Practice in Previous Lectures
• Before starting
please today I need all of you evaluate me and
the course:
• Let’s Go to lab 12 now:
www.english questionnaire.blogspot.com
‫في السوشيو عمل بوسترات(ورقية) البحاثكم‬
-‫سارة البدر‬
Chapters to Revise:
• The following is our outline:
Section A
•From P:1- 17
• What do sociolinguistics
study?
Answers:
1. The relation between language and society.
2. Why we speak(chat)( conversation) differently in different
social contexts. Sociolinguistics is concerned with the
relationship bw language and context in wc it is used
3. To identify the social functions of language.
4. The ways we use language to convey or communicate
social meaning.
5. 5.Examine the ways people use the language in different
social context 6.provides a rich info. about the way
language works.
6. 7.about social relationship in a community.
7. 8. The ways people signal(sign) shape of their social
identity thro’ their language
Why do we say same things in
different ways? P(3-4)
• We are restricted by the social factors or context
which influence our choice the ways we should
speak.
• Language Functions(P: 2)Line 5
1.
2.
3.
4.
Ask for information from people
Give and take information
To express indigenous (local) & annoyances
To interact and express feeing needs and
Admiration
What do the ways we talk reflect?
•
•
•
•
Our social identity. Age gender –class- education
Who we are- From where we come
Our social experience and status, ethnicity.
Compare between the way we talk and the way we
write? Which reflects you more ? Why???
• Answer:____________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
__________________________________
Why we say the same things in
different ways?
• Because of the distance or relation bw speaker
and listener(audience)
• The type of topic
• The place
• Your Feeling toward the listener
How to discover the linguistic variations? and the
speaker (STYLE) or social information?
•
•
•
•
From the words choice.
From sound (pronunciation)
From word structure (Morphology)
Form syntax.
What are Social Factors that affect
kinds of interactions?
1.
The users of a language
•(participants) who:
•Wife, husband, customers
• boss –Teachers- friends
2. The setting
where they are
Are you at Home- office School
3. The topic
(about what is it formal or informal)
4.E function
(why they are speaking)
the aims of interaction:
• Informative -social
what are the Social Dimensions(scale)
for analysis variations?
1.Social distance scale:
(Relation bw participants)
2.Status scale:
(how well You know someone)
(Superior(hi) (subordinate) ‫ مرؤوس‬-‫متواضع‬low statues)
3.Formality scale
(Hi- low Depend on to whom you speak
4. Two functional scales
((Purpose + topic)
Reflects referential or affective functions as feeling
What info. does the utterance provide about the
relationship between the people talking in the context
of their talk
• a. gives referential info
‫مرجعية‬not speaker feelings ‫مشاعر‬
• b. Gives Affectionate info ‫حنان‬
uses little pet (from mother to child)
elders to youngers- nurses to young
patient)
1.Multilingual Speech Communities:
2.Language choice in multilingual communities P:19:51)
• What does Multilingual person means?
The person who can speak many
language beside his mother tongue‫ز‬
• What does a multi cultural lingual
country mean?
Social Factors affecting code choice‫؟‬
• Topic
• Setting
• Listeners
• Social distance
• Person rank
DIGLOSSIA – P:27
•Using 2codes or
languages in a country
(1 is standard + local
language)
Attitude towards H&L codes(varietieslanguages) in a Diglossia situation
• Why People prefer H variety even if they
don’t understand it?
• Because:
They respect it.
H has prestige in a high status sense.
H is standardized in (dictionary and in
the grammar books
they see L variety as something not
worth to describe.
Diglossia with and without
Bilingualism, means what?
• Because Diglossia defined as
A characteristic of speech communities not
individual. Why not individual?
Because individual might be a bilingual. And
communities are Diglossia
Why in Haiti people are unable to contribute in
more formal domains?
Because: 90% are monolingual(use Creole)
What is potential Relation bw
Diglossia and bilingualism?
• When you say Diglossia, that means there
should be someone who speaks two
languages, these 2 language are required to
cover all the domains… most individuals are
bi-lingual.
or
• A criteria that generalized to cover any
situation where two language are used for diff.
functions in speech community.
• Specially when: one language is used as H
functions and the other is used as L function.
Compare between H and L varities:
H Code
L Code
is Prestige variety
learned at school
H are codified to
dictionary and
grammar books
Literature is written in
H not in L
Low variety
it learned at home
Not all
Some literature written
in L variety
Poly-glossia (P:32)
where a community uses more
than 2 languages.
Sometime there 2H varieties.
Two varieties H langauge or H&L
language may exist in the same area
for a centuries. (Arabic and Haiti)
Truth about Diglossia
Diglossia is described as stable situation
One day one variety may replace another gradually.
Two varieties HL or HLL may exist in the same area for a
centuries. (Arabic and Haiti)
L variety may expand and become more formal domains.
What does code switching mean and use?
• Is to Insertion or linguistic tag in the other
language.
• Ethnic identity marker. It signal accent and
personal identity also.
• speaker and listener are close.
• Change occurs because the change of the topic.
• if they want to speak about specific topic
• to express affective meaning(her feeling)
• For cursing or abuse someone or to say jokes or
remarks about the someone who doesn’t speak
your LL
But, opposite
when do we switch from L to H(formal)? (P:40)
• 1. when you want to express disapproval.
• 2. Because, they are angry Look at P: 40
• 3. That means switching always express
referential
Continue in the Next Lecture