SKELTON OF HEAD AND NECK
Skull / Division of facial
skeleton
1.
Two maxillae
2.
Two zygomatic bones
3.
Two zygomatic process of temporal
bone
4.
Two palatine bone
5.
Two nasal bones
6.
Two lacrimal bones
7.
The vomer
8.
The ethmoid & its conchae
9.
Two inferior conchae
10.
Two pterygoid plates of sphenoid
coronal between frontal and parietals f/p
Frontal
(Coronal)
Sutures
Sagittal
sagittal between parietals p/p
Sutures
squamos between temporal and parietals t/p
lambdoidal between occipital and parietals o/p
Lambdoid
Sutures
FACIAL BONES OF SKULL ( 14)
• MAXILLA (2) that are fused
together at the intermaxillary
suture
• Each maxilla includes a body
and four processes: frontal,
zygomatic, palatine and alveolar.
• The body contain the maxillary
sinus. Has orbital, nasal,
infratemporal and facial
surfaces. on the facial surface of
the maxilla is the infraorbital
foramen.
• Inferior to the infraorbital
foramen is an elongated
depression, it is the canine
fossa. The facial ridge over the
maxillary canine is the canine
eminence.
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On the inferior surface, each
palatine process articulates with
the other to form the anterior
portion of the hard palate
(median palatine suture).
In the anterior portion of the
palatine process, just posterior
to the maxillary incisors, there is
the incisive foramen. The soft
tissue that cover it is the incisive
papilla.
Alveolar process contains the
roots of maxillary teeth. On the
posterior portion of the body of
the maxilla there is rounded
elevation called maxillary
tuberosity, just posterior to the
most distal molar.
MAXILLA
PALATINE(2)
• It has horizontal and vertical
plates
• The horizontal forms the
posterior portion of the hard
palate.
• The vertical plates form a
portion of the lateral walls of
the nasal cavity.
• The greater palatine foramen is
located in the posteriolateral
region of each of the palatine
bones, usually at the apex of
the maxillary third molar.
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STRUCTURES SEEN ON LATERAL
ASPECT OF SKULL
Temporomandibular joint
External auditory meatus
Zygomatic arch
Coronal suture
Mandible:
• Body
• Ramus
• Inferior border
• Posterior border
• Coronoid process
• Head of condyle
• Neck of condyle
• Mandibular notch
• MANDIBLE (1) freely movable and the largest
and strongest facial bone. Articulate with the
temporal bone at each TMJ.
• Body: On the anterior surface there is the mental
protuberance, in the midline.
• Between the apices of the first and second
premolars there is an opening called the mental
foramen.
• Ramus: On the lateral aspect it is flat plate
extends superiorly and posteriorly from the body.
On the anterior border of the ramus we can see
the coronoid process (thin and sharp). The main
portion of the anterior border of the ramus forms
a concave called coronoid notch.
Near the midline there are small projections
called genial tubercles or mental spines which are
attachment area to the muscles.
 At the posterior edge of the alveolar process there
is a roughened area it is retromolar triangle.
 Along each medial surface of the body there is
the mylohyoid line.
 On the internal surface of the ramus there is
mandibular foramen which is opening of the
mandibular canal. Overhanging the mandibular
foramen is the lingula.
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NASAL(2):
• Forms the bridge of the nose.
• Articulate with the frontal
bone
Nasal
VOMER(1)
• Forms the posterior
portion of the nasal
septum.
• Articulates with the
ethmoid on its
Vomer
anterosuperior border,
and with the palatine and
maxilla inferiorly. The
posteroinferior border is
free of articulation.
• The vomer has no
muscle attachments.
ZYGOMATIC(2)
• Forms cheek bones or
malar surfaces.
• Composed of three
processes: frontal,
temporal and maxillary.
Zygoma
FRONTAL BONE
• Single, forms the forehead & superior portion of the orbit.
• Articulates with parietal, sphenoid, lacrimal, nasal,
ethmoid, zygomatic and maxillae.
• Contains frontal sinus.
• The orbital plate forms the superior wall of orbital roof.
• Supraorbital ridges subjacent to the eyebrows.
• Supraorbital notch located on the medial portion of the
supraorbital ridge (artery and nerve travel from the orbit
to the forehead)
• Between the supraorbital ridges is the glabella (smooth
elevated area)
Parietal bones
• Paired articulate with each other at the sagittal suture.
• Articulate with occipital, frontal, temporal and sphenoid
bones
Occipital bone
Occipital bone
• Single cranial bone located in the most posterior portion.
• Articulates with the parietal, temporal, sphenoid and with
the first cervical vertebra.
• Lateral and anterior to the foramen magnum are the
paired occipital condyles, they articulate with the atlas.
TEMPORAL BONES
TEMPORAL BONES
• Paired forms lateral wall of the skull. Articulates with
zygomatic, parietal, occipital, sphenoid and mandible.
Each temporal is composed of squamous, tympanic and
petrous portions.
• Posterior to the meatus we can see the mastoid process
which is composed of air cells.
• Inferior and medial to the meatus there is the styloid
process.
• The stylomastoid foramen carries the facial nerve.
Sphenoid Bone
Sphenoid Bone
• Single, is a midline bone, articulates with frontal, parietal,
ethmoid, temporal, zygomatic, maxillary, palatine, vomer
and occipital.
• Has important foramena: Ovale, Rotundom and spinosum,
which carry important nerves and blood vessels of the
head and neck.
• The body contains sphenoidal sinuses.
• Anterior process is lesser wing which comprises up the
base of the orbital apex.
Ethmoid Bone
• Single, contains ethmoidal sinuses.
• Articulates with frontal, sphenoid, lacrimal, and maxillary
bones.
Hyoid Bone
• only bone which does not articulate with another bone
– U shape
– location - suspended in the mid anterior neck region by ligaments
– tongue attaches to hyoid
– forms the top of the larynx (voice box)
– Has some suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles attached to it.