The School Of Forest Resources Building
University Park, Pennsylvania
Chris Hoyman
The Pennsylvania State University
Architectural Engineering
Lighting/Electrical Option
Thesis Outline
• Lighting Depth
–
–
–
–
Atrium
Videoconference Room
Aquaculture Lab
Meadow
• Electrical Depth
– Impact of New Lighting Design
– Distribution Analyses
• Acoustic Breadth
– Videoconference Room Reverberation Times
• Structural Breadth
– Atrium Beam Design
Presentation Outline
• Lighting Depth
– Atrium
– Videoconference Room
• Acoustic Breadth
– Videoconference Room Reverberation Times
Lighting Depth-Atrium
•
Atrium Overview:
– Four-floor central
circulation space
– One of the primary
architectural features of
the building
•
Functions:
– Circulation
– Meeting place
– Architectural Experience
Lighting Depth-Atrium
• Goals of New Design:
– Provide an inviting main entrance
– Create an environment that will induce people
to admire the space
– Highlight some of the natural wood finishes
– Provide adequate light levels
• Recommended Illuminances:
– 10 fc horizontal
– 3 fc vertical
Lighting Depth-Atrium
•
Atrium First Floor Lighting
Plan
Lighting Depth-Atrium
•
Atrium Third Floor Lighting
Plan (Corridor section
typical to floors two and
four)
Lighting Depth-Atrium
• Design Implementation
– 2’x2’ recessed parabolic fixtures in corridor area
• Throw light sideways while shielding direct view of lamps
– Suspended “Artichoke” fixtures
•
•
•
•
Brings light to the center of the atrium
Large fixture fits with scale of the space
Organic appearance add natural element to lighting
Direct view of lamp shielded
– Surface mounted accent lights
• Highlight hardwood ceiling
Lighting Depth-Atrium
• Power Density
– ASHRAE 90.1 Allowable Power Density:
• 0.60 W/sq.ft. for the first three floors of an atrium,
0.20 W/sq.ft. for each additional floor.
– The total power use in the new design is 2823
W, spread over 4930 sq. ft.
• The total power density = 0.57 W/sq. ft.
• Power density requirement met
Lighting Depth-Atrium
•
Illuminance Levels
Lighting Depth-Atrium
•
Rendering from fourth floor looking down
Lighting Depth-Atrium
•
Rendering from outside looking into the second floor
Lighting Depth-Atrium
•
Rendering of the second floor
Lighting Depth-Atrium
•
Rendering of the first floor from the entrance
Lighting Depth-Atrium
•
Rendering from the fourth floor
Lighting Depth-Atrium
• Ceiling illuminance levels from the accent lights
Lighting Depth-Atrium
• Design Analysis
– Suspended fixtures enhance the architectural
experience with their organic look
– Hardwood ceiling highlighted to capture
attention
– An average of 12.44 horizontal fc and 5.42
vertical fc was provided, both slightly above
the target levels
– Power density requirements were met
Lighting Depth-Videoconference Room
•
Videoconference Overview:
– Located on second floor
– Multi-use space
•
Functions:
– Videoconferences
– Presentations
– Conferences
Lighting Depth-Videoconference Room
• Goals of New Design:
– Address the lighting requirements of the
camera used for videoconferencing
– Increase the performance of the
videoconference lighting system
– Provide general room lighting for nonvideoconference settings
Lighting Depth-Videoconference Room
• Camera Requirements- more than just illuminance
levels:
– Recommended Reflectances
•
•
•
•
Ceiling- 70-80%
Area behind participants- 40-60%
Table- 40-60%
Floor- 20% minimum
– Recommended Illuminance Levels:
• Table- 30-100 horizontal fc
• Face- 30-90 vertical fc
• Back wall- 10-75 fc
– Recommended Luminance Ratios:
• Face to background- 3:1
– Lamp CCT 3000-3500 K- improves skin tone for camera
Lighting Depth-Videoconference Room
• New design begins with changing the room:
– Moved storage closet
– Eliminated second door
• Recommended room dimensions: 20’-25’ x 25’-30’
Lighting Depth-Videoconference Room
• New table layout
– Everyone within the camera’s 60° horizontal field of view
– Similar focal lengths for all people, minimizes refocusing
• Ceiling and sidewalls are eliminated from the camera’s view
– Reduces amount of data processed
– Prevents glare from luminaires
Lighting Depth-Videoconference Room
•
Videoconference Lighting Plan
Lighting Depth-Videoconference Room
• Design Implementation
– 2’x2’ recessed parabolic fixtures for general room
lighting
• Provides uniform illumination on the work plane
– Recessed VC fixtures provide directional illumination
on the face and table
• Shielded to eliminate direct glare
– Recessed 1’x4’ fixtures provide back and side lighting
on the participants
– Wall washers provide background illumination
• Dimmable for adaptability
– Blackout shades over windows
• Prevent camera from seeing bright exterior
Lighting Depth-Videoconference Room
• Power Density
– ASHRAE 90.1 Allowable Power Density:
• 1.3 W/ sq. ft. for conference rooms
– The total power use in the new design is 1539
W, spread over 720 sq. ft.
• The total power density = 2.13 W/sq. ft.
• Power density requirement exceeded, but offset by
savings in other rooms, so allowable under 90.1
Lighting Depth-Videoconference Room
•
The IES
recommends
50 fc
horizontal for
general
conference
rooms
Videoconference General Lighting Illuminance Levels
Lighting Depth-Videoconference Room
•
Rendering of Videoconference General Lighting
Lighting Depth-Videoconference Room
•
Rendering of Videoconference General Lighting
Lighting Depth-Videoconference Room
•
Rendering of Videoconference Lighting (from camera’s view)
Lighting Depth-Videoconference Room
•
Videoconference Setting Illuminance Values, Wall washers at Full Output
Lighting Depth-Videoconference Room
•
Videoconference Setting Illuminance Values, Wall washers at Half Output
Lighting Depth-Videoconference Room
•
Videoconference Setting Luminance Values, Wall washers at Half Output
Lighting Depth-Videoconference Room
•
Rendering of Videoconference Setting, Wall washers at Half Output
Lighting Depth-Videoconference Room
• Design Analysis
– Camera Requirements:
• Recommended Reflectances
–
–
–
–
Ceiling- 70-80%
Area behind participants- 40-60%
Table- 40-60%
Floor- 20% minimum
76%
48% (beige shades)
44%
20%
• Recommended Illuminance Levels:
– Table- 30-100 horizontal fc
– Face- 30-90 vertical fc
– Back wall- 10-75 fc
95 fc
75 fc
40 fc at half-output
• Recommended Luminance Ratio:
– Face to background- 3:1
2:1 with wall washers
at half-output, dimming
further allows 3:1
Lighting Depth-Videoconference Room
• Design Analysis
– Camera requirements addressed and met
– System performance during videoconferences
improved over original
– General lighting system provides adequate
lighting levels for other room functions
Acoustic Breadth-Videoconference Room
• A reverberation time analysis of the
videoconference room was performed:
– Reverberation time influences speech
intelligibility
• Too high- cave-like, echoing space
• Too low- space seems dead
– Both situations reduce intelligibility, critical in a
conference room setting
– Target time: 0.7-1.2 seconds at all frequencies
Acoustic Breadth-Videoconference Room
T60 = 0.161 (V / (ΣSα))
T60 Calculation
Frequency
Swood αw
Scαc
Swall αw
Sfαf
Sgαg
ΣSα
T60
125 Hz
90.35
577.9
244.75
15.21
15.21
978.71
1.18
250 Hz
66.57
707.27
62.3
45.63
35.75
911.52
1.27
500 Hz
42.79
631.22
35.6
106.47
25.74
841.82
1.38
1000 Hz
28.53
752.89
17.8
281.39
17.16
1097.77
1.05
2000 Hz
28.53
752.89
53.4
456.3
10.01
1301.13
0.89
4000 Hz
23.78
714.87
48.95
494.33
5.72
1287.85
0.903
Reverberation times are above the recommended range at low frequencies.
The use of fibrous materials behind a perforated panel facing was analyzed,
since it is absorptive at low frequencies
Acoustic Breadth-Videoconference Room
T60 Calculation
Frequency
Swall αw
Spanelsαp
ΣSα
T60
125 Hz
139.35
115.2
988.3
1.17
250 Hz
35.42
144
1034.6
1.12
500 Hz
20.24
157.44
973.9
1.19
1000 Hz
10.12
153.6
1243.7
0.94
2000 Hz
30.36
115.2
1393.3
0.83
4000 Hz
27.83
72.96
1339.5
0.87
After adding three sections of paneling (192 sq. ft.) the reverberation times at
all frequencies will be within the desired range. This paneling will be on the
side walls, out of camera view.
Conclusions
• The goals of the new design were
satisfied:
– New lighting systems delivered adequate
illumination at acceptable power densities
– New fixtures enhance the spaces
architecturally
– Addition of acoustic paneling will improve
speech intelligibility in the videoconference
room
Acknowledgements
• Thanks to Dr. Mistrick and Professor
Parfitt for all their help, along with the rest
of the faculty
• Friends and Family
Thank You!
• Questions or Comments?