Modul 10
Family and Gender
Sex : the differences between men and
women based on their biological
conditions
Sex is fixed and permanent
Men
Women
Adam’s apple
Breast
Sex is not
Sperm
Ovum
Interchangeable
Penis
Vagina
It is permanent
Delivering baby
Menstruation
Sexism : Refers to a division made between
people on genital / sexual
grounds
which goes beyond the
simple
biological classification
and into the
area of suppositions
about
personality, ability,
equality, etc
Gender : The differences between men and
women constructed
traditionally
and socially
Gender is interchangeable, arbitrary and not
permanent
Men
Women
Active
Aggressive
Free
Not emotional
Dominant
Independent
Passive
Submissive
Not free
Emotional
Subordinate
Dedependent
Competitive
Logic
Decisive
Ambitious
Public
Breadwinner
Adventurous
Introvert
Calm
Non talkative
Compromise
Illogic
Non decisive
Non ambitious
Domestic
Spender
Not adventurous
Extrovert
Nervous
Talkative
Not really religious
Good in business
Objective
Broad minded
Physically strong
Tough
High self-confident
Ambitious
Leaders
Very religious
Bad in business
Subjective
Narrow minded
Physically weak
Easily give up
Low self-confident
Not ambitious
Supporters
Dr. Mansour Fakih, Analisis Gender and
Transformasi Sosial 1997, Pustaka Pelajar,
Yogyakarta
1 Gender inequality
 Marginal
 Stereotype
 Overburden  subordination
 Socialized on gender

Violence  gender - related
violence

Rape

Domestic violence

Genital multilation

Prostitution

Pornography

Enforce sterilization

Molestation

Emotional and sexual
harassment
1 Institutionalized gender inequality
 The school
 The work place
 The law
 The media
 The country / state
 Culture / tradition
 Ideology on men and women
concerning gender
1 Women problems in Australia
 Violence / cruelty
 Gambling
 Whiskey / drunk
 Seduction
Ryan in Gender at Work (1983)
1 Women’s skills have been denied
1 Women have been regarded as
invaders of the workforce
1 Paternalism of working men, employers
and courts
1 The segregation of the sexes at work
has made it easier to deny women
equitable pay
1 Highly segregated by sex
Australian Women 1788 to 1950’s
1788 – 1901  female convicts
1901 – 1914 
 Political role the right to vote (1902)
 Education (19 th century 1875’s)
 Resistance in studying medicine
1914 – 1918 (WWI) and 1942 – 1945 (WWII)

 Work forces as men went to the wars
 Out of necessity

The first time women joined the armed
forces

16243 women  WAAAF

18210 women  AWAS

1408 women  WRANS

8846 women  Nursing Services

2205 women  Women’s Land
Army
1 Women’s auxiliary Australian Air Forces
 Guiding aircraft home







Carrying radio – telephone
operators
Driving aircraft
Refueling trucks, oil tankers and
small sedans
Folding parachutes
Training under close observation
Repairing and maintaining rubber
dinghies
Treating of self – sealing patrol
tanks
1 Women’s Royal Australian Naval
Services
 Supplying cooks
 Becoming stewardesses
 Drivers
 Signalers
 Coders
 Clerk
 Cinematographer operators
 Visual signalers
1 The Australian Women’s Land Army
 Root picking
 Milking
 Feeding 100 pigs
 Tractor driving
 Attending sheep
 Corn – crushing
 Killing and skinning sheep for
rations
1950’s  women returned to their traditional
role  domestic
1 The Australian history showed that
 Australian women were out of the
“history”
 The political role of Australian
women was still very small 
dominated by men
 There was discrimination in some
educational fields
 Women were allowed to work
outside their house because of
necessity