Adolescence
Socioemotional
Development
1
Adolescents Must Confront
Two Major Tasks
1- Achieving autonomy from their parents
2- Forming an identity – creating an
integral self that harmoniously
combines different aspects of
personality.
2
Who Am I?
Where Do I Belong in the World?
1- Adolescents’ intellectual capabilities
become adult like. They can now
understand abstract issues.
2- The dramatic physical changes during
puberty make adolescents acutely aware
of their own bodies.
3
Self-Concept
1- Adolescents distinguish others’ views of
themselves from their own perceptions.
“Others look at me as laid-back and relaxed, but really, I’m
often nervous and emotional.”
2- During the earlier years of adolescence,
teenagers may want to view themselves in a
certain way and may feel concerned when
behavior is inconsistent with their view.
“I’m a sociable person and love to be with people.”
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Self-Esteem
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Gender
SES
Race
Ethgender
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Independence and
Interdependence
• The issue of the “generation gap” and the
turbulent conflicts between parents and
adolescents has been exaggerated.
• Daniel Offer’s study of 6,000 adolescents
in 10 diverse nations reveals that the vast
majority of teenagers all over the world get
along well their parents.
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John Hill
Definition of Independence
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Self-regulation
Making your own judgments
Regulating your own behavior
Think for yourself
Definitions of autonomy that stress
freedom from parental influence need to
be reevaluated.
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Interdependence
• Reciprocal dependence
• Social relationships are interdependent
Example:
Bosses depend on their workers to produce,
and workers depend on their bosses to
manage the enterprise.
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Identity Development
Eric Erikson
Identity Vs. Identity Confusion
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Identity Development
James Marcia
Four Modes or Identity Statuses
1- Identity Achievement
2- Identity Foreclosure
3- Identity Diffusion
4- Identity Moratorium
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1- Identity Achievement
• The identity status of those who have
gone through an identity crisis,
considered various alternatives, and then
committed to a certain identity.
• Adolescents in this status have the
most balanced feelings towards their
parents
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2- Identity Foreclosure
• The identity status of those who have
made commitments to an identity without
going through a period of crisis in which
they explored alternatives. Instead, they
accepted others’ decisions about what was
best for them.
• They are happy and self-satisfied.
• They have a high need for approval.
• They tend to be authoritarian.
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3- Identity Diffusion
• Those who have neither gone through an
identity crisis nor made commitments.
• Teenagers who have experienced
rejection from detached and uncaring
parents.
• They may become drop outs, or may
turn to drugs to run away from
responsibility.
• They are unable to have a close
relationship
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4- Moratorium
• Explored various alternatives, but are not
committed and are still in the midst of an
identity crisis.
• They struggle with conflicting values
and choices and are always faced with
unpredictability.
• They show high anxiety and experience
psychological conflict
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Family Dynamics
1- Parenting Styles
2- Conflict
3- Family Alliances
4- Leaving Home
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Parenting Styles
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Effects of Different Parenting Styles
A
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T
O
R
I
T
A
R
I
A
N
Tend to produce
children who are:
Withdrawn
Fearful
Dependent
Moody
Unassertive
Irritable
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Effects of Different Parenting Styles
P
E
R
M
I
S
S
I
V
E
Tend to produce children
who are:
Rebellious
Aggressive
Self-indulgent
Socially inept
Creative
Outgoing
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Effects of Different Parenting Styles
A
U
T
H
O
R
I
T
A
T
I
V
E
Tend to produce
children who are :
Self-reliant
Self-controlled
Socially competent
With high selfesteem
Do better in school
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Effects of Different Parenting Styles
I
N
D
I
F
F
E
R
E
N
T
They produce children
who are:
The child feels free to
give rein to the most
destructive impulses
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The Judge
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The Psychologist
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The Consoler
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The Critic
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The Know-It-All
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The Moralist
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The Commander-in-Chief
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2- Why Is Conflict between adolescents
and Parents Greater During Early
Adolescence
1- At the start of adolescence, the
relation is asymmetrical.
2- By the end of adolescence, the relation
is symmetrical.
3- Differing definitions of and rationales
for appropriate/inappropriate behavior.
4- The newly sophisticated reasoning of
adolescents leads teenagers to
question parents rules.
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3- Family Alliances
• It is important for parents to maintain a
united front and a distinct boundary
between themselves and their children.
• A close bond between a child and one
parent that excludes the other can be
destructive.
• Adolescents try to test new roles to
achieve new identity, and parental
authority may be severely tested.
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4- Leaving Home
Three Dimensions of Family Functioning
1- Cohesion
2- Adaptability
3- Quality of Communication
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Relationships with Peers
1- Peers Provide the opportunity to
compare and evaluate opinions,
abilities, and physical changes – a
process called social comparison
2- Peers may serve as a reference groups
– groups of people with whom one
compares oneself.
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Belonging
• Cliques
• Crowds
• Dating
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Adolescence Dating
• It can be used as entertainment.
• It can be used to develop a sense of one’s
own identity.
• Dating is often a superficial activity.
• Participants never really expose
themselves emotionally.
• They don’t really let down their guard.
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Sexual Orientation
1- Genetic and biological factors may
play a part.
Studies of twins
Structure of the brain
2- Family, peers, and environmental
factors may play a role.
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When Adolescence Goes Awry
• Risk Taking
• Drug Abuse
– Tobacco
– Alcohol
– Marijuana
– Cocaine
– Heroin
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Risk Factors for Depression
1- Biological Factors
2- Negative body image
3- Low popularity
4- Low achievement in school
5- Family dysfunction
6- Marital Discord
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Depression
Protective Factors
1- Good relationships with parents
2- A particular area of competence and
expertise
3- A role that includes responsibility
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Why Is Depression More
Common Among Girls?
Girls are worried about doing well at
school and about being popular.
Girls are more apt than boys to
experience helplessness
Boys externalize the stress and act
aggressively and may turn to alcohol
Little evidence links hormonal production
to depression
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Reasons for Suicide
1- Depression
2- Perfectionism and high levels of
anxiety
3- Family conflicts
4- Abuse and neglect
5- Drug and alcohol abuse
6- Cluster suicide
7- Access to and use of firearms
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Juvenile Delinquency
• Undersocialized Delinquents
– Tend to be relatively aggressive early in life
– Tend to be rejected by peers
– They fail academically
– Tend to be less intelligent
– Some are diagnosed with ADHD
• Socialized Delinquents
– Commit petty crimes, but don’t continue lawbreaking
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