Task Force Energy: An Update
RADM Philip Cullom
Director, Energy and Environmental Readiness (N45)
29 March 2011
Prophets of Doom
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“Two types of choices seem to me to have been crucial in tipping their
outcomes towards success or failure: long-term planning, and willingness to
reconsider core values.”
– Jared Diamond, Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed
3
The Jevons Paradox, Moore’s Law, and Energy
Moore’s Law
Transistor Count
Jevons Paradox
Year
• Observation (1865): As machines become more
fuel efficient, operators consume more fuel
• Today’s economists observe the same dynamic
with efficiency initiatives
• Reducing overall fuel consumption requires
culture change or regulation
• Observation (1965): Number of transistors on
integrated circuit doubles every two years
• Enhanced capability typically increases the
demand for energy
• Advances in technology can be steady and
almost inexorable
The Navy must address both trends – it must find a way to keep the march of technology and
improved efficiencies from just requiring more energy.
4
An Energy Smart Navy
Energy Efficient Acquisition
Existing Fleet Efficiencies
Energy Smart
Navy
Energy Smart
Nation
Diverse Energy Resources
Culture & Behavior Changes
Being “energy smart” – requires a Spartan mindset to sustain the mission… in perpetuity.
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Energy Efficient Acquisition
“Simply put, we cannot think about energy after we get there—wherever there
may be. Energy security needs to be one the first things we think about before
we deploy another soldier, before we build another ship or plane and before we
buy or fill another rucksack. And the demand for energy is not going to ease
anytime soon.”
– ADM Mike Mullen, CJCS
6
6
Energy Efficient Acquisition
PROCESS
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Current Approach
Enables Energy
Intensive Systems
Increased
Energy
Requirement
Analysis of
Alternatives
(AoA)
Efficiency
Capability
Requirement
Integrated
System
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Gate Reviews
Future Approach
Drive To
Reduce Costs
Life-cycle Cost
Increases
Operational Energy
Requirement
Operational
Energy
Requirement
Capability
Requirement
Energy
Efficiency
KPP
FBCE
AoA
Efficiency
Initiatives
Life-Cycle
Costs
Integrated System
Considering Energy earlier and centering around AoA tradeoffs
7
Retooling the Existing Fleet
“Our current force will be
with us for decades…
We need to leverage
improvements in design,
propulsion, and mission
planning tools to increase
those capabilities through
improved use of energy.”
– Ms. Sharon Burke, ASD,
Operational Energy Plans
and Programs
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Technology – Maritime & Aviation
Efficient Ship Systems
Improved Hydrodynamics
Example: Solid State Lighting
Example: Stern Flaps and Hull Coatings
Operations & Policy
Research & Development
Science & Technology
Example: Air Energy Conservation Program
Example: Engine Modifications
Example: Variable Cycle Engine
DDG-51 Hybrid Electric Drive
Test Platform: USS TRUXTUN
Enhance capability by enabling fuel savings and expanding tactical reach
9
Technology – Expeditionary & Shore
Efficient Platforms
Efficient Power Generation & Use
Alternative Power Sources
Example: LCAC, Amphibious Ships
Example: On-Board Vehicle Power, ECU
Example: GREENS (Solar-Powered Battery)
Renewable and Sustainability
Energy Efficiency First
Navy Culture & Behavior
• New Construction / Major Renovations LEED
Silver or Equivalent
• Recapitalize Existing Infrastructure with More
Energy Efficient Systems
• Increased Transparency at Individual,
Command, and Function Levels
• Integrated Technology Strategy:
Watch-Partner-Lead
• Annual Energy Audits – Building Level
Assessments of Opportunities
• Technology Enabled (Advanced Meters;
SmartGrid Pilot)
• Energy Security
• Link to Operations
Technological solutions in development will enhance capability
10
Diversifying our Energy Resources
“As we make our next change – as we lead again in changing the way we power
our ships and our aircraft, the naysayers who say it’s too expensive, the
technology is just not there – they are going to be proven wrong again because
every time we’ve changed we’ve made us a better Navy.”
— Mr. Ray Mabus, Secretary of the Navy
11
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Alternatives – Diversifying the Fuel Mix
TODAY
TOMORROW
Other
Alternative
Sources
Nuclear
Renewables
Nuclear
Wind
Solar
Grid Power
Fuels from
Alternative
Sources
Biomass
Grid Power
Liquid
Petroleum
Fuel
Liquid Fuel
Liquid
Petroleum
Fuel
Liquid
Petroleum
Fuel
Greater diversity of energy sources in the future reduces risk
of over-reliance on single sources of energy
12
Alternatives – Test & Certification Milestones
F/A-18 Super Hornet
April 22, 2010
RCB-X
October 22 , 2010
2012 Green Strike Group
MH-60S Seahawk
November 22, 2010
Allison 501k G/T Generator
January 2011
2016 Great Green Fleet
•  All ships and aircraft in demo certified to run on 50/50
biofuel blend
•  Each ship will contain full load out of 50/50 biofuel for
Ship and Aviation use
•  CSG will feature fuel saving technologies, e.g. gas
turbine improvements, solid state lighting
•  GGF will include at least one Destroyer featuring Hybrid
Electric Drive
•  CSG will conduct exercise in local operations
•  CSG will feature additional fuel saving technologies
Operational tests demonstrate the viability of biofuel as an off ramp from petroleum while
preserving full combat capability of the platform
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Alternatives – Great Green Fleet
DEFG(
DEHF(
Fit For
Purpose
Tests
DEHH(
DEHI(
DEHJ(
F-76 Diesel
Engine Test
Boiler Test
RHIB
JUL 10
RCB-X
OCT 10
SHIP ENGINE TESTING
Fit For
Purpose
Tests
F/A-18
Flight Test
APR 10
Allison 501K
Gas Turbine
Engine Test
Also certifies LM 2500
Ship Demo
MH-60S
NOV 10
Follow-on
Engine
Testing
F404/414
Engine Test
AIRCRAFT ENGINE TESTING
Follow-on
Flight Tests
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Culture & Behavior
Technology ! + Culture ! = ROI x 2 (?) … A Force Multiplier
“Part of what frustrates a young Sailor is that he’s really wedded to gas. When I
was a commander, I had a sign put over the console of every one of my air
controllers that simply said, ‘think gas.’
You can’t operate in that environment with those types of machines and not
always have your mind on that source of energy and power. We have to be able
to look at ways to extend the capability, the capacity, the duration of the
machines that we operate.”
— ADM Gary Roughead, CNO
15
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Culture Change – Sample Fleet Initiatives
AFLOAT
•  Development of Bridge Dashboard through ICAS
− Provides actionable info for optimum system efficiency
− Focus on HVAC and gas turbine generators
− Validate shore consumption in-port
•  Portable Fuel Recovery / comp water treatment
− Cost avoidance / eliminates waste stream
− Payback after one use
− Navy-wide application
•  Expansion of Shipboard Energy Audits
•  Efficiency Retrofits for Legacy Fleet
ASHORE
•  Real Time Building Metering
− Provides actionable data for BEMs
− Alternate solution until AMI is fully operational
•  Building Energy Managers (BEM)
− Energy audit included in Zone Inspection checklist
− Participate in monthly Regional meetings
•  Utilities Efficiencies
− Increase efficiency of central LP Air system
− Business Case Audits to identify efficiency opportunities
• Enabled by ICAS (Integrated
Condition Assessment System)
• Software & hardware
• Identifies equipment in need of
maintenance or replacement
• Permits review of hull,
mechanical & electrical data
Status:
• Pilot completed at Pearl Harbor
• 15% energy savings
potential identified
Way Ahead:
• Install remotely
programmed t’stats
• Train BEMs to use data
• Implement metering on additional buildings
Fleet demonstrates a sea-shore integrated approach
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Culture Change – Return to Our Roots
Training and Education
• Mandate accession training for officers and
enlisted that includes energy awareness as a
core element
Unit Incentives
Personnel Incentives
• Create Energy Subspecialty Codes for officers and
enlisted
Energy Efficient Acquisition
• Energy efficiency, conservation, and leadership
recognized at unit level afloat and ashore
• Incorporate energy in the Analysis of Alternatives
… A Spartan Warrior Ethos
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Our Challenges
Energy
Security &
Sustainability
WARGAMING
“Sea control of logistics
lanes, as well as defense of
related logistics bases,
were as important or more
important than sea control
of the main objective area,
as secure logistics were
key to being able to
maintain a seaborne
presence and continue the
sea control fight.”
- Global ’09 Summary
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Changing Paradigms
Tactical Advantage
Do we live in the Anthropocene Epoch?
Questions?
Carbonate available for the growth of coral
Optimal
Late 1800s
Low
Extremely low
By 2100
In the late 1800s, when fossil-fuel carbon dioxide began to pile up rapidly in the atmosphere and
acidify the ocean, tropical corals weren't yet affected. But today carbonate levels have dropped
substantially near the Poles; by 2100 they may be too low even in the tropics for reefs to survive.
Backups
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Navy Energy Goals
Sail the Great Green Fleet
50% Alternative Energy
by 2020
50% Less Petroleum in
Commercial Vehicles by 2015
50% Net Zero Installations
by 2020
2012 Green Strike Group Demo
2016 Great Green Fleet Sail
Energy Efficient Acquisition
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Energy Efficient Acquisition
Considering Energy earlier and centering around AoA tradeoffs
24
Acquisition – Breaking the Paradigm
Current Approach
Enables Energy
Intensive Systems
Design Cycle
Drive To
Reduce Costs
Efficiency
Increased
Energy
Requirement
Capability
Requirement
Life-cycle
Cost
Increases
Future Approach
Operational
Energy
Requirement
Capability
Requirement
Energy
Efficiency
KPP
FBCE
AoA
Efficiency
Initiatives
Life-Cycle
Costs
Integrated
System
Analysis of
Alternatives
(AoA)
Operational
Energy
Requirement
Capability requirements drive increased
energy demand and life-cycle costs
Integrated
System
Capability requirements balanced with
operational energy requirements 25
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System Optimization
Navy Ships
Commercial Vehicles
Improved Materials
Reduced Drag
Efficient ship systems
Advanced/hybrid propulsion
Integrated weapons systems
System of Systems
•  Technological advancements can have compounding effect
–  Small advances add to significant achievement
•  Some advancements facilitate complete departure from traditional design
Fundamentally Reinvent the Way We Build New Systems
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Power System Requirements for the Next Generation
Laser
Self-Defense
System
High Power Radar
Electromagnetic Railgun
Free Electron Laser System
Integrated
Motor
Propulsor
•  New systems come with high power demands
•  Efficiency advances needed to accommodate
capability advances
•  NGIPS program develops efficient power generation,
distribution and control concepts to provide power
for ship systems
27
Technology and Potential Risks
Technology solutions may be associated with new risks…
Solutions
Potential Risks
New Technologies
New Resource Challenges
Biofuels
Land Use Issues
Renewables
Electric Reliability Issues
Smart Grid
Cyber Vulnerabilities
The Navy and strategic partners must consider and address potential risks
to ensure overall improvement to national security
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