Engineering Geology (EC 101)
[1]
Dr SaMeH Saadeldin Ahmed
Associate Prof. of Environmental Engineering
Civil and Environmental Engineering Department
College of Engineering - Majmaah University
Email: s.mohamed@mu.edu.sa
1435-2 (Feb. 2014)
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Contents
Part 1
1- Definition of Earth Sciences
2- Minerals
3- Rocks
4- Structural Geology
5- Earthquakes
6- Groundwater
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Part 2
• Mechanical Properties of Rocks
• Tunnels
• Foundations and Engineering
Applications
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1. Definition of Earth
Sciences
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Definition of Earth Sciences
Earth sciences are dealing with the study of the
constituents of the earth crust from the
following
point
of
view:
Chemical
composition, properties of natural minerals,
external and internal processes that affect
the earth since and its inception evolution
of all life, whether animal or vegetable.
The word Geology is derivative from the Greek
language and consists of two parts: “Geo =
Earth” and “logos = science”.
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Main Branches of Earth Sciences
The main branches are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Geochemistry
Geophysics
Dynamic Geology
Historical Geology
Applied Geology
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1.1 Geochemistry
involves study of the chemical composition of
the Earth and other planets, chemical processes
and reactions that govern the composition of
rocks, water, and soils, and the cycles of matter
and energy that transport the Earth's chemical
components in time and space, and their
interaction
with
the
hydrosphere
and
the atmosphere
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Some subsets of geochemistry are:
•
•
•
•
•
Isotope geochemistry (Crystallization)
Mineralogy
Rocks
Biogeochemistry
Aqueous geochemistry
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1.2 Geophysics
is the physics of the Earth and its environment in space.
• The
term
geophysics
refers
to
the
geological
applications:
Earth's
shape;
its gravitational and magnetic fields; its internal
structure and composition; its dynamics and their surface
expression in plate tectonics, the generation
of magmas, volcanism and rock formation. Geophysical
survey data are used to analyze potential petroleum
reservoirs and mineral deposits, to locate groundwater, to
locate archaeological finds, to find the thicknesses of
glaciers and soils, and for environmental remediation.
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The most common Geophysics
methods are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Gravity
Seismology
Electricity
Magnetism
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1.3 Dynamic Geology
This section includes studies on the geological
processes that occur on the surface of the
earth, which called external processes such
as physical and chemical weathering of
rocks, sedimentation in seas and lakes
and rivers and surface water study. As well
as the geological processes that originate
within the Earth, known as internal
processes
such
as:
the
study
of
earthquakes, volcanoes and geological
structures arising from earth movements
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1.4 Historical Geology
is the use of the principles of geology to
reconstruct and understand the history of the
Earth. It focuses on geologic processes that
change the Earth's surface and subsurface;
and the use of stratigraphy, Ancient geography
and paleontology to tell the sequence of these
events. It also focuses on the evolution of
plants and animals during different time
periods in the geological timescale.
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1.5 Applied Geology
This section includes important application of the
foundations of Earth Sciences and geological
information
to
exploit
the
mineral
resources of raw materials and oil, etc.
which
are
terrestrial
crust
economic
exploitation for the benefit of rights and the
progress of civilization.
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One of the main sections of Applied
Geology:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mining Geology,
Petroleum Geology ,
Groundwater,
Geology of radioactive isotopes,
Engineering geology and
Environmental geology.
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Applied
Geology
Historical
Geology
Dynamic
Geology
Geophysics
Geochemistry
Mining geology
Paleontology
Sedimentation
Gravity
Crystallization
Petroleum geology
Stratigraphy
Ocean logy
Seismology
Mineralogy
Economic geology
Geography
Magma
Electricity
Rocks
Geology of
radioactive isotopes
Volcanology
Magnetism
Chemistry of
Earth
Groundwater
geology
Earthquakes
Engineering
geology
Structural
geology
Environmental
geology
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Importance of earth sciences
1. Earth Sciences provide engineers with essential
information
on
the
physical
and
mechanical properties and the required tests for
the type of materials forming the crust.
2. There is a need to study the properties of the
rocks in order to design foundations
and conducting the right constructions such as
dams,
tunnels,
mines,
surface
and subsurface structures and main roads.
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3. It almost impossible to carry out correct and
safe
excavations
in
rocks
without
identifying their natural and mechanical
characteristics, as well as to understand the
type of geological structures that are found in
such rocks.
4.
Study
the
geology
and
ground
water movement is very useful in identifying
sources of water. Also it is useful for irrigation
and drainage engineering works for sanitary.
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5.
Structure geology is important for
protection from landslides.
6.
Knowledge
of
the
principles
of
geological engineer for surface water such
as rivers and seas and the role
they play as agents of erosion, transport
and sedimentation, greatly help in solving
some problems related to adjust edges
and course of rivers. Also
– Strengthening bridges in case of flooding and
other engineering projects.
– Preservation of the environment.
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7.
Mastering
engineer
to
read
and interpret reports, geological maps and
aerial photos is of great benefit in areas
of urban planning and select sites for airports,
highways, facilities and location of construction
materials and road construction.
8. In some projects, it is vital to study the
rocks beneath the surface before choosing
a site engineering works. Such studies can
be useful for limitation of field works and
utilizing all the information and data contained
in
the
report
and
geological
maps
and geological profiles.
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Thanks for your attention
Quiz 1…Next week
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