I.
The human body has five levels of organization.
1. Cell – the basic unit of structure and function
2. _____________ are groups of similar cells that perform a single function, such as connecting a muscle to a bone.
a. Connective
b. Epithelial
c. Muscle
d. Nervous
3. ______________________ is a group of tissues that work together to perform a complex function, such as sight.
4. An ________________________________________ is a group of organs that perform closely related functions.
5. Organism- a living thing
II.
________________________________- Conditions within the body must remain within a narrow range.
Involves keeping the internal environment within set ranges.
1. Control systems help maintain homeostasis.
a. sensors gather data, receives data, sends messages communication system delivers messages to target
organs, tissues, targets respond to change
2. ___________________________ – counteracts any change in the body that moves conditions away from a set
point.
3. ______________________________ – causes the body to increase the rate of change away from homeostasis
4. ______________________________ – maintains a stable body temp under a variety of conditions
III.
Organ systems must also work together to keep the organism healthy.
1. Blood Sugar Levels
a. When more ____________________ (High Blood Sugar) is present the pancreas activates
____________________ to release insulin. The insulin causes the cells to take in more
_________________ to be absorbed by the liver and stored as _______________________
b. When Glucose levels are too low. (low Blood Sugar) the _________________ releases glucagon which
causes the liver to convert the stored glycogen into glucose and release it back into the blood
2. _________________________ pancreatic beta cells are destroyed, insulin is not produced. Glucose is not
absorbed into the cells for energy use. Body breaks down fat (lipids) as energy source.
Blood becomes acidic and harms other organ systems
3. _________________________ The insulin produced by the body is decreased or the
insulin does not move glucose into the cells.
a. __________________ is associated with obesity and can be controlled with
proper diet.
b. Athletes with Diabetes are at risk. Athletes require a lot of energy (glucose) to
perform. If not enough glucose is being taken into the cells, the body will starve
for energy.
4. The level of insulin ______________________ the longer a person exercises. Therefore,
insulin levels have an inverse relationship with exercise time.
IV.
The nervous system and the endocrine system provide the means by which organ systems communicate.
a. The nervous system controls ________________________________________.
b. The endocrine system controls ______________________________________.
1. The nervous and endocrine systems have different methods and rates of communication.
a. The nervous system _____________________________, using chemical and ____________________
i.
interconnected ________________________________
ii.
signals move through cells
iii.
divided into ______________________________ and ____________________________________
b. The endocrine system works ________________________
i.
only _______________________________________
ii.
signals move __________________________________________
iii.
physically unconnected organs
2. ______________________ are highly specialized cells.
a. A neuron has three parts.
i.
___________________ has nucleus and organelles
ii.
___________________ receive impulses
iii.
___________________ carries impulses
b. Neurons have other structures to transmit signals.
i.
Schwann cell
ii.
synapse
iii.
terminal
c. Three types (all in Peripheral Nervous System)
i.
__________________________ = carry impulses from sense organs to spinal cord and brain
ii.
_________________________ = carry impulses from brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands
iii.
__________________________= connect sensory and motor neurons
3. Neurons receive and transmit signals.
a. Resting potential means no signal is being transmitted.
i.
more Na+ outside of cell
ii.
more K+ inside of cell
b. An action potential is a moving electrical impulse.
i.
It is generated by a stimulus.
ii.
Na+ enters, and cell becomes ____________________________________.
iii.
K+ leaves, and area of positive charge moves.
c. Impulse reaches terminal.
d. Neurotransmitters released into synapse.
e. Neurotransmitters stimulate
next cell
V.
The central nervous system interprets information, and the peripheral nervous system gathers and transmits
information.
1. The CNS includes the _____________________________________________________________________.
2. The PNS includes ________________
______________________________
3. The CNS and PNS pass signals
between one another.
a. Sensory receptor generates
impulse.
b. PNS passes impulse to CNS.
c. CNS interprets impulse.
d. CNS passes impulse to PNS.
e. PNS stimulates a response.
4. The CNS processes information.
a. The brain has three parts.
i.
________________controls
thought, movement, emotion
ii.
_______________________ allows for balance
iii.
The brain Stem
a. ______________________ controls some reflexes
b. ______________________ regulates breathing
c. ______________________ controls heart function, swallowing,
coughing
5. The PNS links the CNS to muscles and other organs.
a. _______________________ nervous system regulates voluntary movements.
b. _______________________ nervous system controls involuntary, functions
i.
_____________________________________ system: “fight vs. flight
ii.
_____________________________________: calms the body, conserves energy
6. The ____________________________ controls reflexes.
a. sensory neuron sends impulse to spinal cord
b. spinal cord directs impulse to ____________________________________________
c. ____________________________________________________________________
VI.
The endocrine system
1. ______________________________________ that affect growth, development, and homeostasis
a. _____________________ influence a cell’s activities by entering the cell or binding to its membrane.
b. _____________________ are organs of the endocrine system.
c. Hormones are chemical signals that influence cell’s activities.
i.
produced by glands
ii.
travel through the circulatory system
iii.
affects cells with ______________________
2. There are steroid hormones and nonsteroid hormones.
a. ______________________________ enter the cell.
b. _____________________________ do not enter the cell.
The hypothalamus interacts with the nervous and endocrine systems. a structure of both the nervous and endocrine
systems produces releasing hormones,
sent to pituitary gland
The pituitary gland is found below the hypothalamus in the brain. controls growth and water levels in blood produces
releasing hormones sent throughout the body Releasing hormones stimulate other glands to produce hormones.
Steroids, a pituitary tumor, or some prescription drugs can make the pituitary overactive and indirectly cause problems.
Gland
Hormones
Hormone Function