ANTH 210: Introduction to Social and Cultural Anthropology
EXAM 1 REVIEW
Additional Readings & Vidoes
Make sure to be familiar with the main issues discussed in the additional readings and what each video is an example of. Many of these themes are present in the Essay options, so even if you choose not to do certain Essays, it is good to consider those that do deal w ith the assinged additional readings and videos as "reviews".
What is Anthropology?:
What is unique about the broad field of anthropology?
What are the 4 subdisciplines? What unites them in American anthropology?
What is each subdiscipline’s focus of study? What are examples given in the text or lectures of each?
What are the various ways humans can adapt to changing ecological and social environments?
What do we mean when we say that anthropology is comparative and holistic?
Why is anthropology especially useful in addressing ‘nature versus nurture’ questions? What are some examples discussed in class?
Culture:
What does autism tell us about culture and biology?
What are the 7 main attributes of culture (from lecture)?
In what ways is culture unique to humans?
What are taboos?
What are symbols and why is their usage important to understanding what it means to be human?
What is the relationship between symbols and culture? What did Leslie White say about symbols?
What are the processes of enculturation and acculturation and what is the difference between them?
What are norms and values? How do they relate to culture?
What do we mean when anthropologists talk about ideal norms and observed behaviors?
Examples of when they differ?

What is a subculture? Examples from the lecture?
What does the lecture and discussion about changes in gender roles in American culture after
World War II?
What does it mean to say culture is adaptive? What about maladaptation? Examples?
What are cultural universals, generalities, and particularities, and what are examples of each?
What processes are involved with cultural change? What is independent innovation? What are the different kinds of diffusion, and what are examples of each?
What are assimilation and multiculturalism? How do they differ?
What is syncretism? Examples from lecture?
What is global culture? How does it affect indigenous populations? What can indigenous peoples do in the face of globalization?
Methods:
Who are the “Nacirema”? What is the lesson for anthropologists of the Nacirema story?
What is the process of the scientific method and what are the main parts employed? Understand the difference between a hypothesis and a theory. How is data used in relation to hypotheses and theories? How does the scientific method differ from other ways of explaining the world?
What are the main ethnographic field methods used today, what are the strengths of each, and what are possible examples of each?
In which parts of the world do anthropologists currently carry out research?
How long are anthropologists usually in the field?
What is participant-observation? Examples?
What are questionnaires, open-ended questions, and structured interviews?
What is the difference between ethnography and ethnology? What does each involve?
What is culture shock and what advantages can it provide the ethnographer?
What are informants? Key cultural consultants?
What are life histories? What is the genealogical method? What can they provide?

What methods are used in urban anthropology and other studies in large-scale societies?
What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative data?
What is applied anthropology and how does it relate to development? What are the different kinds of applied anthropology discussed in class?
Theory and Ethics:
Who were Edward Tylor and Louis Morgan? What did they do?
What is (Social) Evolutionism?
Who was Franz Boas and what did he contribute to anthropology?
What are ethnocentrism and cultural relativism? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each? How do anthropologists face problems relating to each?
What are the main theories and perspectives discussed in this chapter, when were they popular, and who were their main proponents (when given)? These are:
Historical Particularism
Functionalism
Cultural Materialism
Structuralism
Cognitive Anthropology
Symbolic/Interpretive Anthropology
Neo-Marxist Anthropology
Feminist Anthropology
Postmodernism
Reflexive Anthropology?
What is androcentric bias?
What are the ways in which anthropology has developed from early ethnography to our modern scientific inquiry?
What are ethnographic realism, native anthropology, and reflexive ethnography? What are polyphony and the dialogic process?
What are the emic and etic perspectives?
What are the primary ethical concerns in anthropology? What are the main parts of the
American Anthropological Association's Code of Ethics?

Language and Communication:
Understand how language is symbolic.
What do the terms conventionality, productivity, and displacement mean in linguistic studies?
What is the difference between structural linguistics and sociolinguistics (or anthropological linguistics)?
To what does semantics refer? What can a culture’s lexicon tell you about that culture? What are culturally symbolic freight and affective meaning? What is ethnosemantics?
On what do sociolinguistics focus their research? How does language relate to identity? How does it relate to social stratification? What are symbolic capital and symbolic domination and how do they relate to dialect?
What is language display?
Be able to differentiate between a language and a dialect. How effective is each in terms of communication?
You should be familiar with the central argument of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis and what researchers think of it today (the “modified” Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis).
What roles can non-verbal language play in communication?
What are two main arguments about language survival and the role of anthropologists?
What is a dialect? What is A.A.E.V. (or B.E.V or Ebonics.) and how does it compare to
Standard English?
What are the different ways in which languages can change? I.e., what is the role of culture contact in the formation of pidgins and creoles? What are examples of each?
Be able to differentiate between style shifting and diglossia.
What is historical linguistics and how is it helpful in determining population origins? Also, what are mother and daughter languages?