1
Week 5
September 26
• Oracle: Control Files
• Basic Data Types
• SQL: Creating and Altering a Table,
Imposing Integrity Constraints,
DML
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
SQL Terminology
• ISO terminology
– Relations (entity type)  Tables
– Attributes (properties)  Columns
– Tuples (entities)
 Rows
column
Row {
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
2
Oracle Control Files
• Loads data into tables in batch mode
• Two parts
– Control language
– Data
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
3
Anatomy of a Control File
Using Displacement (i.e., Column Position)
4
Data contained in control file
Table name
load data
infile *
into table videos
(category_code
position(1:2)
stock_number
position(5:10)
video_title
position(12:57)
retail_price
position(59:66)
running_time
position(67:70)
rating
position(71:75)
distributor_code
position(77:79)
year_released
position(82:91)
active_date
position(92:101)
stock_on_hand
position(102:103)
stock_on_order
position(104:105)
begindata
SF 000025 Kronos
DC 000036 Alice in Wonderland
DC 000100 Little Mermaid, The
SF 000101 Navy vs. the Night Monsters, The
SF 000102 Monster Mania
Column
names
Data
char,
char,
char,
decimal external,
integer external,
char,
char,
date(10) "mm-dd-yyyy",
date(10) "mm-dd-yyyy",
integer external,
integer external)
19.95
22.95
26.95
19.95
9.99
78NR
75NR
82NR
90NR
60NR
Data types
and format
BBE
DIS
DIS
BBE
MCA
01-01-195908-19-1995
01-01-195103-11-1995
01-01-198901-12-1991
01-01-196609-29-1992
01-01-199806-01-1998
412
410
317
6 0
2 6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
Anatomy of a Control File
Using Displacement (i.e., Column Position)
5
Data contained in control file
TableOptional
name
append
char,
load data
infile *
append
into table
videos
position(1:2)
load data
infile *
into table videos
(category_code
stock_number
position(5:10)
video_title
position(12:57)
retail_price
position(59:66)
running_time
position(67:70)
rating
position(71:75)
distributor_code
position(77:79)
year_released
position(82:91)
LOAD DATA
active_date
position(92:101)
INFILE 'manufac.dat'
stock_on_hand
position(102:103)
INTO TABLE manufacturers
stock_on_order
position(104:105)
begindata
SF 000025 Kronos
DC 000036 Alice in Wonderland
DC 000100 Little Mermaid, The
SF 000101 Navy vs. the Night Monsters, The
SF 000102 Monster Mania
Column
names
Reading data
from a file
Data
char,
char,
decimal external,
integer external,
char,
char,
date(10) "mm-dd-yyyy",
date(10) "mm-dd-yyyy",
integer external,
integer external)
19.95
22.95
26.95
19.95
9.99
78NR
75NR
82NR
90NR
60NR
Data types
and format
BBE
DIS
DIS
BBE
MCA
01-01-195908-19-1995
01-01-195103-11-1995
01-01-198901-12-1991
01-01-196609-29-1992
01-01-199806-01-1998
412
410
317
6 0
2 6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
Anatomy of a Control File
Using a Delimiter
6
Data contained in control file
Table name
Declared
delimiter
Column
names
LOAD DATA
INFILE *
INTO TABLE video_categories
FIELDS TERMINATED BY "," OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '"'
(category_code, category_title)
begindata
AC,Action
BB,Big Book Best Sellers
Data
BC,British Comedy and Drama
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
Basic Data Types in Oracle
7
String Data Types
• Fixed length
char(length)
char(30)
• Variable length
varchar2(maximum-length)
Varchar(30)
• Fixed point
number(precision,scale)
dec(precision,scale)
Where precision = total number length,
scale = number of decimal places
number(8,2)
dec(6,2)
• Integer
int, smallint
• Floating point
number, dec, float
Numeric Data Types
Date Data Types
• Date
date
Other data types exist
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
Anatomy of a CREATE TABLE
SQL>
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
create table computer_products
(model_number
varchar2(12)
product_description
varchar2(50)
list_price
dec(6,2)
retail_price
dec(6,2)
retail_unit
char(2)
stock_on_hand
int
stock_on_order
int
last_shipment_received date,
manufacturer_code
varchar2(3));
Table created.
Column name
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
Data type
8
primary
default
default
default
default
default
default
key,
'N/A',
0,
0,
'EA',
0,
0,
Constraint
Integrity Constraints
• Imposed to protect the database from becoming
inconsistent
• Types:
– Required data
– Domain constraints
– Entity constraints
– Referential integrity
– Enterprise constraints
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
9
Integrity Constraints
• Required data
– A column cannot be null (not null)
• Domain constraints
– Values assigned to a column must be from a defined
domain
SQL>
2
3
4
5
CREATE TABLE REVENUES
(TRANSACTION_NUMBER ROWID PRIMARY KEY,
TRANSACTION_DATE DATE NOT NULL,
TRANSACTION_TYPE CHAR(1) CONSTRAINT CK_TRANS_TYPE
CHECK (TRANSACTION_TYPE IN('R','S','E','A','X')));
Table created.
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
10
Domain Constraint
• Using BETWEEN
SQL>
2
3
4
5
6
create table limousines
(fleet_number varchar2(10) primary key,
vehichle_type varchar2(15) not null,
seat_capacity smallint
constraint ck_seat_capacity check
(seat_capacity between 1 and 12));
Table created.
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
11
Integrity Constraints
• Entity constraints
– Primary key must contain a unique, no null value for
each row
SQL>
2
3
4
CREATE TABLE VIDEO_REVENUES
(TRANSACTION_NUMBER ROWID PRIMARY KEY,
TRANSACTION_TYPE CHAR(1) CONSTRAINT CK_TRANS_TYPE
CHECK (TRANSACTION_TYPE IN('R','S','E','A','X')));
Table created.
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
12
Entity Integrity
Composite Key
SQL>
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
13
create table invoice_items
Neither column is unique by itself
(invoice_number int,
item_number int constraint ck_invoice_number
check (item_number in (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10)),
product_code varchar2(10),
quantity int default 1,
price float not null,
constraint pk_invoice_items primary key
Composite key
(invoice_number, item_number),
constraint fk_invoice_number
foreign key (invoice_number)
references invoices(invoice_number),
constraint fk_product_code
foreign key (product_code)
references products(product_code));
Table created.
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
Integrity Constraints
• Referential integrity
– The value of a foreign key must exist in another table
(i.e., parent) as at least a candidate key
– Normally, when a row in the parent is deleted and a
child exists, one of fours actions can be taken:
• Cascade
• Set null*
• Set default*
• No action
*Supported through triggers
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
14
Integrity Constraints
SQL>
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
15
CREATE TABLE REVENUES
(TRANSACTION_NUMBER ROWID PRIMARY KEY,
TRANSACTION_TYPE CHAR(1) CONSTRAINT CK_TRANS_TYPE
CHECK (TRANSACTION_TYPE IN('R','S','E','A','X')),
PRODUCT_CODE,
CONSTRAINT FK_PRODUCT_CODE FOREIGN KEY (PRODUCT_CODE)
REFERENCES PRODUCTS(PRODUCT_CODE)
ON DELETE CASCADE);
Table created.
Referential integrity
CONSTRAINT index-name FOREIGN KEY (column-name)
REFERENCES table-name(key-name)
ON DELETE CASADE
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
Integrity Constraints
• Enterprise constraints
– Organizational constraints (i.e., business rules)
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
16
Another Example of Creating a Table with
Referential Integrity Constraints
Table name
Column names,
data types and
constraints
Table name
Column names,
data types and
constraints


R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
17
Example of Creating a Table with
Referential Integrity Constraints
18
Two ways of imposing constraints
Table name
Column name
Referential
integrity
constraints

Constraint name (index)
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
Example of Creating a Table with
Referential Integrity Constraints
19
Two ways of imposing constraints
Constraint name (index)

Column name
Table name
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
Refers to
column name
within the
table
In Case of Error…
ALTER Table
• Alter table SQL command
– Add a column
– Modify a column
– Delete a column
• A column cannot be renamed
– Drop the column
– Add the column
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
20
Customers table defined
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
21
Adding a Column
22
ALTER TABLE table-name ADD (column-name data-type)
Table name
Optional constraint
Data type
Column name
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
Modifying a Column Definition
23
ALTER TABLE table-name MODIFY (column-name data-type)
Table name
New definition
Column name
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
Deleting a Column
24
ALTER TABLE table-name DROP (column-name)
Table name
Column name
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
Basic SQL: Data Retrieval
From Relational Algebra to SQL
25
license, make(color=‘Silver’(Cars))
Columns (attributes) to
retrieve (projection)
SELECT column-list
FROM table-name
WHERE condition
Select license, make
from Cars
where color = ‘Silver’
Table (relation) specification
Row (tuple) specification (selection)
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
Examples Using Products Table
Products (product_code (key), product_description,
product_cost, product_MSRP, product_retail_price,
retail_unit, manufacturer_code (foreign key), active_date,
number_on_hand, number_on_order, number_committed)
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
26
Projection
27
 product_code, product_description(Products)
Column-list
SELECT product_code, product_description
FROM products
Result: All rows with only the product_code and
product_description columns are retrieved
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
SQL> select product_code, product_description from products;
PRODUCT_CO PRODUCT_DESCRIPTION
---------- -----------------------------301-III
Direct/Reflecting Speakers
3800
Three-way Speaker System
4312
Studio Monitors
901Classic Direct/Reflecting Spkr System
AM3
Acoustimass Speaker System
AM5
Acoustimass 5 Speaker System
AM7
Acoustimass 7 Speaker System
AT-10
Loudspeakers
AT-15
Three-way Speaker
CCS-350
Compact System w/CD Player
CCS-450
Compact System w/CD Player
CCS-550
75-watt System w/CD Changer
CD-1000C
Compact Disc Changer
CDP-297
Compact Disc Player
CDP-397
Compact Disc Player
CDP-C225
Disc Jockey CD Changer
.
.
.
100 rows selected.
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
28
Selection
29
 manufacturer_code = ‘SON’ (Products)
SELECT *  All columns
FROM products
WHERE manufacturer_code = ‘SON’
Proposition
(predicate)
Result: Only those rows with SON for their
manufacturer_code are retrieved along with all columns.
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
Four Ways to Build a Selection
30

• Relational operator (=, <, <=, >, >=, <>)
– Logical AND and OR
WHERE column-name = x AND column-name = y
• Specific range using BETWEEN
WHERE column-name BETWEEN x AND y
• Specific values using IN
WHERE column-name IN (list-of-values)
• Character match using LIKE and wildcards (%, _)
– UPPER and LOWER functions
WHERE LOWER(column-name) LIKE ‘%character-string%’
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
Four ways to build a SELECTION:
1. Relational and Logical Operators
• Relational operators:
=
equals
>, < greater than, less than
<=
less than or equal to
>=
greater than or equal to
<>
not equal to
• Logical operators
AND, OR AND evaluated before OR
NOT
NOT evaluated before AND and OR
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
31
WHERE (Condition)
SELECT *
FROM products
WHERE manufacturer_code = ‘SON’
OR manufacturer_code = ‘PAN’
SELECT *
FROM products
WHERE product_msrp >= 100 AND product_msrp <= 500
AND product_code = ‘SON’ OR product_code = ‘PAN’
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
32
select * from products where manufacturer_code='SON';
PRODUCT_CO PRODUCT_DESCRIPTION
PRODUCT_COST PRODUCT_MSRP PRODUCT_RETAIL_PRICE RE MAN
---------- ------------------------------ ------------ ------------ -------------------- -- --ACTIVE_DA NUMBER_ON_HAND NUMBER_ON_ORDER NUMBER_COMMITTED
--------- -------------- --------------- ---------------CDP-297
Compact Disc Player
84.47
129.95
116.96 EA SON
25-AUG-96
4
0
0
33
CDP-397
25-AUG-96
Compact Disc Player
11
97.47
CDP-C225
25-AUG-96
Disc Jockey CD Changer
10
CDP-C325
25-AUG-96
Disc Jockey CD Changer
1
0
CDP-C425
25-AUG-96
Disc Jockey CD Changer
5
0
CDP-C525
25-AUG-96
Disc Jockey CD Changer
6
0
SL-S600
25-AUG-96
Super-Beta Video Recorder
13
TC-W490
25-AUG-96
Double Cassette Deck
6
0
0
179.96 EA SON
229.95
206.96 EA SON
249.95
224.96 EA SON
299.95
269.96 EA SON
329.95
296.96 EA SON
169.95
152.96 EA SON
0
162.47
0
194.97
0
214.47
0
0
110.47
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
199.95
0
149.47
12 rows selected.
134.96 EA SON
0
129.97
0
149.95
0
Projection on a Selection
34
 product_code, product_description ( manufacturer_code = ‘SON’ or ‘PAN’ (Products))
SELECT product_code, product_description
FROM products
WHERE manufacturer_code = ‘SON’
OR manufacturer_code = ‘PAN’
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
SQL> select product_code, product_description from products where
2 manufacturer_code='SON' or manufacturer_code='PAN';
PRODUCT_CO
---------CDP-297
CDP-397
CDP-C225
CDP-C325
CDP-C425
CDP-C525
PV-2201
PV-4210
PV-4250
SC-T095
SC-TC430
SL-S600
TC-W490
TC-WR590
TC-WR690
TC-WR790
TC-WR875
PRODUCT_DESCRIPTION
-----------------------------Compact Disc Player
Compact Disc Player
Disc Jockey CD Changer
Disc Jockey CD Changer
Disc Jockey CD Changer
Disc Jockey CD Changer
HQ VHS Video Cassette Recorde
4-Head VHS Video Cass Recorde
HiFi VHS Video Cass Recorder
Compact Stereo System
Compact System w/CD Changer
Super-Beta Video Recorder
Double Cassette Deck
Double Cassette Deck
Double Cassette Deck
Double Cassette Deck
Double Cassette Deck
17 rows selected.
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
35
SQL>
2
3
4
select product_code, product_description, product_msrp
from products
where manufacturer_code='SON' or manufacturer_code='PAN'
and product_msrp >= 100 and product_msrp <=500;
PRODUCT_CO
---------CDP-297
CDP-397
CDP-C225
CDP-C325
CDP-C425
CDP-C525
PV-2201
PV-4210
PV-4250
SC-T095
SC-TC430
SL-S600
TC-W490
TC-WR590
TC-WR690
TC-WR790
TC-WR875
PRODUCT_DESCRIPTION
PRODUCT_MSRP
------------------------------ -----------Compact Disc Player
129.95
Compact Disc Player
149.95
Disc Jockey CD Changer
199.95
Disc Jockey CD Changer
229.95
Disc Jockey CD Changer
249.95
Disc Jockey CD Changer
299.95
HQ VHS Video Cassette Recorde
229.95
4-Head VHS Video Cass Recorde
299.95
HiFi VHS Video Cass Recorder
349.95
Compact Stereo System
139.95
Compact System w/CD Changer
429.95
Super-Beta Video Recorder
329.95
Double Cassette Deck
169.95
Double Cassette Deck
199.95
Double Cassette Deck
249.95
Double Cassette Deck
329.95
Double Cassette Deck
429.95
17 rows selected.
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
36
Four ways to build a SELECTION:
2. Range Search with BETWEEN
SELECT product_code, product_description, product_msrp
FROM products
WHERE product_msrp BETWEEN 100 and 500  Inclusive
AND manufacturer_code = ‘SON’ OR manufacturer_code =
‘PAN’
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
37
SQL>
2
3
4
5
select product_code, product_description, product_msrp,
manufacturer_code
from products
where manufacturer_code = 'SON' or manufacturer_code = 'PAN'
38
and product_msrp between 100 and 500;
PRODUCT_CO
---------CDP-297
CDP-397
CDP-C225
CDP-C325
CDP-C425
CDP-C525
PV-2201
PV-4210
PV-4250
SC-T095
SC-TC430
SL-S600
TC-W490
TC-WR590
TC-WR690
TC-WR790
TC-WR875
PRODUCT_DESCRIPTION
PRODUCT_MSRP MAN
------------------------------ ------------ --Compact Disc Player
129.95 SON
Compact Disc Player
149.95 SON
Disc Jockey CD Changer
199.95 SON
Disc Jockey CD Changer
229.95 SON
Disc Jockey CD Changer
249.95 SON
Disc Jockey CD Changer
299.95 SON
HQ VHS Video Cassette Recorde
229.95 PAN
4-Head VHS Video Cass Recorde
299.95 PAN
HiFi VHS Video Cass Recorder
349.95 PAN
Compact Stereo System
139.95 PAN
Compact System w/CD Changer
429.95 PAN
Super-Beta Video Recorder
329.95 SON
Double Cassette Deck
169.95 SON
Double Cassette Deck
199.95 SON
Double Cassette Deck
249.95 SON
Double Cassette Deck
329.95 SON
Double Cassette Deck
429.95 SON
17 rows selected.
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
Four ways to build a SELECTION:
3. Search for Specific Values Using IN
SELECT product_code, product_description
FROM products
WHERE manufacturer_code IN ('SON', 'PAN', 'BOS');
List of values
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
39
SQL>
2
3
select product_code, product_description
from products
where manufacturer_code in ('SON', 'PAN', 'BOS');
PRODUCT_CO
---------DVD-A110
DVP-S7000
DVP-S3000
DVP-S500D
KV-20S40
KV-20V80
KV-27V22
KV-27V26
KV-27V36
KV-32V36
KV-35V36
KV-32XBR48
KV-35XBR48
KV-35XBR88
.
.
.
TC-KE500S
PRODUCT_DESCRIPTION
----------------------------------DVD/CD Player
DVD/CD Player
DVD/CD Player
DVD/CD Player
20" Trinitron TV
20" Digital Comb Filter TV
27" Trinitron TV
27" Trinitron TV
27" Picture-in-Picture TV
32" 1-Tuner PIP TV
35" 1-Tuner PIP TV
32" Trinitron XBR TV
35" Trinitron XBR TV
35" Trinitron XBR TV
Cassette Deck
95 rows selected.
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
40
Four ways to build a SELECTION:
4. Pattern Match with LIKE
• Wildcard characters
– % = any sequence of zero or more characters
– _ (underscore) = any single character
SELECT product_code, product_description
FROM products
WHERE product_code LIKE ‘C%’
Result: All rows with product codes beginning with C and
their corresponding product_description will be retrieved.
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
41
SQL>
2
select product_code, product_description from products
where product_code like 'C%';
PRODUCT_CO
---------CCS-350
CCS-450
CCS-550
CD-1000C
CDP-297
CDP-397
CDP-C225
CDP-C325
CDP-C425
CDP-C525
CS-13RX
CS-13SX1
CS-20SX1
CT-WN70R
PRODUCT_DESCRIPTION
-----------------------------Compact System w/CD Player
Compact System w/CD Player
75-watt System w/CD Changer
Compact Disc Changer
Compact Disc Player
Compact Disc Player
Disc Jockey CD Changer
Disc Jockey CD Changer
Disc Jockey CD Changer
Disc Jockey CD Changer
13" Color Television
13" Stereo Monitor/Television
20" Stereo Monitor/Television
6+1 Cassette Changer
14 rows selected.
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
42
Pattern Match with LIKE and UPPER Function
43
• SELECT product_code, product_description
FROM products
WHERE UPPER(product_description) LIKE UPPER('%casset%');
Changes to upper case
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
SQL> select product_code, product_description
2 from products
3 where upper(product_description) like upper('%casset%')
44
PRODUCT_CO
---------TC-KE400S
TC-KE500S
CT-W606DR
CT-W616DR
TD-W254
TD-W354
TD-W718
RS-TR373
RS-TR575
K-903
TC-WE405
TC-WE605S
•••
K-90
PRODUCT_DESCRIPTION
----------------------------------Cassette Deck
Cassette Deck
Double Cassette Deck
Double Cassette Deck
Double Auto-reverse Cassette Deck
Double Auto-reverse Cassette Deck
Dual Auto-reverse Rec Cassette Deck
Double Auto-reverse Cassette Deck
Double Auto-reverse Cassette Deck
Dual Electronic Cassette Deck
Dual Cassette Deck
Dual Auto-reverse Cassette Deck
Double Cassette Deck
42 rows selected.
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
Like Without Matching the Case
SQL> select product_code, product_description
2 from products
3 where product_description like '%casset%';
no rows selected
Cassette  cassette
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
45
ORDER BY: Sorting the Results
SELECT manufacturer_code, product_code,
product_description
FROM products
ORDER BY manufacturer_code, product_code
Major (sort) key Minor (sort) key
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
46
select manufacturer_code, product_code, product_description
2 from products order by manufacturer_code, product_code;
MAN
--AIW
AIW
BOS
BOS
BOS
BOS
BOS
BOS
CRV
CRV
CRV
DA
DA
DA
GMI
GMI
GMI
GMI
PRODUCT_CO
---------NSX-D2
XK-S9000
301-III
901Classic
AM3
AM5
AM7
VS-100
AT-10
AT-15
SW-12B
PS-6a
PS-8c
PS-9
PVX-31
XL-1800QII
XL-BD10
XL-DD20
...
PRODUCT_DESCRIPTION
-----------------------------Mini Component System
Cassette Deck
Direct/Reflecting Speakers
Direct/Reflecting Spkr System
Acoustimass Speaker System
Acoustimass 5 Speaker System
Acoustimass 7 Speaker System
Center Channel Mini Speaker
Loudspeakers
Three-way Speaker
Subwoofer System
Point Source Speaker System
Point Source Speaker Sytem
Point Source Speaker System
Single Ch 31/3rd Octave Bands
Prof Manual DJ Turntable
Semi-Auto Belt-Dr Turntable
Semi-Automatic Turntable
100 rows selected.
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
47
Using DISTINCT
SELECT DISTINCT(manfuacturer_code)
FROM products
Result: The non-duplicated manufacturer_codes will be
retrieved.
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
48
select distinct(manufacturer_code) from products;
MAN
--AIW
BOS
CRV
DA
GMI
HVC
JBL
JVC
MIT
PAN
PIN
PIO
SAM
SHE
SON
TEA
TEC
THN
YAM
19 rows selected.
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
49
Equi-Join
50
R
R.aj  S.bj S
• A resulting relation that contains tuples satisfying the
predicate of equality between two attributes of the same
domain from the Cartesian product of R and S
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
Equi-Join
SQL>
2
3
4
51
select product_code, p.manufacturer_code,
m.manufacturer_code
from products p, manufacturers m
where p.manufacturer_code = m.manufacturer_code;
PRODUCT_CO
---------RS1B
SM165
CC1M
100
201-IV
VS-100
MAN
--INF
INF
INF
BOS
BOS
BOS
MAN
--INF
INF
INF
BOS
BOS
BOS
Products
RS1B
SM165
CC1M
100
201-IV
VS-100
6 rows selected.
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
Manufacturers
INF
INF
INF
BOS
BOS
BOS
ADV Advent
BOS Bose
INF Infinity
Outer Joins in Oracle
• An outer join returns all rows that satisfy the join condition
and those rows from one table for which no rows from the
other satisfy the join condition.
– Such rows are not returned by a simple join.
– To perform an outer join of tables A and B and return
all rows from A, apply the outer join operator (+) to all
columns of B in the join condition.
– For all rows in A that have no matching rows in B, a
NULL is returned for any select list expressions
containing columns of B.
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
52
Left Outer Join
53
• All rows on the left table (i.e., products) are kept
SQL>
2
3
4
select product_code, product_description,
p.manufacturer_code, m.manufacturer_code
from products p, manufacturers m
where p.manufacturer_code = m.manufacturer_code(+);
PRODUCT_CO
---------100
201-IV
VS-100
RS1B
SM165
CC1M
PRODUCT_DESCRIPTION
----------------------------------Compact Speakers
Direct/Reflecting Speakers
Center Channel Mini Speaker
2-way Bookshelf Speakers
Bookshelf-sized Speakers
Center Channel Speaker
6 rows selected.
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
MAN
--BOS
BOS
BOS
INF
INF
INF
MAN
--BOS
BOS
BOS
INF
INF
INF
Right Outer Join
54
• All rows on the right table (i.e., manufacturers) are kept
SQL>
2
3
4
select product_code, product_description,
p.manufacturer_code, m.manufacturer_code
from products p, manufacturers m
where p.manufacturer_code(+) = m.manufacturer_code;
PRODUCT_CO PRODUCT_DESCRIPTION
MAN MAN
---------- ----------------------------------- --- --ADV
100
Compact Speakers
BOS BOS
201-IV
Direct/Reflecting Speakers
BOS BOS
VS-100
Center Channel Mini Speaker
BOS BOS
RS1B
2-way Bookshelf Speakers
INF INF
SM165
Bookshelf-sized Speakers
INF INF
CC1M
Center Channel Speaker
INF INF
7 rows selected.
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento

Cartesian Product
55
SQL> select * from products, manufacturers;
RS1B
SM165
CC1M
100
201-IV
VS-100
RS1B
SM165
CC1M
100
201-IV
VS-100
RS1B
SM165
CC1M
100
201-IV
VS-100
2-way Bookshelf Speakers
Bookshelf-sized Speakers
Center Channel Speaker
Compact Speakers
Direct/Reflecting Speakers
Center Channel Mini Speaker
2-way Bookshelf Speakers
Bookshelf-sized Speakers
Center Channel Speaker
Compact Speakers
Direct/Reflecting Speakers
Center Channel Mini Speaker
2-way Bookshelf Speakers
Bookshelf-sized Speakers
Center Channel Speaker
Compact Speakers
Direct/Reflecting Speakers
Center Channel Mini Speaker
18 rows
selected.
R. Ching, Ph.D.
• MIS • California State University, Sacramento
INF
188 PR ADV Advent
INF
205 PR ADV Advent
INF
164 EA ADV Advent
BOS
205 PR ADV Advent
BOS
205 PR ADV Advent
BOS 116.96 EA ADV Advent
INF
188 PR INF Infinity
INF
205 PR INF Infinity
INF
164 EA INF Infinity
BOS
205 PR INF Infinity
BOS
205 PR INF Infinity
BOS 116.96 EA INF Infinity
INF
188 PR BOS Bose
INF
205 PR BOS Bose
INF
164 EA BOS Bose
BOS
205 PR BOS Bose
BOS
205 PR BOS Bose
BOS 116.96 EA BOS Bose
Cartesian Product
56
SQL> select * from products, manufacturers;
RS1B
2-way Bookshelf Speakers
INF
188 PR ADV Advent
SM165
Bookshelf-sized Speakers
INF
205 PR ADV Advent
I

J
rows
(tuples)
,
N
+
M
columns
(attributes)
CC1M
Center Channel Speaker
INF
164 EA ADV Advent
100
Compact Speakers
BOS
205 PR ADV Advent
201-IV Products
Direct/Reflecting Speakers BOS
205 PR ADV Advent
VS-100 RS1B Center 2-way
Channel
Mini Speaker
BOS 116.96
Bookshelf
Speakers
INF EA ADV
188 Advent
PR
RS1B SM1652-way Bookshelf
Speakers
INF
188
Bookshelf-sized
Speakers
INF PR INF
205 Infinity
PR
SM165 CC1M Bookshelf-sized
Speakers
INF
205
PR
INF
Infinity
Center Channel Speaker
INF
164 EA
CC1M 100 Center Compact
Channel Speakers
Speaker
INF
164
EA
INF
BOS
205 Infinity
PR
100
Compact
Speakers
BOS
205
PR
INF
Infinity
201-IV
Direct/Reflecting Speakers
BOS
205 PR
201-IV VS-100
Direct/Reflecting
Speakers
BOS
205
PR
INF
Center Channel Mini Speaker BOS 116.96 Infinity
EA
VS-100
Center Channel Mini Speaker BOS 116.96 EA INF Infinity
RS1B
2-way Bookshelf Speakers
INF
188 PR BOS Bose
Manufacturers
SM165
Bookshelf-sized Speakers
INF
205 PR BOS Bose
ADV
Advent
CC1M
Center Channel Speaker
INF
164 EA BOS Bose
INF Infinity
3 x 6 = 18
100
Compact Speakers
BOS
205rows
PR BOS Bose
201-IV BOS Bose
Direct/Reflecting Speakers BOS
205 PR BOS Bose
VS-100
Center Channel Mini Speaker BOS 116.96 EA BOS Bose
R. Ching, Ph.D.
• MIS • California State University, Sacramento
18 rows
selected.
Union, Intersection, Set Difference
attribute-1, ..., attribute-n(R) { | |-}attribute-1, ..., attribute-n(S)
SELECT colunn-name1, ..., column-namen
FROM table1
{UNION | INTERSECT | MINUS}
SELECT column-name1, ..., column-namen
FROM table2
Columns must correspond to one another
R RS
S
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
57
Example Tables
58
TEAC_200_products;
W-410C
W-525R
V-370
V-390CHX
EQA-3
PD-555
PD-C400
Double Cassette Deck
Auto-Reverse Double Cassette
Cassette Deck
Cassette Deck
Stereo 10-Band Equalizer
CD Player
Remote CD Player
TEA
TEA
TEA
TEA
TEA
TEA
TEA
89.96
170.96
63.86
89.96
62.96
116.96
152.96
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
TEA
TEA
TEA
170.96 EA
224.96 EA
152.96 EA
7 Rows
TEAC_150_250_products
W-525R
W-585R
PD-C400
Auto-Reverse Double Cassette
Double Cassette Deck
Remote CD Player
3 Rows
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
Union
59
attribute-1, ..., attribute-n(R) attribute-1, ..., attribute-n(S)
SQL> select * from teac_200_products
2 union
3 select * from teac_150_250_products;
EQA-3
PD-555
PD-C400
V-370
V-390CHX
W-410C
W-525R
W-585R
Stereo 10-Band Equalizer
CD Player
Remote CD Player
Cassette Deck
Cassette Deck
Double Cassette Deck
Auto-Reverse Double Cassette
Double Cassette Deck
8 rows selected.
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
TEA
TEA
TEA
TEA
TEA
TEA
TEA
TEA
62.96
116.96
152.96
63.86
89.96
89.96
170.96
224.96
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
Intersection
60
attribute-1, ..., attribute-n(R) attribute-1, ..., attribute-n(S)
SQL> select * from teac_200_products
2 intersect
3 select * from teac_150_250_products;
PD-C400
W-525R
Remote CD Player
Auto-Reverse Double Cassette
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
TEA
TEA
152.96 EA
170.96 EA
Set Difference
attribute-1, ..., attribute-n(R) attribute-1, ..., attribute-n(S)
• Performed on two union compatible tables (i.e., same
columns)
• Displays the rows unique to one of the two tables (i.e.,
found in one but not the other)
– The order of the tables matters!
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
61
Set Difference
62
attribute-1, ..., attribute-n(R) attribute-1, ..., attribute-n(S)
SQL> select * from teac_200_products
2 minus
3 select * from teac_150_250_products;
EQA-3
PD-555
V-370
V-390CHX
W-410C
Stereo 10-Band Equalizer
CD Player
Cassette Deck
Cassette Deck
Double Cassette Deck
TEA
TEA
TEA
TEA
TEA
62.96
116.96
63.86
89.96
89.96
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
Why?
SQL> select * from teac_150_250_products
2 minus
3 select * from teac_200_products;
W-585R
Double Cassette Deck
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
TEA
224.96 EA
Set Difference
63
attribute-1, ..., attribute-n(R) attribute-1, ..., attribute-n(S)
SQL> select * from teac_200_products
TEAC_200_products;
2 minus
W-410C
3 select * from teac_150_250_products;
W-525R
V-370
EQA-3
Stereo 10-Band Equalizer
TEA
62.96 EA
7 Rows
V-390CHX116.96
PD-555
CD Player
TEA
EA
EQA-3
V-370
Cassette Deck
TEA
63.86 EA
PD-555 89.96 EA
V-390CHX
Cassette Deck
TEA
Duplicates
PD-C400 89.96
W-410C
Double Cassette Deck
TEA
EA
These rows are unique to
TEAC_200_products
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
TEAC_150_250_products
W-525R
W-585R
PD-C400
3 Rows
Set Difference
64
attribute-1, ..., attribute-n(R) attribute-1, ..., attribute-n(S)
SQL> select * from teac_150_250_productsTEAC_150_250_products
2 minus
W-525R
3 select * from teac_200_products;
W-585R
3 Rows
PD-C400
W-585R
Double Cassette Deck
TEA
224.96 EA
TEAC_200_products;
This rows is unique to
TEAC_150_250_products
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
W-410C
W-525R
V-370
V-390CHX
EQA-3
PD-555
PD-C400
Duplicates
7 Rows
Calculation and Format Models (Masks)
65
Concatenation
SQL>
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
select product_code,
Alias
manufacturer_name || ' - ' || product_description
as "Description",
number_on_hand as "Stock on Hand",
to_char(product_retail_price,'$9,990.00') as "Selling Price",
to_char(number_on_hand * product_retail_price,'$9,990.00')
as "Inventory Value"
from products p, manufacturers m
where p.manufacturer_code = m.manufacturer_code
and product_retail_price < 100;
Format
model
Converts numeric or date data type to character
(required for a format mask)
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
Calculation and Format Models (Masks)
(Results)
PRODUCT_CO
---------XL-BD10
V-370
V-390CHX
W-410C
SH-8017
SL-BD20
EQA-3
CD-1000C
66
Description
Stock on Hand Selling Pr Inventory
--------------------------------------------- ------------Gemini - Semi-Auto Belt-Dr Turntable
1 $80.96
$80.96
Teac - Cassette Deck
1 $63.86
$63.86
Teac - Cassette Deck
1 $89.96
$89.96
Teac - Double Cassette Deck
1 $89.96
$89.96
Technics - Graphic Equalizer
1 $62.96
$62.96
Technics - Belt-Drive Semi-Auto Turntabl 1 $89.96
$89.96
Teac - Stereo 10-Band Equalizer
1 $62.96
$62.96
Sherwood - Compact Disc Changer
1 $89.96
$89.96
8 rows selected.
(Edited to fit the slide)
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
Applicable Columns
67
SQL> describe products;
Name
Null?
--------------------------------------- -------PRODUCT_CODE
NOT NULL
PRODUCT_DESCRIPTION
PRODUCT_COST
PRODUCT_MSRP
PRODUCT_RETAIL_PRICE
RETAIL_UNIT
MANUFACTURER_CODE
ACTIVE_DATE
NUMBER_ON_HAND
NUMBER_ON_ORDER
NUMBER_COMMITTED
INACTIVE_DATE
Type
------------VARCHAR2(10)
VARCHAR2(35)
NUMBER(8,2)
NUMBER(8,2)
NUMBER(8,2)
CHAR(2)
CHAR(3)
DATE
NUMBER(6)
NUMBER(6)
NUMBER(6)
DATE
SQL> describe manufacturers;
Name
--------------------------------------MANUFACTURER_CODE
MANUFACTURER_NAME
Type
------------CHAR(3)
VARCHAR2(30)
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
Null?
-------NOT NULL
NOT NULL
SQL>
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
select manufacturer_name, sum(number_on_hand),
max(product_retail_price),min(product_retail_price),
avg(product_retail_price),count(product_code)
from products p, manufacturers m
where p.manufacturer_code = m.manufacturer_code
group by manufacturer_name
having sum(number_on_hand) > 25
order by manufacturer_name;
68
MANUFACTURER_NAME
SUM(NUMBER_ON_HAND) MAX(PRODUCT_RETAIL_PRICE)
-------------------- ------------------- ------------------------MIN(PRODUCT_RETAIL_PRICE) AVG(PRODUCT_RETAIL_PRICE) COUNT(PRODUCT_CODE)
------------------------- ------------------------- ------------------JVC
30
1266
116.96
417.31867
30
Polk
26
135
Sony
1614
427.07692
68
116.96
Technics
2474
561.34426
32
62.96
26
68
629.96
200.97625
Do not follow this query too closely for your homework assignment
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
32
SQL>
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
select manufacturer_name manufacturer,
to_char(sum(number_on_hand),'9,990')"Total on Hand",
to_char(max(product_retail_price),'$9,990.00') "Max Price",
69
to_char(min(product_retail_price),'$9,990.00') "Min Price",
to_char(avg(product_retail_price),'$9,990.00')
"Average Price",
to_char(count(product_code),'9,990') "Total Products"
from products p, manufacturers m
where p.manufacturer_code = m.manufacturer_code
group by manufacturer_name
having sum(number_on_hand) > 25
order by manufacturer_name;
MANUFACTURER
Total Max Price Min Price Average Pr Total
----------------- ------ ---------- ---------- ---------- -----JVC
30 $1,266.00
$116.96
$417.32
30
Polk
26 $1,614.00
$135.00
$427.08
26
Sony
68 $2,474.00
$116.96
$561.34
68
Technics
32
$629.96
$62.96
$200.98
32
Output edited to fit slide
Do not follow this query too closely for your homework assignment
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento
70
R. Ching, Ph.D. • MIS • California State University, Sacramento