How did Hitler turn the
Chancellorship into a
dictatorship by 1934?
HITLER
BECAME
CHANCELLOR
OATH OF
LOYALTY
TO
HITLER
THE
REICHSTAG
FIRE
THE
ENABLING
ACT
DEATH OF
PRESIDENT
HINDENBURG
THE NIGHT
OF THE
LONG
KNIVES
The depression
after the Wall
Street Crash made
many more people
vote for the
Nazis. In 1933
Von Papen
convinced
Hindenburg that
Hitler should
become Chancellor.
January 1933
February 1933
 The Reichstag building burned down.
February 1933
 A communist was found inside the
building. He admitted responsibility after
being forced.
 Chancellor Hitler was able to convince
people that the Communists were trying
to take power by terrorism.
 He was able to have the Communists
banned from the Reichstag.
February 1933
 Hitler had his storm troopers
round up all communist supporters and
leaders and had them thrown into jail.
First step to repress opposition
With the Communists
banned from the Reichstag
Hitler was able to pass:
March 1933
HITLER CAN
RULE ALONE
FOR FOUR
YEARS. THERE
IS NO NEED TO
CONSULT THE
REICHSTAG.
THE ENABLING ACT GAVE HITLER
THE POWER TO MAKE HIS OWN
LAWS. SO, HE BANNED ALL OTHER
POLITICAL PARTIES!
June 1934
Now I have got rid of opposition
political groups, I can now deal
with opposition in my party.
Ernst Rohm (an old friend), head
of the S.A. is very unpopular
with the German army leaders.
They have the power to
overthrow me.I’ve been worried
about Rohm for a while, so this
is a good excuse.
The Night of the Long Knives
 Hitler had to get rid of Rohm. He was too
much of a threat.
 On the night of 30th June 1934 Hitler’s S.S.
killed over 1000 SA members including
Rohm.
 The army were pleased.
 Hitler had gained the support of the
army.
A final note
August 1934
PRESIDENT HINDENBURG’S
DEATH GAVE HITLER THE
OPPORTUNITY TO COMBINE
THE ROLE OF CHANCELLOR
AND PRESIDENT. HE CALLED
HIMSELF ‘DER FUHRER’.
Every soldier swore a personal
oath of loyalty to ADOLF
HITLER.
HITLER
BECAME
CHANCELLOR
OATH OF
LOYALTY
TO
HITLER
THE
REICHSTAG
FIRE
THE
ENABLING
ACT
DEATH OF
PRESIDENT
HINDENBURG
THE NIGHT
OF THE
LONG
KNIVES
Scapegoat: The Jews
 Hitler believed in the superiority of the Aryan
Race
 Wanted to cleanse society
 Banned Jews from political office, encouraged
violent acts against Jews, and encouraged
massive boycotts of Jewish businesses.
 Defeat God’s “Chosen People”
The Master Race: Purification
 May 10, 1933 Book Burning
 Newsweek called it a “Holocaust”
Burn books written by
Jews, former German
politicians, and books
written by Americans!
Master Race – Genetic Engineering
 Women recruited to mother children of
Aryan soldiers
 Often led to rapes
 Taught children at a young age about the
evil Jews and what Aryans were
FINAL SOLUTION
 The genocide of the
Jews was the
culmination of a decade
of Nazi policy, under
the rule of Adolf Hitler.
 The persecution and
segregation of the Jews
was implemented in
stages.
FINAL SOLUTION
 After the Nazi party achieved
power, state-enforced racism
resulted in anti-Jewish legislation,
boycotts, "Aryanization," and the
Kristallnacht ("Night of Broken
Glass") pogroms, all of which
aimed to systematically isolate the
Jews from German society and
drive them out of Germany.
KRISTALLNACHT
 November 9-10, 1938 - Kristallnacht, the
"night of the broken glass," began a new
phase of Hitler's anti-Semitic pogrom, with
30,000 Jews rounded up and sent to
concentration camps.
FINAL SOLUTION
 In its entirety, the "Final Solution"
called for the murder of the Jews
of Europe by gassing, shooting,
and other means. Up to six million
Jews lost their lives--two-thirds of
the Jews living in Europe in 1939.
FINAL SOLUTION
 During the time of World War II Hitler began forcing
the Jews into concentration camps. The children and
weak would be sent to the left and killed immediately
in gas cambers, disguised as showers, and healthy
people 18 and above were sent to the right to be
made into labors. They would have to carry the dead
bodies of their friends, family and fellow Jews to be
cremated in the ovens. The prisoners would be
shaved, stripped of all values, and after death they
would have their gold fillings removed and sold. This
was the Holocaust. Responsible for the death of six
million Jews and around eleven million Gypsies,
Jehovah Witnesses, homosexuals, AfricanEuropeans, Soviet POW's, Slavic Citizens, Poles and
the mentally ill. These events lead to the United
States writing the Declaration of Human Rights.
The Holocaust destruction by fire
Prelude to the Final Solution
 When Hitler seized power in 1933 he used his new
powers under the ‘Enabling Law’ to begin his
attack on the Jews.
 In 1938, the Nazi attack on the Jews changed and
became more violent with Himmler launching
Kristallnacht on 11th November 1938.
 By 1939, half of Germany’s 500,000 Jews had
emigrated to escape Nazi persecution.
Prelude to the Final Solution
 In 1939, Germany
invaded Poland which
had a much larger
population of 3
million Jews.
 In 1941, Germany
invaded Russia which
had a population of
5 million Jews.
Change of Tactics: Einsatzgruppen
 Himmler sent four specially trained SS units
called “Einsatzgruppen battalions” into German
occupied territory and shot at least 1 million Jews.
 Victims were taken to deserted areas where they
were made to dig their own graves and shot.
 When the SS ran out of bullets they sometimes
killed their victims using flame throwers.
Change of Tactics: Einsatzgruppen
The ‘Final Solution’
 In January 1942, Himmler
decided to change tactics once
again and called a special
conference at Wannsee.
 At this conference it was
decided that the existing
methods were too inefficient
and that a new ‘Final
Solution’ was necessary.
Wannsee Conference
Women, children, the
old & the sick were to
be sent for ‘special
treatment.’
The young and fit would go
through a process called
‘destruction through work.’
On arrival the Jews
would go through a
process called
‘selection.’
How was the
Final Solution
going to be
organized?
The remaining
Jews were to be
shipped to
‘resettlement
areas’ in the
East.
Conditions in the Ghettos were
designed to be so bad that many
die whilst the rest would be
willing to leave these areas in the
hope of better conditions
Shooting was too
inefficient as the bullets
were needed for the war
effort
Jews were to be
rounded up and put
into transit camps
called Ghettoes
The Jews living in
these Ghettos were to
be used as a cheap
source of labour.
How did the Nazi decide who
was Jewish?
 At the Wannsee conference it was
decided that if one of person’s
parents was Jewish, then they were
Jewish.
 However, if only one of their
grandparents had been Jewish then
they could be classified as being
German.
 In 1940, all Jews had to have their
passports stamped with the letter
‘J’ and had to wear the yellow Star
of David on their jacket or coat.
Where were the Death Camps built?
The work of the
Einsatzgruppen
Why do you think that they located them here?
What tactics did the Nazis use to get the
Jews to leave the Ghettos?
Deception
The Jews were told
that they were going
to ‘resettlement
areas’ in the East.
In some Ghettos
the Jews had to
purchase their
own train tickets.
They were told
to bring the
tools of their
trade and pots
and pans.
New arrivals at the
Death camps were
given postcards to
send to their friends.
Tactics
Terror
The SS publicly shot people
for smuggling food or for
any act of resistance
Starvation
The Jews in the
Warsaw Ghetto were
only fed a 1000
calories a day .
A Human being needs
2400 calories a day to
maintain their weight
Hungry people are
easier to control
Children Dying of Starvation in
the Warsaw Ghetto
SS Tactics: Dehumanization
 The SS guards who murdered the Jews were
brainwashed with Anti-Semitic propaganda.
 The Jews were transported in cattle cars in terrible
conditions.
 Naked, dirty and half starved people look like animals,
which helped to reinforce the Nazi propaganda.
 The SS used to train their new guards by encouraging
them to set fire to a pit full of live victims – usually
children.
Tactics: What happened to new arrivals?
All new arrivals went
through a process
known as ‘selection.’
Mothers, children, the
old & sick were sent
straight to the
‘showers’ which were
really the gas
chambers.
The able bodied were
sent to work camp
were they were killed
through a process
known as ‘destruction
through work.’
At Auschwitz the trains
pulled into a mock up
of a normal station.
Deception &
Selection
At Auschwitz the new
arrivals were calmed
down by a Jewish
orchestra playing
classical music.
The Jews were helped
off the cattle trucks
by Jews who were
specially selected to
help the Nazis
At some death camps
the Nazis would play
records of classical
music to help calm
down the new arrivals.
Entrance to Auschwitz
Notice how it has been built to resemble a railway station
Map of Auschwitz
New Arrivals
‘Showers’
‘Destruction
Through
Work’
Auschwitz from the air
Notice how the Death
camp is set out like a
factory complex
The Nazis used
industrial methods to
murder the Jews and
process their dead
bodies
The Gas Chambers
 The Nazis would force
large groups of prisoners
into small cement rooms
and drop canisters of
Zyklon B, or prussic acid,
in its crystal form through
small holes in the roof.
 These gas chambers were
sometimes disguised as
showers or bathing
houses.
The SS would try and pack up to 2000 people into this gas chamber
The outside of the Gas Chamber
Notice the Ovens easy located near the Gas Chambers
Processing the bodies
 Specially selected Jews
known as the
sonderkommando were
used to to remove the gold
fillings and hair of people
who had been gassed.
 The Sonderkommando
Jews were also forced to
feed the dead bodies into
the crematorium.
The Ovens at Dachau
Dead bodies waiting to be processed
Shoes waiting to be processed
by the sonderkommando
Taken inside a huge glass case in the Auschwitz Museum. This represents one
day's collection at the peak of the gassings, about twenty five thousand pairs.
Destruction Through Work
This photo was taken by the Nazis to show just how you
could quite literally work the fat of the Jews by feeding
them 200 calories a day
Destruction Through Work
Same group of Jews 6 weeks later
Was the Final Solution
successful?
 The Nazis aimed to kill
 Men like Schindler helped
Jews escape the Final
11 million Jews at the
Solution.
Wannsee Conference in
1941
 Not all Jews went quietly
into the gas cambers.
 Today there are only 2000
Jews living in Poland.
 In 1943, the Warsaw
Ghetto, like many others
 The Nazis managed to
revolted against the Nazis
kill at least 6 million
when the Jews realised what
Jews.
was really happening.
Evil is when a few good men decide
to do nothing.
MEDICAL EXPERIMENTS
 The Jews were also used in medical experiments
such as testing air pressure, live vivisection's, and
changing the color of eyes using chemicals and
dyes. The only children to not be sent to gas
chambers immediately were twins. Instead, they
were sent to be experimented on. Dr. Joseph
Mengele was the main doctor at AuschwitzBirkenau. Known as the 'Angle of Death' he
performed many horrific experiments, which were
of little use in the medical world.
Life in the Third Reich
Germany under the Nazis