Topic 21
Asia between the Two World Wars
Objectives
Knowledge 1.
2.
To know the causes of the rise of Japanese militarism in the 1930s
To understand how militarism led to the war of invasion of China
and the Pacific War
Skills
1.
2.
3.
4.
To read historical sources
To understand role interaction
To judge, contrast, cite and evaluate sources
To compare, elaborate and explain sources
Attitude
1.
2.
3.
To have spirit of enquiry and willingness to think
To reflect on the impact of wars on human society
To cultivate sense of belonging to the history of one’s nation
Teaching Flow
Items
Format
Teaching Objectives
Content
1
Question to
ponder
Questioning
To arouse learning motives by
providing an outline
Why did militarism emerge in
Japan?
2
To know more
(1)
Basic Information
To enable students to understand
the important concepts of this
topic
What is a cabinet? What is a
parliament?
Data-based questions
To let students explore
relationship between Meiji
Constitution and Japanese
militarism
How did the Meiji Constitution
contribute to the development of
Japanese militarism?
Data-based questions
and character
interactive concept
map
To let student explore how the
genros and the military affected
Japanese politics.
Political struggle between Japanese
cabinet and the military.
3
4
5
Task 1
Task 2
Task 3
Data-based questions
To let students explore the causes
for Japan to carry out imperial
expansion
To illustrate the relationship
between the Kanto Army and
Japan’s imperial expansion
1
Rise of Japanese militarism and
Japan’s foreign expansion
6
To know more
(2)
Supplementary
materials
7
Task 4
Concept map of
drawing lines
To let students explore the
approach of Japanese
imperialism.
Approach of “Slow advancing” or
“Radical advancing”?
Data-based questions
To let students understand the
responses of the Nanjing
Government towards Japan’s
invading actions.
Change of Nanjing Government’s
attitude towards Japan
Supplementary
materials
To enhance students’
understanding of the topic.
Causes of Japan’s sudden attack on
Pearl Harbour
Concluding activity
To let students consider different
causes and their relative
importance.
Various causes leading to Japanese
militarism
Summary chart
To summarise the characteristics
of Japanese militarism.
Assisting students to master key
points of this topic
Analysis and design
To enhance students’ critical
thinking skills and to cultivate in
students empathy and creative
ability
Analyzing the relative importance of
various causes of Japanese militarism
and designing a newspaper headline
on Japanese invasion of China
8
9
10
Task 5
To know more
(3)
Task 6
11
Conclusion
12
Extended
activities (1-2)
The Kanto Army hastened its pace of
invading China
Question to ponder
Why did militarism emerge in Japan?
To know more (1) Cabinet and Parliament
A cabinet is the administration organisation in which senior officials of the
government discuss policies on behalf of various government departments.
The legislature of a nation is called Parliament. It is the legislative body of a
sovereign region, and its members consist of representatives of that region, who are
either elected through direct or indirect elections or appointed.
Task 1: How did the Meiji Constitution contribute to the development of Japanese
militarism?
2
Study Sources A and B, and then answer the questions below.
Source A
The table below compares the spirit of the Meiji Constitution (1889) and that of the
American Constitution.
Japan
The United States
Divine power of the emperor who was
infallible
Popularly elected President
Citizens were the emperor’s subjects
Men are born free and enjoy liberty
Legislative and executive powers
vested in the emperor
Separation of executive, legislative and
judicial powers
Military power belonged to the emperor The President is the commander-in-chief
directly
of the armed forces
Topic 21
Asia between the Two World Wars
Source B
The following text is an analysis of the Meiji Constitution.
Firstly, a very special feature of Japanese politics was the role of senior
statesmen (the most trusted courtiers in the early Meiji period and former prime
ministers).They had the power to nominate cabinet ministers to the emperor.
These elder statesmen, and even the prime minister or cabinet ministers, were
not necessarily members of political parties. So, although the parties took part in
election, the results of the election did not determine who had power.
Secondly, the Meiji Constitution stipulated that the emperor was sacred and the
source of all authority. The emperor was the highest commander of the army and
navy and could command the armed forces directly. His constitutional power
could, therefore, be used by military leaders to shield themselves from the
control of the cabinet or the prime minister. As long as they were not restrained
by the emperor, they could decide and act arbitrarily.
Thirdly, the Constitution stipulated that the posts of Army Minister and Navy
1. Identify
differences
between
Japan’s thus
Meijivirtually
Constitution
American
Minister three
must be
held by current
servicemen,
grantingand
the the
military
Constitution. Explain the
yourright
answer
with reference
to Source A.
of vetoing
cabinet decisions.
Suggested answer:
Differences between Japan’s Meiji Constitution and the American Constitution:
(1) The Meiji Constitution believed that the sovereign rights of the Emperor was
bestowed by the Heaven and therefore cannot be overthrown. On the other hand,
the American President comes to power by election.
(2) The Meiji Constitution believed that the Japanese people were the subjects of the
Emperor. On the other hand, the American Constitution incorporates the principle
that everyone is born equal and should enjoy freedom.
(3) The Meiji Constitution stipulated that the Emperor has the executive and
legislative power. On the other hand, the American Constitution adopts the
political principle of division of power of the executive, legislative and judicial
powers.
2. According to Source B, what is “genros”? How did the “genros” affect Japan’s
democracy?
Suggested answer:
The “genros” are the important ministers and retired prime ministers of the early years
of the Meiji period.
They possessed the power of nominating the cabinet prime minister to the Emperor,
and therefore they played an important part in Japanese politics.
Besides, the genros, the prime minister as well as members of the cabinet were not
necessarily members of political parties. Therefore, while the political parties might
take part in parliamentary elections, results of elections did not determine who would
have real political power.
3
3. According to Source B, what privileges did the military enjoy as stipulated in the Meiji
Constitution? How did such privileges contribute to the emergence of militarism?
Suggested answer:
The Meiji Constitution stipulated that the Emperor was the highest commander of the
army and the navy and could command the military troops directly. Military generals
could make use of this power of the Emperor to shield themselves from the control of the
cabinet prime minister, and could act arbitrarily as long as the Emperor did not stop them.
Furthermore, the Constitution stipulated that Army Ministers and Navy Ministers must be
servicing military personnel. It also granted the military the power to veto any cabinet
decision.
Teaching Tips:
With regards to how the genros influenced Japanese politics, further
analysis will be made in the “character interactive” concept map.
Task 2：How did the genros and the military affect Japanese politics?
4
Source C
The following text is a description of how the Japanese cabinet and the military struggled
with each other for political power.
For example, in 1912 when the newly formed cabinet refused to increase military
expenditure in an attempt to deal with the economic crisis caused by rapid inflation, it
aroused the discontent of the military. The Army Minister resigned and refused to
nominate his successor. As the prime minister was unable to form a cabinet, he was
forced to resign.
However, in the 1910s, public opinion thought that the army had encroached upon
the constitutional government. It thought that the military had failed to respect the
voting power of the elected Diet over the budget, and, as a result, supported the
government’s efforts to reduce the budget. The political parties also initiated a
movement to safeguard constitutionalism. Riots broke out in Tokyo and other cities.
As a result, although the senior statesmen never gave up their right of appointment,
elected members of the Diet came to be included in the cabinet. In fact, members of
minority parties, by being included in the cabinet, could gain influence by proposing
to dissolve the Parliament and have another election. In most cases they won in the
election and became the majority party.
Topic 21
Asia between the Two World Wars
Based on the content of Source C, complete the “character interactive” concept map below.
Suggested answer:
“Character interactive” Concept Map (“Movement to safeguard constitutionalism”)
Character A: Cabinet
Objective: To solve
economic problems first, and
initiated the “Movement to
safeguard constitutionalism”
Character B: the military
Objective: Increase military
expenses, and advocated
expansionist foreign policies
Effects
Acute inflation
Economic crisis
Effects
Cabinet refused to increase Action
military expenses
Led to resentment of the
military. Minister of the Army
resigned, and refused to
nominate successor.
Response
Prime Minister unable to form
a cabinet and was forced to
resign.
5
Character C: the people
Objectives: Believed that
the military had infringed
upon the “constitutional
government”, and had not
respected the voting right
of the elected parliament.
Therefore they supported
the Parliament in cutting
the budget.
Effects
The political parties initiated the
“Movement to protect
constitutionalism”, accepted
elected parliamentary members
and let political parties to join the
bureaucratic system.
Action
The genros nominated leader of
the minority party to form cabinet.
By controlling various important
government posts, they proposed
dissolving the Parliament and
conducting another election.
Response
Efects
The minority party won in the
election and became the
majority party.
Results:
Election politics was influenced by the genros and
the military. Parliamentary democracy was
harmed and unable to restrain the power of the
military, resulting in the rise of militarism;
Character D: genro
Objective: Possessed the
power to nominate cabinet
prime minister to the
Emperor, so played an
important part in Japanese
politics.
Task 3: Why did Japan carry out imperial expansion?
Study Source D to F, and then answer the following questions.
Source D
The following text is about the causes of the rise of Japanese militarism.
As the world economic crisis set in by the end of the 1920s, Japan’s economy was
hit hard. Between 1930 and 1932, Japan’s industrial unemployment rate reached as
high as 15 per cent of the labour force. The unemployment rate in the cities was even
higher. Many army officers became increasingly discontented with Japan’s domestic
and foreign policies. They saw the conciliatory diplomacy as cowardly. They
considered the reduction in the military budget as a way of degrading the armed
forces, impoverishing the soldiers and undermining their morale. They were of the
view that this was the result of collaboration between big business (known in Japan
as the zaibatsu) and political parties under the capitalist system.
The success of the Northern Expedition led by the Kuomintang in China also
prompted action from the Japanese military. After the fall of the Qing dynasty, China
was dominated by separatist warlord regimes. The completion of the Northern
Expedition and the establishment of a unified Nationalist (Kuomintang) government
in Nanjing in 1928, could eventually lead to a stronger China. An imperialist
viewing China from Japan would have argued in the early 1930s that if war was
inevitable, it should be waged sooner rather than later.
6
Source E
The following text is about the expansion of Japanese influence to China.
Japanese politicians, including the senior statesmen, political parties and the military,
endeavoured to obtain equal status for Japan with Western powers and agreed that
Japan should establish itself as an imperialist power in Asia. After the First World
War, when Japan faced economic crisis caused by serious inflation and renewed
economic competitions among Western powers, imperial expansion seemed
imminent.
However, through the 1920s, successive Japanese governments took a conciliatry
attitude towards China. China, fragmented by internal wars, was at it weakest point
in the twentieth century. In 1928, the Japanese army stationed in the northeastern
provinces of China (known then as Manchuria), took matters into its own hand.
Members of the army decided, without approval from the Japanese government, to
assassinate the warlord of Manchuria, Zhang Zuolin. The Japanese government knew
of the event, but failed to hold the assassins to account. Instead, the Prime Minister
resigned. By September 1931, the Japanese army stationed on the Manchuria-Korea
border attacked Manchuria, and drove out Zhang Zuolin’s son, Zhang Xueliang. It
took over Manchuria and turned it in the Manchukuo Kingdom. The Chinese
government protested to the League of Nations, but the League was totally
ineffective in restraining Japan, even though it condemned Japan’s aggression.
Topic 21
Asia between the Two World Wars
Source F
The cartoon, with its title “The tiger devouring a small man”, was published in 1932.
7
Source: Issue 70, Ling Long Women’s Magazine, 1932; Image from Columbia University Library
1. With reference to Source D, identify two causes of Japanese imperial expansion.
Suggested answer:
Source D points out that Japan’s economy suffered severely in the late 1920s, and many
military officers became increasing resentful of Japan’s internal and external situation. They
resented the cooperative diplomacy adopted by the political parties, believing that it was a
show of cowardice. They believed that this was the result of collaboration between the
zaibatsus (i.e. large enterprises) and the party politicians under the capitalist system.
Source D also points out that China would become wealthy and strong along with the success
of the Northern Expedition led by the Kuomintang and the setting up of the unified Nanjing
Government in 1928. By the early 1930s, Japanese imperialists believed that war against China
would be inevitable, and the sooner it occurred, the better.
2. What changes were there in Japan’s policy towards China in the 1920s?
answer with reference to Source E.
Explain your
Suggested answer:
Throughout the entire 1920s, the Japanese government still advocated treating China with its
conventional pacifying attitude. However, by 1928, the Japanese army stationing in China’s
northeastern provinces (i.e. Manchuria) ignored the cabinet government and took things into
their own hands by assassinating China’s warlord in Manchuria, Zhang Zuolin. By September
1931, Japanese troops stationing on the border of Korea and Manchuria invaded Manchuria,
indicating the beginning of change of Japan’s policy towards China.
3. Identify the historical incident referred to in the cartoon in Source F. What do the tiger
and the small figures in the cartoon refer to?
Suggested answer:
The historical event referred to by the cartoon is the setting up of the Manchukuo in
northeast China by Japan. The tiger refers to Japan, and the small figure being devoured
is Manchukuo.
4. How did the Chinese government and the powers respond to this incident? Explain your
answer with reference to Sources E and F.
Suggested answer:
As described in Source E, in September 1931 Japanese troops occupied the northeastern
provinces and set up the Manchukuo there. The Chinese government lodged a protest to the
League of Nations. Although the League of Nations denounced Japan’s invasion, it was
unable to sanction Japan. In source F, the Chinese government and the powers merely stood
aside, denouncing Japan’s action but unable to stop it. They could just “finish watching this
show in silence”.
To know more (２)
The Kanto Army hastened its pace of invading China
8
The Japanese Kanto Army stationed in northeastern China was set up in 1906
to protect Japanese interests in Japan’s leased territories in China and its
railway rights in South Manchuria. It had attempted to make the Japanese
government adopt a more proactive Manchurian policy by assassinating the
warlord, Zhang Zuolin . Although Prime Minister Giichi Tanaka realized that
the main conspirators of the assassination of Zhang Zuolin were the Kanto
Army, the Japanese government failed to impose any effective sanction on
them for acting without authority. Instead, Prime Minister Tanaka was forced to
resign because the emperor was dissatisfied with his handling of the event.
This event set a bad precedence for the military. It also encouraged radicalism
among young army officers and right-wing nationalists. Leaders of political
parties and business later became their targets of assassination. At this time,
leaders of the Kanto Army advocated that as war between Japan and Western
powers was inevitable, Japan must control northeastern China because the
region was rich in mineral resources, and its fertile lowland could be reclaimed
for agriculture. By promoting migration to Manchuria, Japan could also ease
population pressure in the countryside.
課題 19: 歐洲的民族主義
Topic 21
Asia between the Two World Wars
Task 4: Drawing line concept map – Was the approach of Japanese imperialism
one of “slow advancement” or “radical advancement”?
What changes were there in Japan’s China policy in the 1920s and 1930s? With
reference to Source G and using your own knowledge, identify from the diagram
below the line that represents the degree of support the “slow advancing” foreign
policy, and present the reasons briefly.
Teaching Tips:
This activity aims at letting students think about the importance of different
approaches to Japan’s diplomacy in Japan’s historical development. Students
need only to know the general degree of support of the different approaches.
Source G
The text below is an article on Japan’s China policy in the 1920s and 1930s.
During the economic downturn in the late 1920s, the Japanese government adopted stringent
measures to reduce the government’s expenditure. One result was the reduction of the
military budget. The majority of military commanders accepted this policy. At this time, the
government adopted a cooperative policy with Western powers towards China. For example,
Prime Minister Takashi Hara agreed to return Shandong to China even though Japan
retained its long-term interests over major railways. In 1924-1927, Foreign Minister Kijuro
Shidehara refused military intervention in the anti-Japanese movement in China.
In the 1910s and 1920s, there was no controversy over whether Japan should expand, the
only contention being whether expansion should proceed gradually or radically. The
gradualist faction advocated cooperation with Western powers, especially Britain and the
United States. The radical faction, on the other hand, advocated acting alone, taking into
account only Japanese interests, and disregarding the China policy adopted by Britain and
the United States. Public opinion largely agreed with the gradualists, whereas the military
advocated “radical development”.
By the end of the 1920s, a more apparent dissent appeared. Political parties advocated
cooperation and consultation with powers like Britain and the United States for the
resolution of disputes over China, but the military, especially the officer of middle or lower
ranks, were impatient with such conciliatory diplomacy as they became increasingly critical
of the political parties. The army viewed China, in particular the problems in northern and
northeastern China, as the biggest threat to Japan’s position as Asia’s leader. The navy, on
the other hand, was concerned with the challenges posed by Western powers in the Pacific
Ocean.
At this time, leaders of the Kanto Army advocated that war between Japan and Western
powers was inevitable. This line of thought led to the Manchurian Incident, when on 18
September 1931, the Kanto Army launched a full-scale attack on Manchuria on the pretext
that the Chinese army had been responsible for an explosion on the South Manchurian
Railway. Although Prime Minister Inukai Tsuyoshi did not agree to the annexation of
northeastern China by the Japanese army, he nevertheless allowed the establishment of a
puppet government – Manchukuo (Manzhouguo) – by the Kanto Army. The fact that the
Kanto Army could take matters into its own hands by occupying northeastern China without
the approval from the government reinforced the growth of militarism.
9
Approach of Japanese Imperialism — “Slow advancement” or “Radical advancement”?
Degree of Support
100
Extremely
high
1924-1927
Kijuro Shidehara became
Foreign Minister
1937 the July 7th Incident
The Manchurian Incident
in 1931
75
high
A
May 15 Incident of 1932
Prime Minister Takashi Hara
reached an agreement with China
Prime Minister Inukai
Tsuyoshi disagreed to
annexation of China by the
military
B
50
average
25
low
10
Year
0
1920
1925
1930
1935
Suggested answer:
A represents the degree of support of the “Slow advancement” approach of diplomacy.
Because Japan’s imperialistic line in late 1920s and early 1930s skewed towards foreign
expansion, the collaborative policy of “slow advancement” was not popular.
Task 5: What was the change of the Nanjing Government’s attitude towards Japan?
Study Sources H and I, and then answer the following questions.
Source H
The text below describes the change of Japan’s foreign policy towards China in the 1930s.
The text below describes the change of Japan’s foreign policy towards China in the 1930s.
Between 1931 and 1936, the Chinese government in Nanjing conciliated to Japanese
demands in the north of China. By 1936, in concession to public opinion, the
Nanjing government pledged a hard stand in the event of further aggression. When
by the Marco Polo Bridge Incident on 7 July 1937, the Japanese army captured
Beijing, full-scale war broke out. In the initial few months of the war, China lost
heavily and even the capital of the Nationalist government in Nanjing fell. With the
fall of Nanjing to Japanese forces, the Nationalist government moved its seat to
Chongqing .
Topic 21
Asia between the Two World Wars
Source I
On 1 January 1938, the President of the Chinese Nationalist government Lin Sen (林森)
said in a speech:
We demand final victory, and we will fight a protracted war of resistance. In this
protracted war, any temporary military retreat is only the loss of a battle. It will not affect
the overall outcome of the war. During the First World War, in less than one month, the
French government had to give up Paris and half of France fell into enemy hands.
Nevertheless, from losses France emerged in victory. Although the French situation was
slightly different from our present situation, the weaknesses of Japan are too many. Its
soldiers are mostly grassroots workers. Once their young men have been conscripted,
students abandon school, farmers cease to farm, merchants cease to trade and workers
cease to produce. As time goes by, Japan cannot hold out. The more land it occupies and
the longer the frontlines of war, the sooner will come its defeat. We must drag the war on
and wear down our enemy’s military and financial strengths so that its economic structure
and military advantages will collapse simultaneously. The removal of the capital to
Chongqing shows our determination to engage in a protracted war … to accomplish the
aim of final victory.
Source: Zhu Huisen ed. A Concise Account of Historical Events in the Republic of China, 1938, Part1,
Taipei: Academia Historica 1989, P.2-3
1. According to Source H, what changes were there in the attitude of China’s Nanjing
Government towards Japan?
Suggested answer:
During 1931-36, China’s Nanjing Government adopted a policy of retreat in response to
Japan’s invasion in northeast China. In 1936, the Nanjing Government changed to take
up a firm position against Japanese invasion as a result of pressure from public opinion
in China.
2. Why did China have to move its capital to Chongqing? Why did the Nationalist
Government believe that China would eventually defeat Japan? Explain your
answer with reference to Source I and using your own knowledge.
Suggested answer:
Source I shows that moving China’s capital to Chongqing was intended to carry out a
long-term war with Japan. The Nationalist Government wanted to extend Japan’s war
time so as to consume its military and financial resources, in which case its economic
institutions and military situation will collapse at the same time. Thus China would win
the war of resistance.
In my knowledge, Japan’s invasion of China went almost unstoppable at the beginning
of the war of resistance, and its troops occupied Nanjing in 1937. Therefore, the
Nationalist Government had to move its capital to Chongqing.
11
To know more (3)
Why did Japan launch a sudden attack on Pearl Harbour?
The Japanese government deployed 600,000 men to invade China. They could
hold the cities and transport lines in the areas they occupied, but were unable to
control the countryside. In March 1940, Japan set up a puppet government in
Nanjing under the leadership of Wang Jingwei. By September, Japan tried to
break the stalemate by allying with the two Axis Powers, Germany and Italy.
That was preparation for its attack on Southeast Asia, as Vietnam was a French
colony. When Japan occupied northern Vietnam, the United States expanded its
oil embargo against Japan and provided cheap military supplies to China. When
in June 1941, Hitler declared war on the Soviet Union, Japan turned to
Southeast Asia knowing that when the Soviet Union was occupied in war in
Europe, it could not wage a separate war in northeastern China. Japan attacked
the British and American colonies in Southeast Asia and seized the oilfields in
the region.
Conclusion
12
Japan was a constitutional monarchy in which the emperor’s power was divine and
absolute. Although there was an elected House of Representatives in the Imperial Diet,
and voting right had been expanded and the cabinet was formed by political parties, the
Diet was not able to control the military. Military power was placed directly in the
hands of the emperor. When the Japanese government dealt with a financial crisis by
adopting stringent economic measures and reducing military expenditure, the discontent
of the military was aroused. The army opposed conciliation with countries like Britain
and the United States. It acted alone in northeastern China, launched a military
campaign and promoted a policy of advancing into southern China, hence moving Japan
along the road to militarism.
China’s Nationalist Government adopted the policy of “Pacifying the internal first and
then repelling the external” in order to eliminate the communists. Therefore, it made
concessions to the invasion of the Japanese troops, which further encouraged the
Japanese troops. When Japan launched its full scale invasion on China, its strategy was
to win quickly. In only several months, it occupied the Nationalist capital Nanjing,
forcing the Nationalist Government to move its capital to Chongqing. By now, there is
no way to retreat for the Kuomintang except fighting to the end, or else its rule will
collapse. The Sino-Japanese War became a persistent war and a consuming war. After
occupying Nanjing, Japan suggested to China about signing a peace treaty, but was
refused by the Nationalist government. At this time, regardless of whether it had
intended to occupy the entire China at the beginning when it launched its invasion of
China, now what it could do was to continue on with the war.
Topic 21
Asia between the Two World Wars
Summary Chart
The chart below shows the content structure of Japanese militarism.
Characters: genro, military, cabinet
Scene: Japan
1889
Promulgation of the Meiji Constitution
1894
Sino-Japanese War
1902
Anglo-Japanese Alliance
1904-05
Time: 1930s & 1940s
Russo-Japanese War
1919
End of First World War; Paris Peace Conference
1931
Manchurian Incident; Japan invaded Manchuria
1937 July 7th Incident; 8-year War of Resistance began
1941
Sudden Attack on Pearl Harbour
1945
USA bombed Japan with atomic bombs; WWII ended
Advocated
“radical
advancement”
foreign policy
Japanese militarism
Influences
Causes
Intensified
struggle between
political parties
and military
Military had
right to veto
cabinet
decisions
Sought equal
status with
western power
Invaded China,
starting China’s
15-year long War
of Resistance
Japan was
facing serious
economic crisis
Characteristics
Led to the Pacific
War
Success of
Northern China
Political power
centred around
the Emperor
Advocated
expansionist
foreign policy
From “slow
advancement” to
“radical” advancement
Serious disagreement
between military &
Parliament
League of
Nations was
unable to
sanction Japan
13
Extended activity (1)
Analyse the relative importance of various causes of Japanese militarism.
Analyse the relative importance of various causes leading to Japanese militarism, and put a 
in the appropriate box.
Fill in causes.
Analyse the relative
importance of
various causes
leading to Japanese
militarism.
unimportant
14
fairly important
very
important
important
Causes of
Japanese
militarism

The Chinese Kuomintang succeeded
in its Northern Expedition in 1928.
The Japanese imperialists believed
that the sooner it staged an invasion of
China, the better. So they increased
their militarists’ pace.
e.g. Success of Kuomintang’s Northern
Expedition
Topic 21
Asia between the Two World Wars
Extended Activity (2) : Designing Newspaper Headline
Synthesizing what has been learnt above, design a piece of headline news on the
newspaper The World Daily for the day 8th July 1937 with pictures and texts
(200 – 400 words), using Japan’s full-scale invasion of China as its topic.
The World Daily
Published in Hong Kong
Thursday 8th July 1937
Picture
15
Text