NOUNS
Traditional grammarians define a noun as "a person, place, thing, or idea."
Child designates a person; therefore, child is a noun.
Similarly, democracy designates an idea; therefore, democracy is a
noun.
In addition, nouns can be identified by the presence of signal words such as the.
Word order can also provide clues about nouns. For example, in the following
sentence, it is clear that the part of speech that will fit into slot #1 and slot #2
must be nouns:
Often, suffixes will suggest that a word is a noun. For example, -tion, -ness, ment, or -er at the end of a word usually signify that the word is a noun, as in
suggestion, happiness, involvement, and diner.
Nouns may be made plural, usually with the suffix -s or -es, as in books and
foxes.
Nouns show ownership with the addition of an apostrophe and, sometimes, an
additional -s, as in a book's pages, twenty students' essays.
Common nouns such as school, business, or person designate an entire class.
Proper nouns, on the other hand, designate a specific example of a class:
Towson University, Black and Decker Company, Joe. Proper nouns are
capitalized.
Nouns may be countable (1 fork, 2 forks, 3 forks, etc.) or noncountable (sugar,
oil).
Nouns may signify concreteness (computer, fingernail) or abstractness (peace,
friendship).
Functions of Nouns
Subject (S) - a noun or pronoun partnered with a predicate verb.
A subject
1. does an action with an action verb
2. exists with a verb of being
3. is renamed or described after a verb of being or a linking verb
4. is acted upon with a passive verb
Object of Preposition (OP) - a noun or pronoun answering "whom" or "what"
after a preposition in a a prepositional phrase.
Direct Object (DO) - a noun or pronoun answering "whom" or "what" after an
action verb. A direct object "receives" or is the "object" of the action.
Retained Object (RO) - a noun or pronoun answering "whom" or "what" after a
passive verb.
Indirect Object (IO) - a noun or pronoun answering "to whom/what" or "for
whom/what" after an action verb.
An indirect object


always precedes a direct object
never has the word “to” or “for” stated
Subjective Complement (SC) - a noun, pronoun, or adjective that renames or
describes (equals) the subject after a verb of being of a linking verb.
Objective Complement (OC) - a noun, pronoun, or adjective that renames or
describes (equals) the direct object.
Test for OC: insert "to be" between the DO and the OC
Appositive (App) - a noun or pronoun that renames another noun; An appositive
is usually placed next to the noun it renames..
Gourmet renames the noun Joe. Therefore, gourmet is an appositive of Joe.
When an appositive is not placed next to the noun it renames, the appositive is
called a delayed appositive.
A delayed appositive may rename "it" in some sentence constructions.
In the above sentence, the appositive to meet you renames it. It (to meet you) is a
pleasure.
In this sentence, pleasure is the subjective complement of it.
Therefore, it = pleasure = to meet you.