0.1
<1
<0.1
<1
<0.1
--
Total
52.6
100
58.7
100
+6.1
+12%
India
Source: Clive James, 2002
1996-2002
Global area by year
70.00
60.00
58.70
50.00
52.60
44.20
40.00
39.90
30.00
27.80
20.00
in Million hectares
10.00
11.00
1.70
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Increase of 12%, 6.1 million hectares or 15 million acres between 2001 and 2002.
Source: Clive James, 2002
Global area by crop
2001 and 2002:
(million hectares)
2001
%
2002
+/-
%
33.3
63
36.5
62
+3.2
+10
Maize
9.8
19
12.4
21
+2.6
+27
Cotton
6.8
13
6.8
12
0.0
--
Canola
2.7
5
3.0
5
+0.3
+11
Squash
<0.1
<1
<0.1
<1
(- -)
--
Papaya
<0.1
<1
<0.1
<1
(- -)
--
Total
52.6
100
58.7
100
+6.1
+12
Soybean
Source: Clive James, 2002
%
Global area (Industrial vs. Developing)
2001 and 2002:
(million hectares)
2001
2002
Industrial
Countries
39.1
42.7
Developing
Countries
13.5
16.0
Total
52.6
58.7
Source: Clive James, 2002
Regulation of
GM crops
National Committee on Biosafety of the Philippines (NCBP)
Created by E.O. 430 in 1990 to review and monitor R&D involving GMOs for
laboratory and contained evaluation of possible effects on the environment
Department of Agriculture
Issued A. O. No. 8 “Rules and Regulations for the Importation and Release into the
Environment of Plant and Plant Products Derived from the Use of Modern
Biotechnology”mandating:
•
Bureau of Plant Industry to evaluate and monitor field tests of GM crops; process
applications for limited field tests, propagation, delisting or for importation of GM crops
•
Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority to evaluate and register GM crops pesticidal properties
•
Bureau of Animal Industry to evaluate feed safety
•
Bureau of Agriculture and Fisheries Product Standards to evaluate food safety
DENR and DOH are also involved in biosafety and food safety assessments
Commercialization
• Corn resistant to Asiatic corn
borer
Field Test
• Rice resistant to bacterial blight
• Corn resistant to Asiatic corn
borer
Greenhouse
• Papaya with delayed ripening trait
• Papaya resistant to ringspot virus
Laboratory
• Mango with delayed ripening trait
• Rice resistant to tungro virus
• Vitamin A-enriched rice
• Banana resistant to bunchy top
disease
• Coconut with higher amount of
MCTs
• Sweet potato resistant to feathery
mottle virus
Judicious and safe applications
of biotechnology in agriculture
and natural resources could
increase farmer’s income,
provide better and safer products
to consumers and lessen
dependence on chemicals
destructive to the environment...
Hence, biotechnology is a viable option
Biotechnology
Providing Options for
Philippine Agriculture
This biotech mentor’s kit is a
collaborative project of
DOST – PCARRD
ISAAA
SEARCA-BIC
Revised: June 2003