CHAPTER 33, Section 1:
The Cold War
Two SuperPowers Face Off
AKINS HIGH SCHOOL
World History
Room 167
Tutorials: T ~ F; 8:20 ~ 8:50
TODAY’s OBJECTIVES:
• Explain the U.S. – Soviet postwar split.
• Trace how the Soviets came to dominate Eastern Europe.
• Describe U.S. containment of Communist expansion.
• Define the Cold War.
AGENDA: Please begin Warm-up and get focused for class immediately.
• WARM-UP, Examine Textbook map and questions pp. 852-853
• LECTURE / DISCUSSION of homework CH 33, Section 1
ASSIGNMENT for NEXT TIME:
• Read CH 33, Sections 3, Complete packet p. 5
REMEMBER
your Chapter 32
Homework
is DUE
Tomorrow!
CH 33: Section 1 – “Former Allies Diverge” Text p. 855; Packet p. 1
Read “Former Allies Diverge” on p. 855
Even before WWII ended, what tensions already existed between the
U.S. and the U.S.S.R. (Soviet Union)?
• The U.S. was still upset and untrusting of Stalin who had earlier
signed a non-aggression pact with Hitler.
• Stalin was angry at the Allies for delaying their D-Day invasion of
western Europe while his Soviet army suffered greatly in the East.
Read “A Joint Postwar Plan” on p. 855
Despite these tensions, at the Yalta Conference Soviet leader Stalin, Britain’s Prime Minister
Churchill, and U.S. President Roosevelt
(“the Big Three” Allied leaders) came to certain
agreements about their postwar plans.
What were some of the agreements at the Yalta Conference?
• to divide Germany into zones of occupation controlled by four Allied nations.
• to make Germany pay war compensation to the badly damaged Soviet Union.
• Stalin agreed to join war against Japan after Germany’s defeat
• Stalin agreed to allow “free elections” in Eastern Europe after the
war.
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CH 32: Section 1 – “
” Text p.
; Packet p.
U.S. and Britain become Allies; State their Goals
August 9, 1941: Roosevelt and Churchill meet secretly on a battleship off the
coast of Newfoundland and sign a join declaration called the
Atlantic Charter – outlining the basis of the Allied Peace Plan
following the war, it upheld the right of free people to choose
their own government. And their willingness to defend such people.
In the agreement, Roosevelt
used the term “United Nations”
for the first time referring to
the goals of Allied Nations.
Prime Minister Winston Churchill
and President Franklin Roosevelt
aboard the U.S. S. Augusta, off the
coast of Newfoundland,
August 1941.
T. Loessin / Akins High School
CH 33: Section 1 – “Creation of the United Nations” Text p. 855; Packet p. 1
“In June, 1945, the United States and the Soviet Union
put aside their differences. They joined 48 other countries in forming the
United Nations – an international organization set up after WWII that
intends to keep peace and provide collective security to all its members.
The U.N. is led by a Security Council of 11 member nations,
5 of these permanent – they are:
Britain, China, France,
the United States,
and the Soviet Union.
Left: The delegates
of the Security
Council of the new
United Nations
pose with the
UN Charter in the
foreground.
At right is the
United Nations
building in New
York today.
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Losses in the
Second
World War
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CH 33: Section 1 – “Differing U.S. and Soviet Goals” Text p. 856; Packet p. 1
Superpower Aims in Europe
See the Chart
in Textbook,
p. 856
According to the chart,
What U.S. and Soviet aims for Europe were clearly in conflict?
Of the “Big Three” leaders
who had met at theYalta Conference,
only Stalin held power in his country seven
months later;
Roosevelt was dead,
and Churchill had been
voted out of office.
Stalin would now have to deal
with U.S. President Harry Truman –
who would prove to be a much tougher
adversary for Stalin.
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Post – WWII
A Germany divided.
Wall line between West- and East-Berlin
T. Loessin; Akins High School
CH 33: Section 1 – “Soviet
Union Corrals Eastern Europe” Text p. 856; Packet p. 1
Ironic,
IRONY: Hitler’s disastrous war helped to bring
about the very thing he feared and his NAZI
propaganda machine convinced others to fear
– the spread of Communism into Eastern Europe
by way of the now entrenched Soviet Union who
had been forced to enter the war only to help end
Hitler’s aggression.
“By the end of the war, Soviet
troops occupied all countries
along the Soviet Union’s western
border. The Soviets regarded
these countries as a necessary
buffer and insisted on controlling
them. Stalin ignored his
agreement at Yalta to allow free
elections in these countries,
installing Communist
governments instead.”
- Textbook p. 856
T. Loessin / Akins High School
CH 33: Section 1 – “Soviet Union Build a Wall of Satellite Nations” Text p. 856; Packet p. 1
1. Meeting at Potsdam, Germany
When Truman insisted on free elections in
Eastern European nations, Stalin refused
and later declared that war between the
two new superpowers (U.S. & U.S.S.R.)
was certain.
Stalin, Truman, and Churchill
meeting at Potsdam.
In 1946, Stalin declared:
“Communism and Capitalism
can not exist in the same world.”
Europe was now divided
between East and West with
Germany being split as the
dividing line. Churchill described
this division between democratic
Western Europe and Communist
Eastern Europe as the “iron
curtain”. Stalin called
Churchill’s words a “call to war.”
See Map in
Textbook,
p. 857
T. Loessin / Akins High School
CH 33: Section 1 – “United States Counters Soviet Expansion” Text p. 857; Packet p. 1
2. Policy of containment
Designed to stop the
spread of Communism,
this policy led the U.S. to
begin assisting weak
countries to resist Soviet
advances.
3. Truman Doctrine
U.S. financial support for
those countries that rejected
Communism only worsened
the diplomatic hostility
between the 2 superpowers
(U.S. and U.S.S.R.)
See Map in
Textbook,
p. 857
“Our way of life is based upon the will of the people…free elections…and
freedom from oppression. The second way of life is based upon the will of a
minority forcibly imposed upon the people. It relies upon terror and
oppression…fixed elections, and suppression of personal freedoms. I believe
it must be the policy of the United States to support free people who are
resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.”
~ President Harry S. Truman, 1947
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CH 33: Section 1 – “The Marshall Plan” Text p. 858; Packet p. 1
4. Marshall Plan
By helping Western European nations rebuild,
the U.S. hoped to make possible future
resistance to Communist expansion in Europe.
U.S. Secretary of State George
Marshall was the Army’s Chief of
Staff during WWII and envisioned
helping Western Europe with this
12.5 billion rebuilding program.
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“Who got U.S. Aid?”
See Chart in
Textbook,
p. 858
CH 33: Section 1 – “The Berlin Airlift” Text p. 858; Packet p. 1
“When Britain, America, and France decided to leave Berlin and
allow Germany to return to one newly governed nation, the Soviets
decided to hold East Berlin hostage and cut off all supplies to
Berlin’s western zones hoping to prevent reunifying Germany.”
5. Blockade of Berlin
Led to the Berlin Airlift and
Soviet admission of defeat.
See Map
in Textbook,
p. 857
T. Loessin / Akins High School
CH 33: Section 1 – “The Berlin Airlift” Text p. 858; Packet p. 1
“When Britain, America, and France decided to leave Berlin and
allow Germany to return to one newly governed nation, the Soviets
decided to hold East Berlin hostage and cut off all supplies to
Berlin’s western zones hoping to prevent reunifying Germany.”
5. Blockade of Berlin
Led to the Berlin Airlift and
Soviet admission of defeat.
In 277,000 flights, pilots brought in 2.3 tons
of supplies to grateful Berliners
until Stalin admitted defeat.
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See Map
in Textbook,
p. 857
CH 33: Section 1 – “The Cold War and a Divided World” Text p. 859; Packet p. 1
All of these conflicts were the
beginnings of the
Cold War – a state of
diplomatic hostility that
existed (for about 45 years)
between the world’s two
superpowers, the United
States and the Soviet Union.
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CH 33: Section 1 – “The Cold War and a Divided World” Text p. 859; Packet p. 1
The Core Treaties of the Cold War
See Textbook,
p. 859
What countries
joined NATO?
Which Communist
countries joined the
Warsaw Pact?
6. Formation of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO):
This defensive military alliance formed by Western democratic
nations prompted Soviet and Eastern Communist leaders to form
their own alliance called the Warsaw Pact.
T. Loessin / Akins High School
CH 33: Section 1 – “Nuclear Threat” Text p. 859; Packet p. 1
“As the world divided into the two alliances – democratic or communist –
the Cold War threatened to heat up enough to destroy the world.
The United States already had atomic bombs
and in 1945 showed it was willing to use them!
By 1949, the Soviets had exploded its own atomic weapon.
The two Superpowers were now both nuclear powers.”
~ read Nuclear Threat, textbook p. 859
US hydrogen bomb test, 11 megatons, 1954
Tsar Bomba was the biggest nuclear bomb
ever built by anyone, and was a fusion bomb
with a yield of 100 megatons.
It was not a realistic weapon of war,
but was part of sabre-rattling between
the Soviet Union and United States
during the Cold War.
It was hot enough to induce
third degree burns at 100 miles.
T. Loessin / Akins High School
CH 33: Section 1 – “Nuclear Threat” Text p. 860; Packet p. 1
Dwight D. Eisenhower
became the U.S. President in 1953
and appointed the staunchly anti-Communist
John Foster Dulles as his Secretary of State.
If the Soviet Union attacked U.S. interests
anywhere in the world, Dulles threatened,
he United States would retaliate instantly,
by means and at places of our own choosing.
Eisenhower
This willingness to go to the brink, or edge, of war
became known as the dangerous policy of
brinkmanship in the Cold War.
Dulles
7. Policy of Brinkmanship
Brought the two superpowers
closer to the edge of war.
T. Loessin / Akins High School
CH 33: Section 1 – “Cold War in the Skies” Text p. 860; Packet p. 1
"Sputnik" was the first satellite in space.
It was launched in 1957 by the USSR.
The launch spurred a math and science
revolution in the United States which lagged
behind in the race now to reach space.
See
The United States government
“The Space Race”
was not so much concerned
in Textbook,
p. 861
that the Soviets had launched
a satellite into space
as they were concerned
about the missile used to launch it
– a missile that could shoot into space
could also be used
as an ICBM
(Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile)
and could possibly have
a nuclear warhead mounted to it.
T. Loessin / Akins High School
CH 33: Section 1 – “Cold War in the Skies” Text p. 860; Packet p. 1
"Sputnik I" was the first satellite in space.
It was launched in 1957 by the USSR.
8. Launching
Sputnik
I
The launch of
spurred
a math
and science
Such
missile
capabilities
frightened
revolution
in the
United States
whichthe
lagged
behind
the race
nowtotoa reach
United in
States
and led
rivalryspace.
between
the two superpowers in science and
education as well as the race to put man in space.
The Soviet Union rejected a U.S. proposal for an “open skies” policy that would
have allowed the U.S. and U.S.S.R. to fly freely over each other’s territories to
guard against surprise nuclear attacks.
In response, the U.S.’ C.I.A. Began to do so anyway using a highly secret highaltitude spy plane, the U-2. In 1960, the Soviets shot down U-2 pilot Gary Powers,
put him on trial, and sentenced him to prison.
He was released after 19 months
but the incident only brought
further mistrust
between the two superpowers.
“While Soviet Communists were squaring off against the United States,
Communists in China were fighting an internal battle for control of that country.”
~ textbook p. 859
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CHAPTER 33, Section 2:
Communists Triumph in China
AKINS HIGH SCHOOL
World History
Room 167
Tutorials: T ~ F; 8:20 ~ 8:50
TODAY’s OBJECTIVES:
• Analyze the Civil War between the Nationalists and the Communists in China.
• Explain how China split into two nations.
• Describe how Mao’s Marxist regime transformed China
AGENDA:
Please begin Warm-up and get focused for class immediately.
• WARM-UP, Read HistoryMakers, “Mao Zedong” p. 864
• LECTURE / DISCUSSION of homework CH 33, Section 2
ASSIGNMENT for NEXT TIME:
• Read CH 33, Sections 3, Complete packet p. 5
CH 33: Section 2 – “Civil War in China” Text p. 862; Packet p. 3
1. Who?
Who was Mao Zedong?
Leader of the Communists.
Who was Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek)?
Mao Zedong
Leader of the Nationalists.
Jiang Jieshi
2. When?
When did the civil war in China resume?
At end of World War II in 1945.
When would the civil war end?
1949.
See Chart
“Chinese
Political
Opponents”
in Textbook,
p. 863
3. When?
What advantages did Nationalist forces have?
A large national army that had U.S. aid.
What advantages did Communist forces have?
An army skilled in guerilla warfare that had
the popular support.
CH 33: Section 2 – “Civil War in China” Text p. 862; Packet p. 3
“In 1949, Mao Zedong and his Communists had gained control of the country.
He proclaimed it to be the new People’s Republic of China.
Jiang and other Nationalist leaders retreated to the island of Taiwan
and proclaimed themselves to be Nationalist China.”
~ textbook p. 863
4. Where?
Where is Nationalist China located?
On the island of Taiwan.
Where is the People’s Republic of China located?
On mainland China.
5. How?
How did the superpowers react to the existence of two Chinas?
The U.S. helped Nationalists set up a democratic government
and enlarged America’s sphere of influence in Asia.
The Soviets provided Communist China financial, military,
and technical aid.
T. Loessin / Akins High School
CH 33: Section 2 – “Civil War in China” Text p. 862; Packet p. 3
“Many in the United States viewed the Communist takeover of China
as proof of a Communist campaign to conquer the world.
Such Americans also believed this further justified the official
U. S. policy of containment.”
~ textbook p. 863
5. How?
How did the superpowers react to the existence of two Chinas?
- The U.S. helped Nationalists set up a democratic government
and enlarged America’s sphere of influence in Asia.
- The Soviets provided Communist China
financial, military, and technical aid.
How did Mao transform the economy of China?
Mao transformed China’s economy by giving
land to peasants, and then copied Stalin’s
policies in the USSR - forming collective
farms and nationalizing all the industries.
T. Loessin / Akins High School
CH 33: Section 2 – “Civil War in China” Text p. 862; Packet p. 3
“The Communists claimed to have a new ‘Mandate from Heaven’ and
aimed to restore China to a powerful nation of 550 million people.”
~ textbook p. 864
6. Why?
Why did Mao’s “Great Leap Forward” program fail?
Poor planning, inefficient industries, lack of work incentive,
crop failures and famine.
Why did Mao launch the Cultural Revolution?
Hoping to revive the Marxist revolution he had begun.
B. To extend the economic success of the five-year plan to agriculture
as well, Marx created large communes where the Chinese peasants
lived in strictly controlled communities.
In response to Mao’s call to revive the Marxist revolution
(which dreamed of a society where peasants and workers were
equal and intellectuals were considered dangerous) Chinese
students formed militia units called Red Guards who targeted and
reported on citizens they considered “dangerous” to the
Communist ideology.
T. Loessin / Akins High School
The Cold War
1945-1960
Take a Quiz: http://www.historyteacher.net/USProjects/Quizzes5-6/WWII-5.htm
CHAPTER 33, Section 2:
Communists Triumph in China
AKINS HIGH SCHOOL
World History
Mr. Loessin; Room 167
Tutorials: T ~ F; 8:20 ~ 8:50
TODAY’s OBJECTIVES:
• Analyze the Civil War between the Nationalists and the Communists in China.
• Explain how China split into two nations.
• Describe how Mao’s Marxist regime transformed China
AGENDA:
Please begin Warm-up and get focused for class immediately.
• WARM-UP, Read HistoryMakers, “Mao Zedong” p. 864
• LECTURE / DISCUSSION of homework CH 33, Section 2
ASSIGNMENT for NEXT TIME:
• Read CH 33, Sections 3, Complete packet p. 5