SAN ANTONIO COLLEGE
FINAL LECTURE TEST
HUMAN ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY 2401
RUSSELL GARCIA, Jr.
DIRECTIONS: For each of the following questions or incomplete statements below is followed by five (5)
suggested answers or completions. Select the single “BEST” answer.
Multiple Choice Questions:
1. The basic unit of tissue structure of the human body is
A. dry cell (battery)
B. blood
C. protein
D. tissue
E. cell
2. Anatomy may best be described as:
A. a study of body functions
B. the naming of body parts
C. a study of the structure and interrelationships of the body parts
D. the art of dissection
E. a study of the adaptation of the human body to the environment
3. Levels of structural organization, multicultural organisms, including man, have specialized cells
grouped
into tissues - identify an example of a tissue
A. skin
B. epithelial
C. liver
D. red blood cell
E. lined cavities that open to the outside of the body
4. The specific cavity in which the brain is located is called
A. orbital
B. thoracic
C. cranial
D. pelvic
E. abdominal
5. The stomach is ______ to the diaphragm.
A. proximal
B. distal
C. inferior
D. superior
E. lateral
6. A plane that divides the body into equal right and left sides is called
A. mid-sagittal section
B. transverse (horizontal) section
C. frontal (coronal) section
D. caudal (inferior)
E. anterior (cranial)
7. A catalyst is an agent that
A. helps control the pH of solutions
B. influences the speed of a chemical reaction
C. causes electrolytes to ionize in water solutions
D. helps determine the hal-life of radioactive substances
E. special precautions are needed
8. Osmosis is a special case of
A. diffusion
B. active transport
C. facilitated transport
D. both A and C
E. osmotic pressure
9. Which of the following is true
A. the neutron is the smallest subatomic particle
B. the electron is located in the nucleus
C. the proton is negatively charged
D. the neutron has no electrical charge
E. the proton orbit’s the nucleus of an atom
10. Diffusion is the result of random movements of molecules from an area of
A. lower concentration to an area of high concentration
B. higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
C. between areas of high concentration
D. between areas of low concentration
E. determination of glucose
11. Which of the following sections that pass through the neck will separate the head from the torso?
A. transverse
B. cross
C. horizontal
D. all of the above
E. longitudinal
12. Which of the following planes are appropriately matched
A. frontal and coronal
B. transverse and sagittal
C. anterior and medial
D. posterior and midsagittal
E. sagittal and frontal
13. Which of the following statements is/are true?
1. A system is a group of organs associated in performing related functions.
2. The sacrum is on the ventral surface of the trunk.
3. The knee is proximal to the thigh.
Answers:
A. none is true
B. 3 only
C. 1 and 2
D. 2 and 3
E. 1 only
14. The lysosomes are mainly concerned with
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
housing intracellular digestive enzymes with the cell
cellular division
providing cellular motility
determining the shape of the cell
the lipid bilayer
15. Which of the following is not part of the cell theory
A. all living things are made up of cells or their products
B. cells arise or come from preexisting cells
C. all cells contain more than one nucleus
D. all cells have the same fundamental chemical makeup and metabolic process
E. the activities and processes of an organism result from the independent and cooperative action of
cells
16. The small or lower back is known as the _____ region.
A. scapular
B. sternal
C. epigastria
D. lumbar
E. pectoral
17. The armpit is know as the _____ region.
A. axillary
B. pectoral
C. gluteal
D. femoral
E. mediastinum
18. Sodium (Na) readily loses one electron. In this state it will be
A. a molecule
B. a negatively charged ion
C. a positively charged ion
D. an atom
E. a positively charged proton
19. Sucrose is formed by the union of what monomers
A. glucose and glucose
B. glucose and fructose
C. glucose and galactose
D. fructose and fructose
E. fructose and galactose
20. The role of a meiosis is
A. replacement of worn out cells
B. growth of tissue
C. formation of new kinds of tissue
D. nuclear and cell division in which the chromosome number is reduced from diploid to haploid
E. to increase the number of chromosomes
21. The modern concept of the structure of the plasma (cell) membrane consists of
A. a single molecular layer of protein coated with phospholipids
B.
C.
D.
E.
a thick wall of cellulose
a double molecular layer of phospholipids with proteins embedded within
a continuous double layer of phospholipids with a thick coat of protein on either side
a double layer of phospholipids
22. A physiological salt solution of sodium chloride (NaCl) which is isotonic and occurs naturally in body
fluids has a concentration of about
A. 0.1%
B. 0.5%
C. 0.9%
D. 1.0%
E. 9.0%
23. Osmosis is
A. movement of ions through a semipermeable membrane
B. absorption of water by a cell
C. absorption of water onto protein molecules within the cell
D. diffusion of water through a membrane which is impermeable to solute
E. active transport of salts across the cell membrane
24. Which of the following tissues makes up bone?
A. adipose
B. white fibrous
C. osseous
D. epithelium
E. hydroxyapatite, Ca10 (PO4)6 (OH)5
25. A group of cells of like structure is called
A. an organ
B. a membrane
C. a tissue
D. a system
E. an organism
26. The hairlike projections on some of the cells of mucous membranes are called fibers
B. neurons
C. cilia
D. omentum
E. epidermis
27. The outer (or top) layer of skin is called
A. epidermis
B. subcutaneous
C. dermis
D. synovial
E. cubical
28. Adipose tissue is
A. muscle
B. skin
C. fat
D. nerve
E. transitional epithelium
29. Different minerals are found in the bone as well as other parts of the body. Which of the following has
the greatest percentage found in the bone.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
carbonate
calcium
magnesium
sodium
phosphate
30. Inside the joint cavity of a freely movable joint here is
A. mucus
B. serous fluid
C. synovial fluid
D. liquid connective tissue
E. medial meniscus
31. Moving an extremity away from the body is called
A. circumduction
B. flexion
C. abduction
D. adduction
E. pronation
32. Which of the following can be accomplished only at a ball and socket joint
A. inversion
B. eversion
C. circumduction
D. plantar flexion
E. clenched fist
33. Osteoporosis is a “disease” in which
A. muscle, particularly skeletal muscle, hypertrophies
B. the chief characteristic is muscle atrophy
C. there is excessive deposition of calcium into the bones
D. there is excessive withdrawal of calcium from the bones
E. calcium deposits develop in smooth muscle tissue
34. A fracture in which fragments of bone protrude through the skin is called
A. comminuted
B. compound or open
C. impacted
D. depressed
E. Greenstick
35. The major types of body tissue are
A. bone, muscle, nerve and visceral tissues
B. muscle, epithelial, nerve, and bone tissues
C. muscle, connective, nerve, and bone tissues
D. nerve, connective, muscle and blood tissues
E. epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissues
36. The integument (derivatives) system includes the
A. accessory glands
B. skin
D. hair
D. nails
E. all of the above
37. Which important nutrient is produced within the skin
A. vitamin B12
B. vitamin C
C. vitamin D
D. cerumen
E. hair shaft
38. The surface area of the skin of an adult male is approximately
A. 2 square meters or 19,355 sq. cm. (3,000 sq. inches)
B. 5 square meters
C. 10 square meters
D. ¼ square meters
E. 7 square meters
39. A fracture where the broken ends of the bone do not penetrate the skin is known as a _____ fracture
A. impacted
B. depressed
C. comminuted
D. simple or closed
E. Colles’ fracture
40. In women, the amount of calcium in the bones steadily decreases after ______ years of age
A. 35 - 40
B. 41 - 45
C. 46 - 55
D. 56 - 60
E. 61 - 70
41. Cells which reabsorb previously deposited bone are known as _____ and are stimulated by ______
A. osteoprogenitor cells, calcitonin
B. orthoclast, parathormone (also called parathyroid hormone (PTH)
C. osteocytes, growth hormone
D. none of the above is correct
E. fracture hematoma
42. A rounded prominence that articulates with another is a
A. fossa
B. condyle
C. tubercle
D. tuberosity
E. styloid process
43. Ligaments join
A. bone to bone
B. muscle to bone
C. periosteum to bone
D. muscle to periosteum
E. myelin sheath to axon cylinder
44. Which one of the following is not a distinguishing feature of all synovial joints
A. articular cartilage
B. synovial membrane
C. synovial fluid
D. articular disks
45. Muscle tissue is characterized by a distinctive property - the ability to actively
A. expand
B. contract
C. cause heat production
D. cause motion
E. account for approximately 40% of body weight
46. Muscle contraction is initiated by the release of the chemical transmitter
A. norepinephrine
B. acetylcholine
C. adrenalin
D. endorphins
E. cholesterol
47. The type of contraction in which the muscle does not change length is ______ contraction
A. isotonic
B. isometric
C. auxotonic
D. meiotonic
E. spastic
48. The muscle type which is characterized by spindle shaped cells with a single nucleus and no striations
is
A. skeletal
B. cardiac
C. smooth
D. areolar
E. dense
49. The region of the muscle where only thin filaments are located is called the
A. A-band
B. B-band
C. I-band
D. M-line
E. Z-line
50. A smooth sustained contraction of a muscle due to a rapid sequence of contraction waves adding up is
known as
A. summation
B. a muscle twitch
C. tetanus
D. anaerobic respiration
E. initial length
51. The actual shortening of a skeletal muscle sarcomere occurs when
A. calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
B. troponin-tropomyosin change shape
C. the thin actin filaments slide in between the thick myosin filaments
D. rigor mortis occurs
E. ATP is exhausted
52. The immediate source of energy for muscle contraction is
A. creatin phosphate
B. anaerobic respiration
C. aerobic respiration
D. ATP
E. lactic acid
53. The biceps flexes the forearm. The triceps extends the forearm. These two muscles are examples of
A. synergistic pairs
B. antagonistic pairs
C. mutual pairs
D. helping pairs
E. none of the above
54. Which of the following is not a way in which muscles are named
A. origin and insertion
B. shape
C. location
D. number of heads or origin
E. number of motor units
55. Striated muscles include
A. skeletal muscles
B. cardiac muscles
D. smooth muscles
D. both A and B
E. A, B, and C
56. A synergist is a
A. muscle which opposes the action of another muscle
B. muscle which is principally responsible for the action of a group of muscles
C. muscle which aids a prime mover
D. muscle which opposes a prime mover
E. muscle which is dependent upon potassium influx for excitation
57. The stiffened muscles of a corpse - rigor mortis - is due to
A. lack of ATP energy for contraction
B. lack of ATP energy for relaxation
C. action of lysosomal enzymes
D. inactivation of enzymes
58. The function of cholinesterase is to
A. prevent continuous stimulation by acetylcholine
B. bind acetylcholine to receptors
C. liberate choline for reuse
D. block receptors and prevent stimulation
E. release acetate for energy
59. After periods of intense muscular activity (or physical exercise) the “Cori cycle” in the liver converts
lactic acid back to
A. creatine phosphate
B. blood glucose
C. ATP
D. creatine
60. Raising the body on its toes is an example of a class ______ lever system
A. I
B. II
D. III
D. IV
61. Which one of the following is not a characteristic of visceral muscle
A. involuntary
B. under control of the autonomic nervous system
C. associated with internal organs
D. striated
E. fusiform (shape)
62. The neurotransmitter secreted by the end of the motor neuron at the myoneural junction is known as
A. ATP
B. calcium ions
C. acetycholine
D. glucose
63. A cross section of a myofibril reveals that each thick filament is surrounded by ______ thin filaments
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
E. 6
64. Flexion of the elbow is an example of a class ______ lever system
A. I
B. II
C. III
D. IV
65. The substance that is unique in muscle and serves as an intermediate in a sequence of energy transfer
when muscle are actively contracting is
A. creatine phosphate
B. glucose
C. ADP
D. lactic acid
E. protein