Dr. Calvin Kam
PhD, AIA, PE, LEED AP
Stanford University
CIFE Director of Industry Programs
calvin.kam@stanford.edu
GSA National 3D-4D-BIM Program
Co-Founder & Senior Program Expert
calvin.kam@gsa.gov
bimSCORE
Founder & CEO
calvin.kam@bimSCORE.com
Labor-Intensive vs. Output-Driven
Laborious & Manual
Approach
Source: Associated Press
2
Efficient & Automated
Approach
Source: Tekla, Tokyo Sky Tree
Labor-Intensive vs. Output-Driven
Laborious & Manual
Approach
Source: http://wn.com/workers_stadium
Efficient & Automated
Approach
Source: Tekla, Tokyo Sky Tree
3
USA: Construction Productivity
Construction vs. Manufacturing
• Labor Productivity
comparisons can be
deceiving
PER CENT PER
ANUNM
• One must also consider
Employment Growth
• The Focus should be on
Value Added Growth
MANUFACTURING
CONSTRUCTION
Source: Singapore’s Productivity Performance of
Economics Division Ministry of Trade and Industry
Singapore: Construction Productivity
Singapore’s GDP and Productivity Growth
Sectoral Productivity Growth
(3-Year Moving Average)
Source: Singapore’s Productivity Performance of Economics Division Ministry of Trade and Industry
3D Coordination
BIM—Spatial
Space: 089 NC1st_
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
4D Phasing
-10
2 4 6
BIM—Energy
8
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
3D Laser Scanning
Virtual Airline Pilot.com
Seattle Symphony
The Many Facets and Applications of Strategic Innovation
3D Visualization (Customer Communication/Mockup/Urban Study)
3D “Clash Detection” and Coordination
3D Production (Drawings and Fabrications)
3D Laser Scanning
4D Phasing (Tenants Move, Construction Sequence…)
Space/Program Validation
Energy Simulation
Circulation (occupants/vehicles), Egress, and Ingress Validation
Acoustic Simulation
Quantity Takeoff
Proforma and Financial Modeling
And more……
Investment
$
$
$
Investment
$
$ / time
$
$
$
$
$$$$$$$$$$$
Investment
$$$
$$$
$$$
vs.
Value
 Happiness
 Sickness
Sustainability
Emergency
Virtual Design and Construction (VDC)
Client/Business Objectives
Project Objectives
ICE
Process
Design
Current State Process, T5 Rebar Detailing for Construction
NOTE: Design changes
during detailing (from:
architecture, baggage,
systems, etc.) are
upsetting RC drawing
development.
Design input/
changes
Draft spec
Engineering
Preliminary
design
Preliminary RC
detailing
GA drawings
Refine RC details
and concept for
buildability/
detailing
Prepare RC detail
drawings
(drafting)
Detailed
engineering
design
information
Update spec
Release spec
CAD check
(1d/dwg)
Check against
engineering calcs
(.5d /dwg)
Independent final
check & sign off
(2 weeks)
Building control
check & sign off
(BAA, time?)
Release paper P4
dwgs & bar
bending
schedules
Consists of:
engineering
calculations,
sketches, etc.
NOTE: Drawings are batched into sectionsthen subdivided into building components.
Each component is an assembly package,
e.g. rail box floor, wall, etc.
The number of drawing sheets per building
component vary depending on the work. On
ART for example, each component may
consist of 8-15 GA drawings and 8-15 RC
detail drawings.
Iterative
process
Most of the checking
process is done
concurrently with RC
detail development.
BAA building control
accepts the opinion
of the independent
design check - and
does not perform a
check of its own
Document
control delay
(1 week)
Release CAD
dwg, rebar
schedule (*.CSF)
in Documentum
Manufacture
All of the GA drawings are complete pending changes from other design
disciplines
Rebar factory
starts bending
Use model to
develop and
communicate
methods
Assembly
BIM+
CIFE, Stanford University © 2011
Comment on
spec
AutoCAD
CAD RC
IDEAS
Arma +
Other / None/
Unknown
Ship to site
Pre-assembly
Model rebar
component (Use
digital
Prototyping tool)
Back drafting
1 week
Preliminary drafting
2 weeks
Timeline:
Technology:
Check and
coordinate detail
drawings
Checking
2 weeks
Issue and resolve
TQ’s (Technical
Queries)
Site assembly
Document control
1 week
Existing Process - 6 weeks
13
2000 vs. 2010
2000 vs. 2010
AP, Apple.com
3D + 4D on Walt Disney
Concert Hall
1999-2000 Mortenson & Stanford-CIFE
• $200 Million USD project
• Complex geometry, tight
site
• 3D CAD model available
from architect
• Construction phase
• General Contractor hired
intern for 6 months
• Push limits of 4D
2009 AIA BIM Awards: University of Colorado Denver Health and
Sciences Center, Mortenson Construction & Fentress Architects
U.S. General Services Administration
• 8,700 buildings
• 350 million square feet
• 2,100 communities
• serves >1 million federal workers
• >200 major capital projects
• valued at $12 Billion USD
• $5 Billion USD Stimulus
PBS OCA 3D-4D-BIM Program
GSA’s National 3D-4D-BIM Program
From introduction in 2003
to pilots and technology/guidance development,
to upper management policy and budget
to GSA national program deployment and supports
to US national standards
to international agreements
Mandated Requirement on all GSA Projects since 2006
100+ Projects To Date
16 National Contracts up to $30 million each
3D Laser-Scan Documentation of Building Assets
Historic
26%
Mid-Century
56%
New Design/
Construction
8%
Chicago Federal Center
GSA, iguide.travel
GSA, www.sparllc.com
Chicago Federal Center
Building
Features
Point Cloud
Deliverable
3D Model
(Existing)
A/E 2D
Proposed
Design
Documents
Stanford University, GSA
4D Model
Project
Schedule
GSA
BIM Guide
Series 08
PBS 3D-4D-BIM
Program
Final Concept BIM
Program Target vs. Spatial Data, Energy Target vs. Predictions
IFC + Native ( .dgn / .pln / .rvt )
PBS OCA 3D-4D-BIM Program
Aligning BIM with GSA Business Process
PBS OCA 3D-4D-BIM Program
The Drive for Open Standard
BIM Vendors
Autodesk
Architectural Desktop
Revit
Bentley
Graphisoft
Onuma
* Nemetschek
* Gehry Technologies
* Beck Group
Consultants
Solibri
Digital Alchemy
Development, Validation, Calibration
ADT
Onuma Planning System
ArchiCAD
Revit
Bentley Architecture
29
PBS OCA 3D-4D-BIM Program
Typical floor area and efficiency from 1800-F
(GSA CO) Building
Gross Building Area
Gross Measured Area
Vertical Penetration Area
Floor Rentable Area
Usable Office Area
Usable Building Common Area
Floor Usable Area
Floor Common Area
Basic Rentable Office Area
Basic Rentable Building Common Area
Total Rentable Area
USF/GSF
Floor R/U
94,961
87,920
2,917
85,003
68,938
4,706
73,644
11,359
79,571
5,432
85,003
0.84
1.15
Life-Cycle
for
PBS
3D-4D-BIMBIM
Program
Facility Management
Final Concept BIM
Design-Intent BIM
Design Specifications, Performance Requirements
IFC + COBIE + Native ( .dgn / .pln / .rvt ) + Specifications
Power of IFC-based Automation
GSA
Georgia Tech
Solibri
Stanford Univ
Public
Restricted
Secure
GSA Automation of Court Design Guide
32
Example errors
Public zone
Rule : Accessibility from judge’s chamber to library
through restricted circulation
Result : Error in restricted circulation
condition
GSA Automation of Court Design Guide
33
Life-Cycle
for
PBS
3D-4D-BIMBIM
Program
Facility Management
Final Concept BIM
Design-Intent BIM
Construction BIM
As-Built/Record BIM
Equipment Information, Type, Warranty; Fabrication Model
IFC + NavisWorks + COBIE + Native ( tekla / cadduct / quickpen )
Life-Cycle
for
PBS
3D-4D-BIMBIM
Program
Facility Management
Work Order
Sustainable (and preventive) Maintenance
Small Project
Major Modernization
Life-Cycle
for
PBS
3D-4D-BIMBIM
Program
Facility Management
Final Concept BIM
Design-Intent BIM
Construction BIM
As-Built/Record BIM
BIM + (cobie)Dataset + CMMS
and more…
Smart Buildings
• Smart Utilization & Consumption
• Baseline and Scenarios
Envision Charlotte – Clinton Global Initiative | news.duke-energy.com | Duke Energy Center, Charlotte
Many Files
Middleware
FM Apps
FM App A
FM App B
COBIE2
FM App C
FM App D
FM App E
FM App F
BIM & Facility Management
Understanding Disaster:
How to rebuild and prepare for the future
Kelly Shultz, Chelsea Drenick, Calvin Kam
Stanford University
CIFE, Stanford University © 2011
40
PBS ODC 3D-4D-BIM Program
Business Case & Priorities — GSA BIM Guide Series
01—Overview
02—Spatial Program Validation
03—3D Imaging
04—4D Phasing
05—Energy Performance and Operation
06—Circulation and Security Validation
07—Building Elements
08—Facility Management
International Collaboration among Public Owners
• public owners from United States, Finland, Norway, Denmark (January 2008)
• joint statement in support of BIM, open standards and collaboration
• welcome other public owners around the world to join!
Project Purpose
space program review
Revit Model
simple energy load
analysis
Bentley Model
circulation & security
review
ArchiCad Model
common IFC file
format
Digital Project
Model
provide significant automated
feedback for early stage
concept design
cost estimate
AK
Northwest/Arctic
Region 10
Rocky Mountain
Region 8
New
England
Region 1
Great Lakes
Region 5
ME
WA
ND
Northeast &
Caribbean
Region 2
MI
MT
WI
ID
NH
CT
RI
MA
SD
OR
Heartland
Region 6
VT
NY
MI
WY
NE
IA
NV
UT
CO
KS
PR
IN
IL
PA
OH
Pacific Rim
Region 9
NJ
VI
MD
WV
MO
Mid-Atlantic
Region 3
CA
VA
KY
DC
OK
AZ
AR
NC
TN
NM
National Capital
Region 11
SC
HI
MS
TX
LA
AL
GA
Southeast
Region 4
GU
Greater Southwest
Region 7
FL
assemble a team
TheFinalSprint.com
JustYourAverageJogger.com
tlu.edu/i/news
CIFE, Stanford University © 2011
53
VDC Score: 80%
Confidence Level: 30%
CIFE, Stanford University © 2011
54
Virtual Design and Construction (VDC)
Client/Business Objectives
Project Objectives
ICE
Process
Design
Current State Process, T5 Rebar Detailing for Construction
NOTE: Design changes
during detailing (from:
architecture, baggage,
systems, etc.) are
upsetting RC drawing
development.
Design input/
changes
Draft spec
Engineering
Preliminary
design
Preliminary RC
detailing
GA drawings
Refine RC details
and concept for
buildability/
detailing
Prepare RC detail
drawings
(drafting)
Detailed
engineering
design
information
Update spec
Release spec
CAD check
(1d/dwg)
Check against
engineering calcs
(.5d /dwg)
Independent final
check & sign off
(2 weeks)
Building control
check & sign off
(BAA, time?)
Release paper P4
dwgs & bar
bending
schedules
Consists of:
engineering
calculations,
sketches, etc.
NOTE: Drawings are batched into sectionsthen subdivided into building components.
Each component is an assembly package,
e.g. rail box floor, wall, etc.
The number of drawing sheets per building
component vary depending on the work. On
ART for example, each component may
consist of 8-15 GA drawings and 8-15 RC
detail drawings.
Iterative
process
Most of the checking
process is done
concurrently with RC
detail development.
BAA building control
accepts the opinion
of the independent
design check - and
does not perform a
check of its own
Document
control delay
(1 week)
Release CAD
dwg, rebar
schedule (*.CSF)
in Documentum
Manufacture
All of the GA drawings are complete pending changes from other design
disciplines
Rebar factory
starts bending
Use model to
develop and
communicate
methods
Assembly
BIM+
CIFE, Stanford University © 2011
Comment on
spec
AutoCAD
CAD RC
IDEAS
Arma +
Other / None/
Unknown
Ship to site
Pre-assembly
Model rebar
component (Use
digital
Prototyping tool)
Back drafting
1 week
Preliminary drafting
2 weeks
Timeline:
Technology:
Check and
coordinate detail
drawings
Checking
2 weeks
Issue and resolve
TQ’s (Technical
Queries)
Site assembly
Document control
1 week
Existing Process - 6 weeks
55
VDC Score: 80%
Planning
77%
Objective
76%
Standard
75%
Adoption
92%
Preparation
81%
Process
95%
Organization
90%
Technology
79%
Maturity
77%
Coverage
75%
CIFE, Stanford University © 2011
Performance
75%
Integration
83%
Quantitative
80%
Qualitative
75%
56
Planning
Standard
Establish guideline for
off-site fabrication
R
80%
Establish more
quantitative objectives
R
60%
20%
Adoption
Improve cost
performance to
maximize profit
sharing
Performance
40%
R
R
R
R
Coverage
Overall Score: 80%
Technology
Confidence Level: 30%
Use VDC applications
for design reviews
Consider VDC for
O&M phase
Legend: R
Recommendation
CIFE, Stanford University © 2011
57
Results from 28 Projects
Project Type
New Construction
New Construction
Renovation
New Construction
Renovation
Renovation
New Construction
Renovation
New Construction
New Construction
New Construction
New Construction
New Construction
Renovation
New Construction
Renovation
New Construction
Renovation
Renovation
Renovation
Renovation
New Construction
New Construction
Renovation
New Construction
Renovation
New Construction
Renovation
Contract Type
Integrated Form of Agreement (IFOA)
Integrated Form of Agreement (IFOA)
Grand Maximum Price (GMP)
Lump sum
Not Available
Lump sum
GMP
GMP
GMP
Cost Plus
Not Available
GMP
Lump sum
Not Available
GMP
Not Available
Lump sum
GMP
Lump sum
Not Available
Lump sum
Lump sum
GMP
GMP
Lump sum
Not Available
Not Available
Not Available
Delivery Method
Integrated Project Delivery (IPD)
Integrated Project Delivery (IPD)
CM @ Risk
Design-Build
Design-Build
Design-Bid-Build
CM @ Risk
CM @ Risk
Design-Bid-Build
IPD
CM @ Risk (IPD)
Design-Build
Design-Bid-Build
Not Available
Design-Bid-Build
Design-Build
Design-Bid-Build
Design-Build
Design-Bid-Build
Not Available
Design-Build
Design-Build
Design-Bid-Build
CM @ Risk
Design-Bid-Build
Not Available
Not Available
Not Available
CIFE, Stanford University © 2010
The VDC Scorecard
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
7
7
10
10
10
10
10
15
16
17
17
19
19
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
27
Score
85%
80%
70%
66%
62%
59%
54%
54%
54%
52%
52%
52%
52%
52%
51%
50%
49%
49%
45%
45%
43%
41%
39%
38%
37%
30%
29%
29%
Confidence
50%
43%
28%
31%
48%
49%
32%
30%
31%
45%
35%
61%
46%
50%
24%
31%
31%
31%
29%
33%
21%
36%
40%
26%
22%
36%
38%
30%
58
SMCCV
Polytechnic University
UCSF Mission Bay
Alta Bates Medical
Palomar Pomarado
United Therapeutics
Lucille Hospital
Byron Rogers
Federal Center South
San Diego Courthouse
Sensitivie Project
SA Courthouse
EGWW
Ten West Jackson
Building 105
Richard H Poff
McCoy FB
Madagascar
Glodon HQ
Camelview
Chicago Federal Center
NREL
Average
Performance Area
CIFE, Stanford University © 2010
The VDC Scorecard
Performance
Qualitative Quantitative
Only 3 projects track quantitative objectives
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
59
MTR – Stanford CIFE Studies
• Properties
• Subway Stations
• Light Rail Stops/IC
• Highspeed Terminal
• Airport Express Station
Product
Organization
• Passenger
• MTR Corp.
• Customer
• Retailer
• Investor
• Government
• Neighbor
• Contractor
• Designer
Process
• Planning
• Design
• Construction
• Operation
CIFE, Stanford University © 2011
61
West Kowloon
Bridge between adjacent developments and historic districts:
30% of Hong Kong’s Population is located within 5km
Image: MTR
CIFE, Stanford University © 2011
62
Station Facility Evaluation
“To step off a Eurostar train on to a platform at St. Pancras
International is now the most dramatic way to arrive in London.”
–Sir Alastair Lansley
Images: Adam Nizich
CIFE, Stanford University © 2011
63
Executive Summary
80%
60%
40%
20%
July 21, 2011 scoring
CIFE, Stanford University © 2011
64
Optima Camelview, Arizona
David Hovey FAIA
10% technology
90%technology
sociology
sociology
optima
optima development
david hovey &
associates
optima construction
and optima
sales
leasing
property management
Good design
optima (since 1978)
makes a difference
and more…
Camelview – Performance Progression
Phase 1 and 2
The VDC Scorecard
Phase 3
Overall Score: 62%
Overall Score: 66%
CIFE, Stanford University © 2010
70
10% sociology
90% technology
sociology
technology
Planning
Adoption
Establish objectives and protocols
Find the right people & process
Image source: www.businessihub.com/guide-forchoosing-your-business-objectives/
Image source: www.us.spinnaker-nt.com;
betterhiringtoday.com/5-signs-your-hiring-process-needs-help/
Four Primary Evaluation Areas
Performance
Technology
Track impact, progress
Provide the right tools
Image source:
actionmarketingcopy.com/tag/marketing-objectives/
Image source: iPoint 3D
73
© 2011 bimSCORE
www.corenet.gov.sg
30-minute bimSCORE exercise on
Singapore The Sports Hub
Source: BYME International
Source: Singapore Sport Council
75
© 2011 bimSCORE
30-minute bimSCORE exercise on
Singapore The Sports Hub
Singapore The Sports Hub
Conventional
Practice
Typical
Practice
Advanced
Practice
Best
Practice
Innovative
Practice
PORTFOLIO
PROJECT
Planning
Adoption
Technology
Performance
Objectives
Standards
Preparation
Organization
Process
Maturity
Coverage
Integration
Quantitative
Qualitative
Confidence Level: 10%
Conventional
Practice
Typical
Practice
Advanced
Practice
Best
Practice
Innovative
Practice
PLANNING / OBJECTIVES
Set up quantitative and measurable objectives with BIM and tie them with risks/rewards
PLANNING / PREPARATION
Advice #2
BIM coordination meeting should take advantage of live models in meetings
Advice #1
© 2011 bimSCORE
Reliable Source for Learning, Planning, Management
Project: Office Tower
Scenario 2
Conventional
Practice
Scenario 1
Typical
Practice
Advanced
Practice
Best
Practice
Innovative
Practice
Gauge BIM maturity
in context of
comparable projects
worldwide or local
PORTFOLIO
PROJECT
Planning
Adoption
Technology
Performance
Easily Understood
Reporting & Decision
Support Dashboard
Objectives
Standards
Preparation
Interactively explore
alternative scenarios
for improvement of
project execution
Organization
Process
Maturity
Coverage
Integration
Pinpoint greatest
opportunity areas for
enhancement
Quantitative
Qualitative
Conventional
Practice
Typical
Practice
Advanced
Practice
Best Innovative
Practice Practice
Confidence Level: 43%
SCENARIO 1 IMPROVEMENT ADVICE
1.
2.
Listed BIM integrated Design as an important criteria in RFP
If lack of BIM capable firms, consider hiring BIM consultants to assist A&E consultants’ design
process
77
Learn Best Practices
In the context of your
project
© 2011 bimSCORE
bimSCORE as “GPS” and
“speedometer” guiding
execution with Uniform
and Reliable Evaluation
bimSCORE as “roadmap”
advising clients on SWOT,
strategies and tactics to
make informed decisions
78
© 2011 bimSCORE
Maintaining a healthy body is a life-long mission
Health Planning
Continuous monitoring
Surgery & Treatment
Annual Check-up
Maximizing BIM value is a life-cycle process
goals
best practices
evaluation, benchmark, advice and
continuous improvements
79
ROI
satisfaction
© 2011 bimSCORE
Return of Investment (ROI) Metrics
Metric
Unit of
measurement
Value
Latency of Critical Issues
Time to reach
resolution
Avoid snowball effect
Commitment Overrun
Days past due date
Address reasons for delays
early on
Impact of Issues by Trade,
by Schedule, by Cost
% of issues that
incurred impact
Fine tuning future BIM
efforts by trade accordingly
Detailed Cost
Conformance
bid-to-actual cost
variance at all
phases of estimating
Interpret variances &
perfect estimation
methodologies
Just-In-Time Delivery
% of material
delivered within
24 hours of use
Streamline procurement
and cash flow
© 2011 bimSCORE
Dr. Calvin Kam
PhD, AIA, PE, LEED AP
Stanford University
CIFE Director of Industry Programs
calvin.kam@stanford.edu
GSA National 3D-4D-BIM Program
Co-Founder & Senior Program Expert
calvin.kam@gsa.gov
bimSCORE
Founder & CEO
calvin.kam@bimSCORE.com