Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable
Energy from Novel Materials in China
Dongyuan Zhao
Department of Chemistry and Laboratory of Advanced
Materials, Fudan University
Email:dyzhao@fudan.edu.cn
http://www.mesogroup.fudan.edu.cn/
Increasing Global Energy Demand
140
Energy Demand (B nboe)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1971
OECD
Source: IEA WEO 2004
2002
Transitione
conomies
2030
Developing
countries
Supply and Demand of Fossil Energy
Million Barrels/Day
400
Energy Demand
350
300
250
200
2050？
New Energy
Technologies
150
100
Fossil Resource
50
0
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
Assumption：world population :10 billion，Per capita rate of GDP: 2
%
energy consuming per GDP: 1 %， shortage: 50 years
Low Per Capita Energy Resources
in China
tons
163.34吨
The world
世界
China
中国
tons
90.68吨
2.58
2 3 . 6 8 吨tons
4
10立 cubic
方米
万
meters
tons
2.59吨
0.11
4
10立cubic
方米
万
meters
储量
油 可 采reserves
gas石
proven
储量
炭 可 采reserves
coal煤proven
4
Shortage of Fossil Energy
Resources in China
Oil
(million tonnes)
Gas
(million cubic
meters)
Hydropower
installed
capacity
(million kilowatts)
1145
33
11704
3.53
Production
period
(year)
54~81
15~20
28~58
38~104
Production
(year)
~2085
~2025
~2065
~2110
Primary
Energy
Coal
(million
tonnes)
Proven
Reserves
Shanghai comprehensive economic briefing, 2005 (02)
Million Barrels/Day
Increasing Import Dependence of
Oil in China
Unit：(million
Demand
tonnes)
2000
2010
assumption
2020
assumption
Domestic supply
assumption
low
2.3
high
1.63
import dependence
（Net import/Demand）
29.1 %
3.5~3.8
1.7
1.9
61.0 %
4.8~5.2
1.8
2.0
76.9 %
IEA
China and World Primary
Energy Consumption in 2004
World Primary Energy Consumption
hydropower and other
nuclear
coal
6.1%
6.2%
26.5%
gas
23.9%
oil
37.3%
gas
2.8%
hydropower and other
6.7%
oil
21.8%
coal
68.7%
China Primary Energy Consumption
High Energy-Related CO2
Emissions in China
Percent( )
％
30
20
No.2
10
0
North
America
Europe
Russia
East Asia Australia
China
Southern
Asia
other
Serious Acid Rain Pollution
in China
pH>5.6
Area percentage
pH<5.6 : 40%
Acid rain: 8.4%
SO2: 3%
pH<5.6
acid rain
SO2
Energy Security in China
million tonnes
Oil import in 2004
Oil import in China
5
Share of China’s dependence on Middle
year East oil is 54％
1998
2001 2002 2004
China’s import
0.9
2.0 on Middle
2.1
3.4
Share of American’s dependence
4
(million barrels/day)
East oil is 34％
3
2
World trade
(million barrels/day)
53.3
56.3
China’s share of oil import in
the global
1.7%
3.6% 3.7% 7.1%
57.3
48.1
Africa
24.6%
Europe and other
the Western 2.1%
Hemisphere
Data:
7.2% Smith., BP World Energy Statistics 2005
1. Michael,
1
0
American
Germany
Japan France China
Korea
2. Energy Information Administration / International Energy Outlook 2001, P39 .
3. Energy Information Administration / International
Energy
Middle
EastOutlook 2004, P40.
4. Gensheng,
Han., Oil reserves and China’s oil market
policy in response to
50.8%
Asia Pacific
higher oil15.3%
prices and to participate in world.
The Sixth US-China OGIF.
China's Energy Problems

energy supply

the shortage of liquid fuel and
energy security

environmental pollution

rural energy resources

CO2 emissions
Nuclear Power Layout and
Construction Sequence
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
Note:
path 1
path 2
sight B
sight C
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
0
long- and medium-term plan
Science and Technology Innovation:
Creation and application of new energy
materials pave the way to solve the
energy problem
Science and Technology Innovation:
Creation and application of new energy materials pave
the way to solve the energy problem
Renewable Energy
 Solar
 Biomass (non traditional)
 Wind
 Sea
 Geothermal
Optimization of the Fossil
Energy Utilization
 Oil
Gas
2.8%
Hydropower
6.7%
Oil
21.8%
Energy structure of China
in 2004
 clean oil
 drain off
 Coal
 efficient combustion &
power generation
 IGCC
 CO2 capture and bury
Clean Coal Technology
greenhouse gas
C + O2 = CO2 + 394 kJ （energy）
S
N
combustion
gasification
+ O2
→
SOx
NOx
｝pollutants
removal
electricity
generation
removal
（before）
（after）
Renewable Energy
 Solar
 Biomass (non traditional)
 Wind
 Sea
 Geothermal
Solar radiation distribution and
utilization in China
Utilization ：
 Heat usage
Heating
power generation
 Light usage
Photocell
richer area (>1700)
rich area (1500-1700)
available area (1200-1500)
scarce area (<1200)
Unit: kWh/m2
Photochemistry
Principle and Structure of the
Solar Cell
Electricity price：
2.00-4.00 RMB/ kilowatt-hour
 low efficiency：15－18％
 high cost：25－30 RMB/Wp
 incomplete system: storage
Biomass Utilization
 Bio oil－biodiesel oil
Rapeseed
Technology
 Palm oil, Jatropha curcasl oil
 Starch －Ethanol
Corn, Wheat
Cassava, sweet potato, Jerusalem
artichoke
Sugarcane, sweet sorghum
 Cellulose－ethanol, biodiesel oil
 Straw, trees
 Jerusalem artichoke
Cellulose Bioconversion
The common problems in the
utilization of renewable energy
Slow development
Incentive
policy
Create
market
Small market
High cost
Benign circle:
Research&
development
Technology
innovation
Demonstration
Industry
Market
New Energy Research Institute of
Fudan University
Institutional Structure
energy
storage
materials
Director：Dongyuan Zhao
Associate Director：
Prof. Yang Zhong
Prof. Hualong Xu
Secretary：
Prof. Aishui Yu
fossil
energy
technology
energy
economies
new energy
research
institute
energy
saving
technology
biomass
energy
solar
energy
materials
Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
(iChEM) has been approved by China EOM.
Three Universities and CAS,
Xiamen Univ. ; Fudan Univ;
China Univ of Sci & Tech (CUST)
Dalian Inst of Chem Phys.
Project grant: 300 M
Superparamagnetic functional mesoporous
microspheres with perpendicularly aligned channels
Large diameter to reduce the curvature energy
Smooth surface to facile coating and self-assembly
New synthesis route for the Fe3O4 @nSiO2@
mSiO2 microspheres with sandwiched structure
Deng & Zhao J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 28
Hierachically structured porous materials for
catalytic application of heavy oil cracking
Heavy oil
Large
pores
Small
pore
Weak
acidity
Strong
acidity
Gradient pores & acidity
Middle molecule
Fuel
Heavy oil crack: one-step process for
cracking – hydrogenation
Syn-gas: F-T reaction for one-step process
of chain increase – isomerization
Hierachically structured porous materials for
catalytic application of heavy oil cracking
2.5 m3 reaction kettle
500 kg products
high quality
Catalytic performances of hieratically porous materials
catalyst
Core-shell
（SY-11）
UOP
（DHC-39）
USY
（FC-16）
temperature（C）
375
402
373
C5+ yield，%
97.8
97.3
96.7
> 350 C conversion（%）
75
75
75
Products and distribution
Light oil (HK-65C conv. %)
1.55
2.30
3.62
Heavy oil (65-140C conv. %)
17.73
14.42
17.17
Aromaticity (m %)
41.36
39.04
40.3
Diesel (140-370C conv.%)
68.53
66.19
63.69
End oil (> 370C conv. %)
12.85
11.87
13.53
BMCI
5.9
7.6
10.4
< 370C middle oil, selectivity %
78.7
79.8
75.4
Process：pressure: 15.0 MPa，H2/Oil: 1500，space (v) : 1.5 h-1, 375C，yield:
77.3%，liquid yield: 97.8 wt%，middle oil selectivity: 78.7 %，Life: 5000 hours
Continuous and large-scale synthesis of ordered
mesoporous hollow carbon microspheres
10
10
thermosetted
carbonised
silica removed
Ln (I)
8
6
11
20
21
4
2
0
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
-1
q (A )
50 μm
1000
3
2.0 nm
2
3
600
400
2
1900.3 m /g
3
1.52 cm /g
高比表面积:
1930 m2/g
200
0
0.0
Wu, X. Z., Selomulya, C. Chen, X. D. & Zhao D. Y.,
Angew Chem Int Ed 2013, 52, 13764-13768
dV/dD (cm /g/nm
Amount adsorbed (mmol/g)
5.1 nm
800
0.2
0.4
0.6
p/p0
0.8
1.0
1
0
1
10
D (nm)
Fabrication of the Supercapacitor Devices
Single: 80 x 103 F, 8 x 4 parallel connection, 5 groups
The supercapacitor devices:
(8000 F)
1) high static capacitance ( 8000 F)
2) low resistance (≤0.52 mΩ)
3) high energy density (~ 8.2 Wh/kg) 30
New concept “rocking chair” Li+ hybrid cell
Negative electrode : Li-ion insertion/extraction reaction
Positive electrode : Li-ion adsorption/de-sorption
Electrolyte : concentration constant
Capacity retention: 90% over 20000 cycles,
Columbic efficiency: 100%
Chinese patent: ZL. 200510025269.6 PCT: WO/2006/111079
Beijing Olympic Village Solar Streetlight
Normal Capacitance
(F)
Nominal Voltage
(V)
Specific Energy
(Wh/kg)
Sing cell
60000
1.25
8.5
Module
240000
10
8
Thank you for your attention！