Renovation to Father O’Connell Hall
Penn State University
Kevin Andreone
Mechanical Option
Advisor: Dr. Laura Miller
Senior Thesis Presentation
The Catholic University Of America
Renovation to Father O’Connell Hall
 Introduction
 Building Overview
 Existing Mechanical
 Combined Heat and Power Analysis
 Electrical Breath
 Recommendations
 Acknowledgments
 Questions
Building Overview
General Building Data
The Catholic University Of America
Site Analysis
Location:
Size:
Height:
Construction Dates:
Cost:
Occupancy
Washington, DC
54,000 GSF
4 Stories above grade, 1 below
July 2013-May 2014
15 million
Administrative/Office
Project Team
Owner:
Architect:
MEP/FP Engineer:
Structural Engineer:
Civil Engineer:
Project Management:
Catholic University of America
SmithGroupJJR
SmithGroupJJR
McMullan & Associates, Inc.
ADTEK
Mark G Anderson Consultants, Inc.
Renovation to Father O’Connell Hall
 Introduction
 Building Overview
 Existing Mechanical
 Combined Heat and Power Analysis
 Electrical Breath
 Recommendations
 Acknowledgments
 Questions
Existing Mechanical Systems
Basement Floor
2nd Floor
The Catholic University Of America
Air-Side
1st Floor
3rd Floor
4th Floor
(E)-Existing
3 Existing AHU’s
 East wing not in scope
AHU-4 and AHU-6
 Use VAV and Fan powered
boxes with hot water reheat
in basement and first floors
AHU-5
 Displacement ventilation on
first floor for two story
banquet hall
OAHU-1
 Dedicated Outdoor AHU
 Ventilates floors 2-4 and
uses 4 pipe Fan Coil Units
Renovation to Father O’Connell Hall
 Introduction
 Building Overview
 Existing Mechanical
 Combined Heat and Power Analysis
 Electrical Breath
 Recommendations
 Acknowledgments
 Questions
Existing Mechanical Systems
Basement Floor
1st Floor
The Catholic University Of America
Water-Side
Cooling
One 97.7 ton electric air-cooled chiller
• Two chilled water pumps with
VFD’s
2nd Floor
3rd Floor
Heating
Two 500 MBH Condensing Boilers
 84% Efficient
 Low Pressure (2psi) 2 inch
gas pipe provided by
Washington Gas Company
 Three hot water pumps with
VFD’s
4th Floor
(E)-Existing
Renovation to Father O’Connell Hall
 Introduction
 Combined Heat and Power Analysis
 CHP Introduction
 Building Demands Profiles
 CHP Demands
 Primary Fuel Utilization Efficiency
 Cost Analysis
 Emissions
 Electrical Breath
 Conclusion
 Acknowledgments
 Questions
CHP Introduction
Introduction
The Catholic University Of America
CHP Goals
Absorption Cooling Goals
 Utilize waste heat in summer
 Simultaneous production of heat
months
and power with on-site generation
 Reduce existing chiller size
 Reliable power during grid
 Reduce power demand in
blackout or brownout
summer months
 Higher overall efficiencies
 Lower emissions
The Catholic University Of America
Spark Gap
Demands
 Difference between price of
natural gas and electricity
 Thermal to power ratio
λD = Qq
Qe
 Driving factor
24 Hour Building Demands per Month
Cooling
Heating
Power
1 400 000
200
180
1 200 000
160
1 000 000
140
100
600 000
80
60
400 000
40
200 000
20
December
November
October
September
August
July
June
May
April
March
0
Febuary
0
KW
120
800 000
Januray
 Introduction
 Combined Heat and Power Analysis
 CHP Introduction
 Building Demands Profiles
 CHP Demands
 Primary Fuel Utilization Efficiency
 Cost Analysis
 Emissions
 Electrical Breath
 Conclusion
 Acknowledgments
 Questions
Building Demand Profiles
Building Demand (Btu)
Renovation to Father O’Connell Hall
Prime Movers
Renovation to Father O’Connell Hall
The Catholic University Of America
Microturbine
 Introduction
 Combined Heat and Power Analysis
 CHP Introduction
 Building Demands Profiles
 CHP Demands
 Primary Fuel Utilization Efficiency
 Cost Analysis
 Emissions
 Electrical Breath
 Conclusion
 Acknowledgments
 Questions




Table from EPA
Produce lowest power(15-250KW)
Low electrical Efficiency
Low Maintenance Cost
Low emissions
Capstone C30 Microturbine
Renovation to Father O’Connell Hall
 Introduction
 Combined Heat and Power Analysis
 CHP Introduction
 Building Demands Profiles
 CHP Demands
 Primary Fuel Utilization Efficiency
 Cost Analysis
 Emissions
 Electrical Breath
 Conclusion
 Acknowledgments
 Questions
Prime Movers
The Catholic University Of America
Microturbine




Produce lowest power(15-250KW)
Low electrical Efficiency
Low Maintenance Cost
Low emissions
Capstone C30 Microturbine
Net Heat Rate
Renovation to Father O’Connell Hall
Microturbine
Fuel Input and Useful Exhaust vs KW Produced
Useful Exhaust
Fuel Input




450 000
400 000
350 000
300 000
Btu/h
 Introduction
 Combined Heat and Power Analysis
 CHP Introduction
 Building Demands Profiles
 CHP Demands
 Primary Fuel Utilization Efficiency
 Cost Analysis
 Emissions
 Electrical Breath
 Conclusion
 Acknowledgments
 Questions
The Catholic University Of America
250 000
200 000
150 000
100 000
50 000
0
0
5
10
15
KW
20
25
30
Produce lowest power(15-250KW)
Low electrical Efficiency
Low Maintenance Cost
Low emissions
Capstone C30 Microturbine
Net Heat Rate
Renovation to Father O’Connell Hall
Microturbine
Load Duration Curve
Thermal Load
Cooling Load
Power Load
1 400 000




200,00
180,00
1 200 000
160,00
1 000 000
140,00
120,00
800 000
100,00
600 000
80,00
60,00
400 000
40,00
200 000
20,00
0
0,00
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Percentage
70%
80%
90%
100%
Power (KW)
Load (Btu)
 Introduction
 Combined Heat and Power Analysis
 CHP Introduction
 Building Demands Profiles
 CHP Demands
 Primary Fuel Utilization Efficiency
 Cost Analysis
 Emissions
 Electrical Breath
 Conclusion
 Acknowledgments
 Questions
The Catholic University Of America
Produce lowest power(15-250KW)
Low electrical Efficiency
Low Maintenance Cost
Low emissions
Capstone C30 Microturbine
Heating Demands
Renovation to Father O’Connell Hall
January Sample Calculations
24 Hour Heating Demands
CHP Heating
Boiler Heating
900 000
800 000
700 000
600 000
500 000
400 000
300 000
200 000
100 000
December
November
October
September
August
July
June
May
April
March
Febuary
0
Januray
Heating Load (Btu)
 Introduction
 Combined Heat and Power Analysis
 CHP Introduction
 Building Demands Profiles
 CHP Demands
 Primary Fuel Utilization Efficiency
 Cost Analysis
 Emissions
 Electrical Breath
 Conclusion
 Acknowledgments
 Questions
The Catholic University Of America
Cooling Demands
Renovation to Father O’Connell Hall
January Sample Calculations
24 Hour Cooling Demands
Absporption Cooling
Electric Cooling
120
100
80
60
40
20
December
November
October
September
August
July
June
May
April
March
Febuary
0
Januray
Cooling Demand (Tons)
 Introduction
 Combined Heat and Power Analysis
 CHP Introduction
 Building Demands Profiles
 CHP Demands
 Primary Fuel Utilization Efficiency
 Cost Analysis
 Emissions
 Electrical Breath
 Conclusion
 Acknowledgments
 Questions
The Catholic University Of America
Power Demands
Renovation to Father O’Connell Hall
January Sample Calculations
24 Hour Power Distribution
Purchased Power
CHP Power
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
December
November
October
September
August
July
June
May
April
March
Febuary
0
Januray
Electrical Demand (KW)
 Introduction
 Combined Heat and Power Analysis
 CHP Introduction
 Building Demands Profiles
 CHP Demands
 Primary Fuel Utilization Efficiency
 Cost Analysis
 Emissions
 Electrical Breath
 Conclusion
 Acknowledgments
 Questions
The Catholic University Of America
Useful Waste Heat
Renovation to Father O’Connell Hall
January Sample Calculations
24 Hour Waste Heat Usage
Heating
Cooling
Wasted Exhaust
250000
200000
150000
100000
50000
December
November
October
September
August
July
June
May
April
March
Febuary
0
Januray
Useful Exhaust (Btu)
 Introduction
 Combined Heat and Power Analysis
 CHP Introduction
 Building Demands Profiles
 CHP Demands
 Primary Fuel Utilization Efficiency
 Cost Analysis
 Emissions
 Electrical Breath
 Conclusion
 Acknowledgments
 Questions
The Catholic University Of America
Primary Fuel Utilization Efficiency
1,0
SHP
Hybrid
PFESR
FED,CHP
Fed,GTD
The Catholic University Of America
CHP vs SHP
PEUF SHP= h hB(1 + l D)
hB + h l D
4,0
PEUF CHP= heCHP( 1 + l D)
GTD
3,0
0,6
2,0
0,4
1,0
0,2
0,0
0,0
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3,5
4
4,5
5
-2,0
-0,2
-0,4
3
-1,0
λD
-3,0
GTD
Fed, GTD
0,8
Fed, CHP
 Introduction
 Combined Heat and Power Analysis
 CHP Introduction
 Building Demands Profiles
 CHP Demands
 Primary Fuel Utilization Efficiency
 Cost Analysis
 Emissions
 Electrical Breath
 Conclusion
 Acknowledgments
 Questions
Primary Fuel Utilization Efficiency
PUEF
Renovation to Father O’Connell Hall
PEUF Hybrid =
hCHPhGTDhB (1 + lD )
(hCHPhBfeD,GTD + hGTDhBfeD,CHP + hGTDhCHP l QD, B
CHP INPUT
ήCHP
KW Produced
Net Heat Rate
0.26
30kw
13100btu/kw
ήHRU
0.6
ήB
0.84
ήGTD
Absorption Chiller COP
0.33
0.7
Primary Fuel Utilization Efficiency
1,0
SHP
Hybrid
PFESR
FED,CHP
Fed,GTD
3,0
0,6
2,0
0,4
1,0
0,2
0,0
0,0
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3,5
4
4,5
5
-2,0
-0,2
-0,4
3
-1,0
λD
-3,0
Fed, GTD
0,8
The Catholic University Of America
Primary Fuel Utilization Efficiency (PUEF)
4,0
Fed, CHP
 Introduction
 Combined Heat and Power Analysis
 CHP Introduction
 Building Demands Profiles
 CHP Demands
 Primary Fuel Utilization Efficiency
 Cost Analysis
 Emissions
 Electrical Breath
 Conclusion
 Acknowledgments
 Questions
Primary Fuel Utilization Efficiency
PUEF
Renovation to Father O’Connell Hall
λD < 0.7 SHP has a higher PUEF
λD > 0.7 CHP has a higher PUEF
λD > 1.7 start over producing electricity and start to lose money
λD = 2.3 maximum PUEF and percent fuel savings ratio
λD < 2.3 start supplemental boiler and PFESR starts to decline but still
positive
CHP INPUT
ήCHP
KW Produced
Net Heat Rate
0.26
30kw
13100btu/kw
ήHRU
0.6
ήB
0.84
ήGTD
Absorption Chiller COP
0.33
0.7
Hourly λD CHP
λD
2.3
The Catholic University Of America
Primary Fuel Utilization Efficiency (PUEF)
0.7
λD < 0.7 SHP has a higher PUEF
λD > 0.7 CHP has a higher PUEF
λD > 1.7 start over producing electricity and start to lose money
λD = 2.3 maximum PUEF and percent fuel savings ratio
λD < 2.3 start supplemental boiler and PFESR starts to decline but still
positive
1.7
5
2,5
CHP INPUT
December
November
October
September
August
July
June
May
April
March
Febuary
0
Januray
 Introduction
 Combined Heat and Power Analysis
 CHP Introduction
 Building Demands Profiles
 CHP Demands
 Primary Fuel Utilization Efficiency
 Cost Analysis
 Emissions
 Electrical Breath
 Conclusion
 Acknowledgments
 Questions
Primary Fuel Utilization Efficiency
λD chp
Renovation to Father O’Connell Hall
ήCHP
KW Produced
Net Heat Rate
0.26
30kw
13100btu/kw
ήHRU
0.6
ήB
0.84
ήGTD
Absorption Chiller COP
0.33
0.7
Cost Analysis
Renovation to Father O’Connell Hall
Cost Analysis
Cost Analysis
15 KW
30 KW
65 KW
10000
7000
4000
-17000
-20000
-23000
Hours of Operation
24 Hours
Noon - 6:00 PM
11:00 AM - 6:00 PM
10:00 AM - 6:00 PM
9:00 AM - 6:00 PM
8:00 AM - 6:00 PM
7:00 AM - 6:00 PM
6:00 AM - 6:00 PM
5:00 AM - 6:00 PM
-14000
4:00 AM - 7:00 PM
-11000
3:00 AM - 8:00 PM
-8000
2:00 AM - 9:00 PM
-5000
1:00 AM - 10:00 PM
-2000
0
1000
Savings ($)
 Introduction
 Combined Heat and Power Analysis
 CHP Introduction
 Building Demands Profiles
 CHP Demands
 Primary Fuel Utilization Efficiency
 Cost Analysis
 Emissions
 Electrical Breath
 Conclusion
 Acknowledgments
 Questions
The Catholic University Of America
Cost Analysis
Renovation to Father O’Connell Hall
Payback Period
Cost Analysis
15 KW
30 KW
65 KW
10000
7000
4000
-17000
-20000
-23000
Hours of Operation
24 Hours
Noon - 6:00 PM
11:00 AM - 6:00 PM
10:00 AM - 6:00 PM
9:00 AM - 6:00 PM
8:00 AM - 6:00 PM
7:00 AM - 6:00 PM
6:00 AM - 6:00 PM
5:00 AM - 6:00 PM
-14000
4:00 AM - 7:00 PM
-11000
3:00 AM - 8:00 PM
-8000
2:00 AM - 9:00 PM
-5000
1:00 AM - 10:00 PM
-2000
0
1000
Savings ($)
 Introduction
 Combined Heat and Power Analysis
 CHP Introduction
 Building Demands Profiles
 CHP Demands
 Primary Fuel Utilization Efficiency
 Cost Analysis
 Emissions
 Electrical Breath
 Conclusion
 Acknowledgments
 Questions
The Catholic University Of America
Renovation to Father O’Connell Hall
 Introduction
 Combined Heat and Power Analysis
 CHP Introduction
 Building Demands Profiles
 CHP Demands
 Primary Fuel Utilization Efficiency
 Cost Analysis
 Emissions
 Electrical Breath
 Conclusion
 Acknowledgments
 Questions
Emissions
The Catholic University Of America
Emissions
Emissions Spreadsheet from EPA
Renovation to Father O’Connell Hall






Introduction
Combined Heat and Power Analysis
Electrical Breath
Recommendations
Acknowledgments
Questions
Electrical Breadth
The Catholic University Of America
Power Connection
Emergency Power
 Replace Switchgear with
 150 KW emergency generator
Parallel Switchgear
 Duel fuel microturbine to
 208/120V, 3PH-4W 3000A
replace emergency generator
 Syncs power from two
 Reduce payback period
sources
 Add 480V:208/120V
transformer
 Size wires and breakers
Renovation to Father O’Connell Hall






Introduction
Combined Heat and Power Analysis
Electrical Breath
Recommendations
Acknowledgments
Questions
Recommendations
Recommendations
 Economically
 Do not recommend CHP System
 14 year payback period
 Not enough heat load
 Environmentally
 Recommend CHP system
 Save 27% Fuel Consumption
 Reduce Carbon footprint by 47%
The Catholic University Of America
Acknowledgments
Renovation to Father O’Connell Hall






Introduction
Combined Heat and Power Analysis
Electrical Breath
Recommendations
Acknowledgments
Questions
Thank You!
Dr. Laura Miller – AE Senior Thesis Advisor
SmithGroupJJR
Dr. James Freihaut – Help with CHP systems
AE Faculty and Students
Friends and Family
The Catholic University Of America
Renovation to Father O’Connell Hall






Introduction
Combined Heat and Power Analysis
Electrical Breath
Recommendations
Acknowledgments
Questions
Questions
Questions?
The Catholic University Of America
Questions
Renovation to Father O’Connell Hall
Cost Analysis
The Catholic University Of America