Anatomy & Physiology 34B
Study Recommendations for Lecture Exam #2
The second lecture exam will include mostly physiological topics from the lecture notes on
Chapters 17-20 and related textbook materials. You will need one #882 Scantron and a #2 pencil
with eraser. Refer to your lecture notes and textbook as you use this study guide.
Chapter 17: Blood
- What are the main functions of the blood and circulatory system?
- Name the major components of the cardiovascular system.
- How much blood is contained in the body? How often does the total amount of blood circulate
throughout the body?
- What is the general sequence of structures through which blood circulates in the body?
- What are the major components of blood?
- What are the main properties of blood? (e.g., pH range, salinity, osmolarity, viscosity, etc.)
- How does the difference in osmolarity between the blood and surrounding tissues affect fluid
movement into and out of the blood vessels, as well as blood pressure?
- What is Kwashiorkor Syndrome and what is its cause?
- What are the major components of blood plasma?
- What are the formed elements of the blood? Which formed element is present in the greatest
numbers?
- What is the main function of RBCs? What protein is involved in this function? What are the
components of the protein? What gases are transported by the protein?
- What is the significance of the fact that mature RBCs don’t contain nuclei? How long do RBCs
survive? How and where are their components recycled in the body?
- What is jaundice? What causes it?
- How do leukocytes differ from erythrocytes, in terms of structure, function, and numbers?
- List the major types of WBCs and their functions. Which are granulocytes and which are
agranulocytes? Which are the most numerous and least numerous?
- What are platelets? What are their main functions?
- What is hemopoiesis? Where does it take place? Which hemocytoblasts give rise to which
blood cells? What hematopoeitic growth factors are involved?
- What are the 4 major blood types? What antigens are found on the RBCs for each blood type?
What antibodies are found in the plasma for each blood type?
- Which blood type is the universal donor? Which is the universal recipient? What happens if a
person gets a transfusion of a different blood type?
- What is meant by Rh+ and Rh-? How can a fetus be adversely affected if its mother is Rh- and
it is Rh+? What can be done for the mother and for the fetus in a case like this?
- Know the blood and coagulation disorders mentioned in class.
- What are the different types of blood cell counts, and what does each indicate about a person’s
health?
- What is hemostasis? What formed elements are involved? What are the stages of hemostasis?
What are the major clotting factors, platelet factors, and other proteins involved?
- What prevents inappropriate coagulation?
2
Chapter 18: The Heart
- Compare and contrast pulmonary circulation vs. systemic circulation. Which side of the heart
is involved in each?
- Know the sequence and structures that the blood flows through the heart.
- How do pulmonary veins and arteries differ from other veins and arteries?
- What is involved in coronary circulation? What can happen if a coronary artery becomes
blocked?
- What causes heart muscle cells to contract? Do they need outside innervation? What are the
main nodal tissues in the heart? What are intercalated discs and how are they involved?
- What do the P, Q, R, S, T waves of an EKG represent?
- What is an arrhythmia? Compare atrial flutter to ventricular fibrillation.
- What two main types of cells are found in the myocardium? Which initiate action potentials,
and which respond by contracting? Know the sequence of events in heart muscle contraction.
- Where are the 4 valvular ausculatory areas located? What do you hear at each area?
- What are heart murmurs? What are the main types of murmurs?
- Know the phases of the cardiac cycle and how pressure changes affect the heart valves and
blood flow.
- What is congestive heart failure?
- What is cardiac output? Know how to calculate it if given a heart rate and stroke volume.
- Explain tachycardia and bradycardia.
- What factors are involved in raising and lowering the basic heart rate?
- What is stroke volume, and what 3 factors determine stroke volume?
- How does exercise affect cardiac output?
- What are the key differences between fetal circulation and a new born’s circulation? How do
umbilical arteries and veins differ from other arteries and veins? (Hint: think about pulmonary
arteries and veins)
Chapter 19: Blood Vessels & Circulation
- How do portal systems and anastomoses differ from the normal circulatory routes in the body.
Give examples of each.
- Describe the construction of the walls of arteries and veins. How are they similar? How do
they differ?
- What are the three main types of arteries found in the body?
- How are capillaries constructed? What is their main function?
- How is blood flow through capillary beds controlled?
- What are the three main types of capillaries? Give examples of each.
- What is the function of veins and venules? How does blood pressure in veins and venules
compare with BP in arteries and arterioles? Why?
- If BP is low in veins and venules, how does blood return to the heart?
- What is meant by blood flow? What is perfusion?
- How is blood flow affected by pressure differences and resistance? Which has the greatest
affect on blood flow?
- What is blood pressure? How is it measured? What are systole and diastole? What is
considered a normal systolic and diastolic pressure? What is pulse pressure?
- What is mean arterial pressure (MAP) and how is it calculated?
- What is hypertension? Why is it dangerous?
3
- What are the major factors affecting blood pressure and flow? Know how each factor affects
BP and flow (especially peripheral resistance).
- How is blood pressure regulated in the body? Know the structures and mechanisms of
autoregulation, neural, and hormonal control.
- Through what capillary structures do substances pass to and from surrounding tissues?
- What transport mechanisms are involved in the transfer of materials between capillaries and
tissues? What types of molecules or ions are moved by each mechanism?
- Compare and contrast filtration and reapsorption out of and into capillaries. How are
hydrostatic and osmotic pressures involved? How do these processes aid in the movement of
nutrients and O2 out of capillaries and wastes and CO2 into capillaries?
- Give examples of capillaries that engage solely in filtration, or in absorption.
- How do reabsorption and filtration differ in resting and active tissues?
- Describe edema. What causes it? How can it be harmful?
- How do exercise and inactivity affect venous blood flow?
- What is circulatory shock? List the major types of shock.
- Know the blood vessel disorders mentioned in class.
Chapter 20: Lymphatic System
- What are the 3 main functions of the lymphatic system?
- How does the lymphatic system interact with the cardiovascular system?
- What is the sequence of lymph flow from lymphatic capillaries to the subclavian veins?
- What mechanisms move lymph toward the subclavian veins?
- In what 6 regions of the body are lymph nodes clustered?
- Describe the structures of a lymph node. What is the main function of lymph nodes?
- What is elephantiasis? What is it caused by?
- What are buboes? What are they symptomatic of?
- Name the 5 major lymph trunks and where they are located.
- What are the two largest lymphatic vessels in the body? From what general regions of the body
do they drain lymph? What is the cisterna chyli?
- What are the 2 main functions of the spleen?
- What are the main lymphatic nodules of the body and where are they located?
- Where is lymphoid tissue found in the body?
- Where is the thymus located, and what types of lymphocytes mature there?
- Where do lymphocytes originate and where do the B and T cells mature?
- What are the two types of B lymphocytes? What are their functions?