07.08 AP Biology Semester 2 Final Review
Please note that topics listed here aren’t all inclusive - - anything from semester 2 is fair game, these are just key topics that you should definitely
review!
Chp 26-28.31 – Prokaryotes, Protists, Fungi
• Photosynthesis and O2 revolution relation to endosymbiotic theory of mitochondria and plastids
• Review the general overview/ordering of some of the major evolutionary events in the history of life (p.519) (you do not have to know the
name of the era or periods or dates, just the order and significance)
• 3 domain system
• Prokaryotic structure and table 27.2
• Structure, function, and genetic differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
• Table 27.1
• Roles of prokaryotes in biosphere
• Protists are extremely diverse. Review section 28.1.
• Figure 28.21 & 28.26 & 28.27 as tie to multicellularity
• Figure 31.17
• Fungus structures, functions, and generalized life cycle of all fungi, Figure 31.5 - Plasmogamy, karyogamy
• Mycorrhizae
Chp 29-30, 35-39 – Plants Structure & Function
• Shared characteristics of plant groups
• Plant evolution (sporophytes, gametophytes, moss, ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms)
• Alternation of generations (similarities and differences between 4 main plant groups)
Figures 29.8, 29.12, 30.6, 30.10
• Parts of a flower, pollination, fertilization and the making of a seed
• Meristems
• Major plant tissue (parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem, pholem) (Figure 35.9)
• Primary & Secondary Growth (figure 35.18)
• Transpiration (water potential, stomata, guard cells opening/closing, review of osmosis, etc.)
• Pressure Flow – source to sink
• Figure 37.9 – Nitrogen availability
• Double fertilization
• Plant Hormones—mainly auxin, ABA, gibberellins, cytokines (Table 39.1)
• Tropisms
Chp 32-34 – Animal Phyla
• Animal phyla to review: porifera, cnidaria, mollusca, annelida, arthropoda, echinodermata, chordata
• Table 33.7 Review general animal characteristics used in constructing cladograms such as on p. 634-635. Know symmetries, body
tissues(coelomate, pseudocoelomate, acoelomate), development pattern (deuterostome, protostome), cephalization, etc.
• What was the evolutionary significance of the amniotic egg?
Chp 40-49 – Animal Structure & Function
• Main Tissues structures and functions - Figure 40.5
• Homeostasis Feedback Mechanism - Figure 40.11
• Metabolism – types, maintenance of
• Digestion – Figure 41.21, 41.22
• Circulatory/Respiratory – Figure 42.5, 42.11, 42.14, 42.27, 42.29, 42.30
• Immune System – Figure 43.2, 43.14 - 43.17, self vs. non-self recognition
• Excretory – Figure 44.14 - 44.16
• Endocrine – Table 45.1
• Reproduction –
male/female anatomy and function, 46.13, 46.14, 46.15
similarities of 47.3 & 47.6
Gastrulation & organogenesis – 47.14 & 47.16
• Nervous – neuron structure, sodium potassium pump and membrane potential, action potential (48.13) & conduction 48.14-48.15, all or
nothing response, synaptic transmission (48.17) and summation of potentials, know CNS and PNS components and their functions
• Sensory & Motor – 5 main types of receptors, ear (49.8), eyes (49.18) and muscle contraction – sliding filament theory and Ca+ role (49.30
& 49.31)