Washington, D.C.
William D. Cox
Construction Management
April 14, 2008
Penn State AE Senior Thesis

Presentation Outline
Agenda
William Cox
 Project Overview
 LEED Evaluation
 Green Roof Energy Analysis
(Mechanical Breadth)
 Green Roof Structural Analysis
(Structural Breadth)
 Process Mapping MEP Coordination with Building
Information Modeling
 Summary & Conclusions
 Questions
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Project Overview
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
 173,260 Square Feet of Premier Office and Retail Space
 11 Stories Above Grade, 4 Stories Below Grade Parking
 Construction Costs: $31,600,000
 Project Duration: June 2006 through March 2008
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Project Team
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
Architect
Owner
Structural Engineer MEP Engineer General Contractor
Tadjer-Cohen-Edelson Syska Hennesy
Group
James G. Davis
Construction
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Project Features
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
Structure
 Foundation rests on 3,000psi Grade
Beams and Spread Footings
 Parking Deck Structure comprised of combination 4”, 8” and 12” reinforced concrete decks
 Building frame is 4,000 psi posttensioned concrete with an Effective
Post Tensioning Strength between
100 and 1000 kips
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Project Features
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
Mechanical
 ( 2) 1440 GPM 500 ton Cooling
Towers serve (15) Self-Contained
Water Cooled Air Conditioning Units at each level
 VAV Boxes with Reheat Coils to distribute air throughout occupied spaces
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Project Features
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
Electrical
 Building Serviced by a 3φ, 4-Wire,
460/265 Volt, 4000A Main Bus that steps down through (3) 30KVA, 3φ,
460/120V Transformers
 Emergency Power Supplied by (1)
350/438 KW/KVA 480/277V
Generator
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Project Features
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
Curtainwall
 South and West facades are constructed of a high performance, low-e coated insulated glass system
 “Fish-scale” assembly, each panel lies in a separate geometric plane
 North and East facades composed of face brick and punch-out windows
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Penn State AE Senior Thesis

Penn State AE Senior Thesis

Achieving Sustainability
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
Problem
 After construction for 1099 New York Avenue had already been underway, Tishman Speyer enacted a new policy that state all new construction projects must be a minimum of LEED Silver
Objective
 Investigate project as designed to determine the credits already earned
 Develop guidelines for areas of improvement on
1099 New York Avenue and Future Projects
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Achieving Sustainability
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
LEED Silver
 United States Green Building Council states that a core and shell construction project must earn a minimum of 28 Credits to be rated LEED Silver
 Six areas of focus
1. Sustainable Sites
2. Water Efficiency
3. Energy & Atmosphere
4. Materials & Resources
5. Indoor Environmental Quality
6. Innovation & Design process
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Achieving Sustainability
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
Evaluation of Current Credits Obtained
Sustainable Sites (3 Credits)
Water Efficiency (2 Credits)
Energy & Atmosphere (3 Prerequisites)
Materials & Resources (2 Credits)
Indoor Environmental Quality (1 Prerequisite, 2 Credits)
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Achieving Sustainability
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
Evaluation of Credits to be Obtained
Target Areas
 Sustainable Sites (5 Credits)
 Water Efficiency (1 Credit)
 Energy & Atmosphere (3 Credits)
 Materials & Resources (1 Prerequisite, 4 Credits)
 Indoor Environmental Quality (1 Prerequisite, 6 Credits)
9 Previously Earned
+ 19 To be Earned
Total: 28 Credits
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Achieving Sustainability
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
How can these credits be obtained?
 Install bicycle racks within close proximity of the fitness center
 Reserve priority parking spaces for fuel efficient vehicles
 Reduce water usage by 20%
 Install a green roof that covers more than 50% of the building footprint
 Implement a Construction Waste Management Plan
 Use materials containing recycled content
 Control pollution of the indoor environment
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Achieving Sustainability
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
Why a Green Roof?
 Reduce Stormwater Runoff
• Can retain up to 2” of rainfall
 Reduce Urban Heat Island
• Decreases in the release of greenhouse gases
 Increased Service Life of Materials
• Standard life cycle of 50 years
 Energy Conservation
• Up to 50% reduction in consumption on the top floor
 Improvement of the Aesthetic Environment
• Building already has a public access roof, enhance it!
 Re-Green Washington, D.C.
• Initiative by ASLA for 21,700,000 sq ft of green roofs to be installed within the District of Columbia in the next 20 years
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Penn State AE Senior Thesis

Green Roof Energy Analysis
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
Problem
 The performance of a green roof varies upon:
• Material Composition
• Orientation
• Area of Coverage
• Ratio of Coverage Area to Building Area
Objective
 Develop an energy model of the building using TRACE
700 that includes the thermal properties of a green roof and compare against an energy model of the building as it was originally designed
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Green Roof Energy Analysis
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
Estimated Energy Savings
Description
Primary Heating
Primary Cooling
Cooling Compressor
Tower/Condenser
Cooling Accessories
Totals
Electric Consumption
(kWh)
101,605.4
278,840.5
89,797
8,760
479,002.9
Water Consumption
(1000 gal)
1,904.7
1,904.7
Total Source Energy
(kBtu/yr)
10,404.4
28,553.3
9,195.2
897
49,049.9
Description
Primary Heating
Primary Cooling
Cooling Compressor
Tower/Condenser
Cooling Accessories
Totals
Electric Consumption
(kWh)
95,785.6
274,133.8
83,382.0
8,760.0
462,061.0
Water Consumption
(1000 gal)
1,927.2
1,927.2
Total Source Energy
(kBtu/yr)
9,808.5
28,071.4
8,538.3
897.0
47,315.2
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Green Roof Energy Analysis
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
Estimated Energy Savings
Total Source Energy as Designed
(kBtu/yr)
49,049.9
Total Source Energy w/ Green Roof
(kBtu/yr)
47,315.2
Estimated Savings
3.54%
Estimated Cost Savings
Initial Cost Increase
$82,700
Energy Savings (1 yr)
$845
Energy Savings 20 yr
(Life of Mechanical Equip.)
$16,900
Energy Savings 50 yr
(Life of Green Roof)
$42,250
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Green Roof Energy Analysis
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
Conclusions & Recommendations
 Green Roofs are not the miracle cure for energy savings
 Less effective on taller buildings
 Despite small savings in performance, green roofs still offer other environmental benefits and installation is recommended
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Penn State AE Senior Thesis

Green Roof Structural Analysis
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
Problem
 The selected green roof system adds a load of
26 lbs/sq ft to the roof structure. The lower roof currently supports 22 lbs/sq ft, the penthouse roof only supports 8 lbs/sq ft.
Objective
 Analyze the current penthouse roof structure to determine if it can support the increased the load from the extensive green roof system. A slab redesign will be performed if necessary.
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Green Roof Structural Analysis
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
Current Conditions
Factored Loading: 1.2 D + 1.6 (L) + 0.5 (S) = 1.2 (8 psf) + 1.6 (30 psf) + 0.5 (30 psf) = 72.6 psf
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Green Roof Structural Analysis
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
Proposed Conditions
Factored Loading: 1.2 D + 1.6 (L) + 0.5 (S) = 1.2 (26 psf) + 1.6 (30 psf) + 0.5 (30 psf) = 94.2 psf
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Green Roof Structural Analysis
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
Direct Design Method for Two-Way Slabs
Location M u
(ft-k) b
(in) d
(in)
M u x 12/b
(ft-k)
ρ
Long Span
(2) Half Col. Strip Int. Neg.
50.3
Ext. Neg.
18.7
Positive 29.9
Mid. Strip Int. Neg.
16.8
Ext. Neg.
6.2
Positive 20
Short Span
Ext. Col. Strip
Middle
Int. Col. Strip
Negative 15.5
Positive 24.7
Negative 13.9
Positive 16.5
Negative 41.6
Positive 324.7
42
42
84
84
42
42
84
84
84
132
132
132
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
4.4
7.1
2.0
2.4
11.9
7.1
7.2
2.67
4.3
1.5
0.6
1.8
0.0025
0.0021
0.0021
0.0021
0.0021
0.0021
0.0024
0.0029
0.0024
0.0024
0.0050
0.0029
A s
(in 2 )
0.230
0.280
0.230
0.230
0.480
0.280
0.236
0.200
0.200
0.200
0.200
0.200
Bars
#5@12” O.C.
#5@12” O.C.
#5@12” O.C.
#5@12” O.C.
#5@12” O.C.
#5@12” O.C.
#5@12” O.C.
#5@12” O.C.
#5@12” O.C.
#5@12” O.C.
#5@7 ½ ” O.C.
#5@12” O.C.
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Green Roof Structural Analysis
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
Slab Redesign
 The slab was checked for punching shear. The nominal shear strength for the slab was calculated to be фV c
= 111.4 kips, factored shear was determined to be V u
= 53.9 kips
 No additional shear reinforcement was required
 Existing Drop Panels can be eliminated for savings
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Green Roof Structural Analysis
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
Cost Comparison
 The green roof adds an additional $10 per sq ft
Description
Original Roof Cost
Additional Cost for Green Roof Material
Increased Reinforcement
Concrete Material Savings
Concrete Labor Savings (1 day)
Cost
$275,000
$82,700
$1,000
($2,100)
($300)
 Total roofing cost is increased by 30%
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Green Roof Structural Analysis
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
Schedule Impact
 The installation of a green roof would require an additional 2-3 days beyond the planned 35 days
 With the drop heads no loner being required, there is over
500 sq ft of formwork that no longer needs to be installed, a savings of one day
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Green Roof Structural Analysis
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
Conclusions & Recommendations
 Structural design is simple
 Cost to redesign is feasible, in fact it’s less
 Change in schedule is minimal
 Recommendation for green roof installation remains
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Penn State AE Senior Thesis

Thinking Lean
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
Principles of Lean Thinking
1. Specify what does and does not create value from the customer’s perspective
2. Identify all the steps necessary to design, order, and produce the products across the whole value stream
3. Make those actions that create value flow
4. Only make what is pulled by the customer
5. Strive for perfection by continually removing successive layers of waste
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Thinking Lean
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
Moving Towards Lean Thinking
1. Understand Waste
2. Establish Direction
3. Understand the process
4. Map the Process
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Process Mapping
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
Alexander’s Dynamic System Model
Control
Input
Rework/Maintenance
Penn State AE Senior Thesis
Output
Construction Management

Mapping MEP Coordination
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
The 2D Design Coordination Process
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Mapping MEP Coordination
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
Understand Waste/Establish a Direction
• Developed Design
• Component Size &
Location
• Shop Drawings
• Light Table
• Inadequate Designs
• Clashing Components
• Unapproved Drawings
Penn State AE Senior Thesis
Construction Management

Mapping MEP Coordination
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
Mapping the 3D Design Coordination Process
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Mapping MEP Coordination
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
Mapping the 3D Design Coordination Process
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Mapping MEP Coordination
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
Problem
 During core construction, it was discovered that although the MEP Systems had been coordinated on the drawings, there was difficulty with fitting all of the components into the available space. This same problem was also noticed in the main lobby.
Objective
 Compare the 2D Design Coordination Process against the
3D Process to determine the potential time and cost savings.
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Mapping MEP Coordination
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
Testing the 3D Design Coordination Process
 A 3 Dimensional Model of the Main Lobby and its MEP
Components was constructed
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Mapping MEP Coordination
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
Testing the 3D Design Coordination Process
 The model was imported into Navisworks for the mechanical and plumbing systems were compared against each other
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Mapping MEP Coordination
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
Why was there a collision?
 System components with a combined depth of 2’ – 3” must pass through a plenum space that is only 1’ – 9” deep
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Mapping MEP Coordination
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
Finding a Solution
 Two possible solutions:
1. Resize the pipe
2. Relocate the pipe
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Verifying the Process
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
3D Design Coordination Experience
 A series of five case studies were researched to determine the average increase in productivity while implementing BIM
Project
A
B
C
D
E
Description
General Motors Manufacturing Facility
The Camino Medical Group Project
Harborview Medical Center
Alcoa World Alumina Plant
NLA Federal Building
Estimated Increase in Productivity
30%
25%
50%
20%
19%
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Verifying the Process
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
Potential Savings
Planning
Engineering
Fabrication
Project
Start
Project
Start
Planning
Engineering
Fabrication
Installation
Penn State AE Senior Thesis
Installation
Project
Finish
28.8%
Savings
Project
Finish
Construction Management

Mapping MEP Coordination
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
Conclusions & Recommendations
 The majority of the projects surveyed were either healthcare or manufacturing facilities
 1099 New York Avenue is a Core & Shell Project, not MEP intensive
 Increased Productivity should be estimated as 60% of observed value
 Increase of 17.3% provides a four month schedule acceleration
 With such potential for efficiency and savings, begin implementing
3D Design Coordination Process as part of the LEED initiative
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Penn State AE Senior Thesis

Summary & Conclusions
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
Achieving Sustainability
 Easy to achieve when implemented at the correct stage of design
 Team effort, creating guidelines is the responsibility of the owner
Energy Considerations for Green Roofs
 Green roofs are not the miracle cure for optimizing energy performance
 Still has other environmental benefits
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Summary & Conclusions
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
Structural Considerations for Green Roofs
 Cost of structural redesign is feasible
 A green roof can pay for itself over a period of 20 years
Mapping & Testing the MEP Coordination Process
 Potential for 17.3% increase in productivity, 4 month schedule acceleration
 Implement Lean Process as part of the sustainability policy
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Acknowledgements
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
James G. Davis Construction Corporation
Bill Moyer Fulya Kocak
Jim Dugan Dave Masters
Andy Cecere Dan Hardnock
Joel Miller
Tishman Speyer Properties
Charlie Yetter Cynthia Bowden
Syska Hennesey Group
Jim Miller
Barton Malow Company
Mark Falzarano Corinne Ambler
Penn State AE Senior Thesis
ONCORE Construction
Ray Sowers
Prospect Waterproofing
Jay Britton
The Pennsylvania State University
Dr. Bahnfleth Dr. Riley
Dr. Horman
Dr. Messner
M. Kevin Parfitt
Construction Management

Penn State AE Senior Thesis

Achieving Sustainability
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
Evaluation of Current Credits Obtained
Energy & Atmosphere (3 Prerequisites)
1. Commissioning
2. ASHRAE 90.1 Energy Compliance
3. Zero use of CFC’s
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Achieving Sustainability
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
Evaluation of Current Credits Obtained
Material
NewCem
Additive
Portland
Cement
Fine
Aggregate
Coarse
Aggregate
Steel
Reinforcing
Materials & Resources (2 Credits)
1. Regional Materials
Weight
(ton) Unit Cost Total Cost
1,130
3,389
8,833
12,325
$95.00
$135.00
$14.00
$14.00
$107,350.00
$457,515.00
$123,662.00
$172,550.00
1,065 $1,044.00
$1,111,860.00
Manufacturing
Location
Sparrows Point,
MD
Union Bridge,
MD
Chase,
MD
Frederick,
MD
Marion,
OH
Dist. from
Proj. (mi)
Percent of
Material Cost
47
70
57
51
466
1.17%
5.00%
1.35%
1.89%
12.15%
Total $1,972,937.00
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Achieving Sustainability
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
Evaluation of Current Credits Obtained
Indoor Environmental Quality (1 Prerequisite, 2 Credits)
1. Smoking Prohibited Indoors
2. Daylighting & Views
Window Type Total Glazing Area (sq ft) Occupied Floor Area (sq ft) Daylight Factor (Floor)
Ground Floor 2,728 8,344 5.56%
Level 2
Level 3
3,400
3,400
10,397
10,045
4.78%
4.95%
Level 4
Level 5
Level 6
3,400
3,400
3,400
10,045
10,045
10,045
4.95%
4.95%
4.95%
Level 7
Level 8
Level 9
Level 10
Level 11
3,714
3,714
3,714
3,714
3,714
10,045
10,045
10,045
10,045
10,045
6.29%
6.29%
6.29%
6.29%
6.29%
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Achieving Sustainability
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
Re-Greening Washington, D.C.
 Casey Trees Endowment Fund, American Society of Landscape
Architecture (ASLA)
 21,700,000 sq ft of green roofs inside the District of Columbia
 Benefits:
• 30 million gallon increase in the city’s stormwater capacity
• 1.7% reduction in runoff citywide
• 15% decrease in the number of combined sewer overflows into the city’s rivers
• Annual removal of 16.8 tons of air pollutants
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Achieving Sustainability
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
Cost Comparison
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Achieving Sustainability
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
Cost Comparison
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Green Roof Energy Analysis
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
Determining the Thermal Properties of Green Roofs
Material
Medium Density Concrete
Neoprene Flashing
Rigid Board Insulation
Polyethylene Drainage Mat
Growing Medium
Saturation
Thickness
(in)
10
0.25
2
0.25
3
1.25
Total
R-Value
(h∙ft 2 ∙˚F/Btu)
5.68
0.06
9.77
0.68
9.144
0.284
25.6
U-Value
Btu/h∙ft 2 ∙˚F
0.18
16.7
0.10
1.47
0.12
3.52
0.04
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Green Roof Energy Analysis
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
Monthly Utility Costs
Dec
Nov
Oct
Sept
Aug
Jul
Jun
May
Apr
Mar
Feb
Jan
$0,00 $1 000,00 $2 000,00 $3 000,00 $4 000,00 $5 000,00 $6 000,00 $7 000,00 $8 000,00 $9 000,00
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Green Roof $6 825,00 $6 132,00 $7 237,00 $6 414,00 $7 333,00 $7 530,00 $7 039,00 $7 899,00 $6 730,00 $7 050,00 $6 680,00 $6 500,00
Existing $6 815,00 $6 131,00 $7 268,00 $6 482,00 $7 465,00 $7 685,00 $7 194,00 $8 050,00 $6 830,00 $7 096,00 $6 703,00 $6 499,00
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Green Roof Structural Analysis
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
Lower Roof Layout (5,394 sq ft)
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Green Roof Structural Analysis
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
Conclusions & Recommendations
Built-Up Roof vs. Green Roof
Total Cost Savings per Year
$600 000
$500 000
$400 000
$300 000
$200 000
$100 000
$0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Year
Built-Up Roof
Green Roof
 A green roof would pay for itself after 20 years
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Mapping MEP Coordination
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
Understanding Waste
1. Overproduction
2. Defects
3. Unnecessary Inventory
4. Inappropriate Processing
5. Excessive Transportation
6. Waiting
7. Unnecessary Motion
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Mapping MEP Coordination
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
Activity Types
1. Value Adding (1%)
2. Non-Value Adding (49%)
3. Necessary Non-Value Adding (50%)
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Mapping MEP Coordination
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
Benefits of the 3D Design Coordination Process
 90% of design errors are caught prior to fabrication or installation
 Reduced Requests for Information (RFI’s)
 Less than 1% of Change Orders are Design Issues
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Mapping MEP Coordination
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
Understanding the Process
1. Identify Potential Uses of the 3D Model
2. Identify the Modeling Requirements
3. Establish the Drawing Protocol
4. Establish a Conflict Resolution Process
5. Develop a Protocol for Addressing Design Questions
6. Develop Discipline-specific 3D Models
7. Integrate Discipline-specific 3D Models
8. Indentify Conflicts between Components/Systems
9. Develop Solutions for the Conflicts Identified
10. Document Conflicts and Solutions
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management

Mapping MEP Coordination
Agenda
Project
Overview
LEED
Evaluation
Green Roof
Energy
Analysis
Green Roof
Structural
Analysis
Process
Mapping MEP
Coordination
Summary &
Conclusions
William Cox
Commentary on the 3D Design Coordination Process
 Primitive Drawings make it difficult to construct the model
 Learning Curve with computer software, compatibility
 Important to develop a hierarchy prior to coordination
 Developing solutions should be a team effort
 More viable in Design-Build Delivery, requires CM and large contractors to be on board early
Penn State AE Senior Thesis Construction Management