TOPICS FOR EXAMINATION 4 - Biology 1407, CAMPBELL AND REESE 10e
KNOW AND UNDERSTAND ALL TOPICS AS A FUNCTION OF THE CONCEPT CHECK
HEADINGS IN YOUR TEXT!! Adapted from topic sheets developed by Dr. David Schwartz
CHAPTER 41
Know the identities and functions of all organs and glands of the human digestive system. Know all
secretions and products of these organs and glands. What is digestion? Where does it occur? What is
absorption? Where does it occur? What do bile salts do, and where are they made and stored? What is
peristalsis? Where would you find pH 2.0 in the digestive system? Why are digestive systems superior to
gastrovascular cavities? What is the pancreas, and which digestive enzymes are produced there? How is
fat digested and absorbed? What is the hepatic portal vessel, and what is its main purpose? Be able to
trace a bite of food through the entire alimentary canal, commenting on all organs it passes through or
passes by.
CHAPTER 42 What are the characteristics of an open circulatory system? What are the characteristics of
a closed circulatory system? What feature do all gas exchange systems share - what must be present in the
cellular environment? How is most (70%) of the CO2 transported in the blood? What are gills, and how do
fish make them more efficient? Be able to describe in detail the principle of countercurrent exchange.
How and why does it work? Be able to recognize examples of countercurrent exchange if you see them.
What is hemoglobin? Know the structure of hemoglobin and how that structure aids in oxygen uptake and
release. What is systole? diastole? blood pressure? What is the relationship between blood pressure and
osmotic pressure regarding fluid exchange between the capillaries and the interstitial fluid?
CHAPTER 48
Explain how resting potential is generated, including the transport proteins required, the ions transported
and the ratio at which Na+ and K+ are transported
WHAT IS AN ACTION POTENTIAL? HOW DOES IT ARISE FROM A RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL? BE ABLE
TO DESCRIBE ALL STAGES OF THE ACTION POTENTIAL AND HOW IT IS PROPAGATED FROM CELL BODY TO
SYNAPTIC TERMINUS. What is the difference between a ligand gated ion channel receptor and a voltage gated ion channel
receptor? Is neural response increased with increasing voltage change? Know and understand the process of neural conduction
and transmission.
Draw a motor neuron, labeling the dendrites, cell body, axon, and axon terminals, indicating where a
stimulus is detected, where an action potential is initiated, and where the action potential travels to the
target cell
Explain the changes in ion movement that initiate and propagate an action potential, including the role of
voltage-gated Na+ channels, voltage-gated K+ channels, sodium-potassium pump, passive Na+ channels,
and passive K+ channels. What is a synapses? How do neurotransmitters work at synapses in order to generate a
cellular response in the post-synaptic cell?
CHAPTER 49
What is the CNS? What is the PNS, and what are their general properties, relative to each other? Know
the three regions of the brain, and the general control functions for which each is responsible. Which is the
area of highest cognition in the human brain, and where is it located?
BIOME PROJECTS
Pick a Biome (other than the one you presented on) and be able to define it as per its biotic (predominant
life forms) and abiotic components (temp, rainfall, sunlight, wind). Pick one organism from that biome
and describe how it is adapted to that environment. Be prepared to write a half page (max 1 page).