5.3
Deriving Adv. from Adj.
• They said: adverbs usually end in {Ly}
• But, what about adverbs never end in Ly as:
1{ often- never- soon- seldom}????
2. {nowhere- everywhere- today- yesterday}???
But adjectives can work as adverb when
describing verbs….. as:.
fast/Hard(adjective)(worked hard- driven fast)?
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There are adverbs derived from adjective:
As :
Hard
Fast
they worked hard.
the car was driven fast
5.4
Deriving Nouns from Nouns
by bound not free morphemes
N
Derived Nouns:
Child+ hood
childhood
Brother +hood
Botherhood
History +ian
historian
Mathematic + ian
mathematician
Canda +ian
Canadian
Nouns
Nouns
• Jigsaw(cutter)- keyboard- kneecap- lifetime
• Moonlight- mother-in-law -New York overthrow
• paperclip –photograph- pickpocket(robber –
pigtails(hair)
• plaything -quicksand -railroad- rattlesnake
• Somewhere- snowflake- sunlight -tablecloth
• Upstream(against current) -uplift –wheelchairwindpipe
5.6
•
Adjectives from Adjectives
Here prefix is dominate (unthe Only suffix used is (ish)
e.g.
Greenish- childish
Next
sooooooo
How to form adj from adj.
1. Negative Prefix Add {un} To Adj.
> gives a new Adj.
un
_+
Adj
Un happy
Un sure
Un pleasant
Un reliable
Un discover
Oppesite
Im- il-ir-in-dis
Im(words start
with m
(word start
with L
In(Il(word start ir
with )
dis
1mpossiple
Illegible
incorrect
irregular
disagree
Immature
illiterate
indecent
irrational
Inadequate
irrelevant
Imperfect
(in) is replace by il..ir..im
•in is more lexically restricted
than ir..il..im
,because of historical reasons that English
speaker doesn’t use it spontaneously.
5.8 Verbs derived from Verb(P:54)
(A) Prefixes are widely used here Like:
Re(again)- un(not)- de(less)- dis(not)
re
un
de
dis
Refill
Uncover
decompose
disbelieve
Rewrite
Untie
desensitize
Reread
untangle
undo
B) transitive- Intransitive verbs(P:54)
Intransitively
( have no objects)
Transitive
(have objects)
e,.g
Action or person in goal of the
action of the verb
Are causative) e.g.
Lie (lay)
Lay(laid)
Rise (rose)
Raise(raised) his hand
Fall (fell)
Fell(felled)
Sit (sat)
Set( set)
• Conversion
• No word formation element is involved.
Therefore, this type of derivation is sometimes
called zero-derivation. The base word is
shifted from one word class to another word
class without a word formation element or
another word being added.
Examples of conversion:
- clean
adj.
-Drink
verb
- Green
Ship
adjective
noun(color)
noun
verb
noun
verb
noun
train
verb
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Verb makes N by add:
Al- ance- ence-ation- tion-sion-ure- ment-ageEry(slavery- bakery
Complete the table
I. Complete the table with abstract nouns
Change verbs to nouns
Verb
1. achieve
2. add
3. adjust
4. Agree
5. align
6. analyze
7. Apologize
8. appear
9. apply
17. Complete
35. enclose
36. explain
28. differ
29. discover
30. distinguish
31. disturb
Noun
Verb
10. assess
11. assign
12. assume
13. attend
14. behave
15. compare
16. Classify
18. comply
19. conclude
20. Confuse
21. convert
22. decide
24. depart
25. depend
26. Describe
27. develop
Noun
•
Complete the sentences with nouns derived from the words in capitals.
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1. Nobody knows why this regulation had to be introduced. There is no
………………………………………….. for it.
2. Dr . Novák, by his own …………………………………………, lacks experience of
chairing a session at an international conference.
3. The …………………………… of this plan will have serious ……………………….
4. The ……………………………. of his misuse of public funds resulted in his
………………………………….. .
5. The ………………………………….. found a lot of ………………………
in John ´s paper.
6. We apologize for the ………………………………. of the meeting.
7. I have not received confirmation of the ………………………………….. of my paper
8. If you want to teach a technical subject, you need not only a good
technical education but also a teaching …………………………………..
9. He believes that our …………………………………. about the cost of the
equipment are wrong.
10. The project is nearing ………………………………….. .
11. In this area, extreme temperatures are a rare ……………………………….. .
12. Any signal originating from a source other than the wanted transmitter,
e.g. atmospherics or unwanted stations is referred to as …………………………... .
justify
ADMIT
FAIL, IMPLY
REVEAL
RESIGN
REVIEW, INACCURATE
cancel
ACCEPT
. QUALIFY
ASSUME
COMPLETE
OCCUR
DISTURB
Conclusion P56
Exercise P:57-58