Document 14671465

International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 4, Issue 1, January -2015 14

ISSN 2278-7763

Roadside plants as bio indicators of air pollution in an industrial region, Rourkela,

India.

Prabhat Kumar Rai*, Lalita L.S. Panda

*Corresponding Author (Prabhat Kumar Rai), Department of Environmental Science,

Mizoram University

Tanhril, Aizawl-796004, Mizoram

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Copyright © 2015 SciResPub. IJOART


ISSN 2278-7763

Title-Roadside plants as bio indicators of air pollution in an industrial region, Rourkela,

India.

Abstract

Foliar surface undergoes several structural and functional changes when particulate-laden air strikes it. An attempt was made to evaluate the quality of air in terms of respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM), suspended particulate matter (SPM), sulphur dioxide (SO

2

) and nitrogen dioxide (NO

2

) along with biochemical parameters of twelve selected roadside plant species at industrial, traffic, residential and rural areas of Rourkela city in India. Increase concentration of heavy metals (Fe, Cu and Zn) was recorded at site B (industrial area).

Considerable reduction in chlorophyll, sugar and protein contents were observed at sites receiving higher pollution load. The variation in heavy metal concentration and enzyme activity (Catalase, Peroxidase) were found to be pollution load dependent, suggesting the activation of protective mechanism in these plants under air pollution stress. A significant negative correlation was found between ambient air quality and biochemical parameters except for ascorbic acid which exhibited significant positive correlation with pollution load.

Keywords:

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Introduction

Increasing industrialization and anthropogenic activities is the main agent of pollutant discharge into the environment and introduce various harmful substances into the atmosphere. Many industrial plants and heavy traffic may produce heavy metals and other toxic compounds into the atmosphere that may cause adverse health effects in human or animals; affect plant life and impact the global environment by changing the atmosphere of the earth (Ghorbanli et al. 2007; Raabe 1999; Bakand et al. 2005; Hayes et al. 2007). There is no mechanical or chemical device, which can completely check the emission of pollutants at the source. Once the pollutants are released to the atmosphere, only the plants are the hope, which can mop up the pollutants by adsorbing and metabolizing them from the atmosphere.

Therefore, the plants, role in the air pollution abatement have been increasingly recognized in recent years. Plants act as a sink or even as living filters to minimize air pollutant by developing characteristic response and symptoms. Moreover, roadside plant leaves are in direct contact with air pollutant, and may act as stressors for these pollutants, hence to be examined for their Biomonitoring potential (Pandey et al. 2005; Sharma et al. 2007). The use



ISSN 2278-7763 of higher plants especially different parts of trees, for air monitoring purpose is becoming more and more widespread. A number of air pollution Biomonitoring studies have been performed using leaves of different plant species. Deposited materials on the leaves have some effect on the overall biochemical and physiological aspects of plants such as chlorophyll, stomata, ascorbic acid, relative water content, pH, enzymes etc and reduce the plants development. Several investigation have been performed on the physiological and biochemical response of plants growing in an industrial region (Joshi et al. 2009; Gupta et al.

2009; Sharma and Tripathi 2009; Gupta et al. 2012). By analyzing these parameters, an early diagnosis of the extent of pollution can be done and air quality can also be assessed. The changed ambient environment due to the air pollutants in industrial area of Rourkela has exerted a profound influence on the morphological, biochemical and physiological status of plants, and its responses. The objective of the present investigation is firstly to estimate and analyze air quality of Rourkela and classify it according to the Air Pollution Index. Secondly to study the foliar traits based on biochemical and enzymatic responses of some common roadside plant species growing in the selected study sites. IJOART sea level. The climate of Rourkela is characterized as tropical monsoon climate, with minimum temperature in December and maximum in May. Rourkela city is famous for its steel industries under Steel Authority of India Ltd. (SAIL) and is known as steel city. A number of other industries are also present such as cement factory, fertilizer, sponge iron industries and thermal power plants therefore Rourkela became a significant and long term point source of pollutants causing air pollution. The entire area under the study has been divided into four sites in order to assess the status of air pollution on the biochemical and physiological parameters of plant growth along with morphological changes. A detailed description of the selected sites is described below (Figure1)

Site-A : Station road is an old and densely populated area of the city with high traffic. It is also a commercial area.



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Site-B : Plant side road, an industrial area. This area comprises of the Steel Authority of India

Limited (SAIL) and experience heavy load of traffic.

Site-C : Sector area is a planned residential area with medium traffic. It is a semi urban area with religious places, recreational areas etc.

Site-D : Hamirpur area is a rural area, mainly agricultural fields, few educational institutes and few colonies. It experiences less traffic load.

Ambient air quality monitoring

Ambient air quality for SPM, RSPM, SO

2

and NO

2

were done twice in a month of winter season, 2011 and 2012. The representative months considered were November, December,

January and February. High Volume Air Sampler (Envirotech model, APM-460NL) with gaseous attachment (Envirotech model, APM-411TE) was used to monitor the air quality.

RSPM were trapped by glass fibre filter papers and SPM were collected in the separate containers at average air flow rate of 1.5 m

3

/min. The sampler was run for 24 hour on eight hourly basis and triplicate samples were collected at each time. West and Gaeke method

NO x

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2

and

respectively. Using air pollutants data the air pollution index (API) was calculated by modifying the following equation (Rao and Rao, 1989).

API = 1/3(SO

2

/Sso

2

+ NO

X

/S

NOX

+ SPM/S

SPM

) × 100

Where S

SPM

, S

SO2

and S

NOx

represent the ambient air quality standards for SPM, SO

2

and

NOx.

Plant sampling and biochemical parameters assessed

Twelve plant species namely Ficus bengalensis , Ficus religiosa , Mangifera indica ,

Bougainvillea spectabilis, Psidium guajava, Hibiscus rosasinensis, Lantana camara , Delonix regia, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Cassia auriculata, Bauhinia variegate and Lagerstroemia speciosa were selected for this study, as they were common along roadside. Three samples from healthy and mature leaves of each plant were plucked through random selection in early hours of morning and brought in polythene bags, kept in ice box to the laboratory and enzyme activity w y. T − 0 C



ISSN 2278-7763 freeze till analysed for various morphological and biochemical parameters within twenty four hour of their harvesting.

The leaf samples were analyzed for total chlorophyll (Arnon, 1949) , ascorbic acid (Keller and Schwager, 1977), protein content (Lowery et al, 1951), Total soluble sugar content , using the anthrone method described by Irigoyen et al (1992). Heavy metals in the plant foliage were analyzed by using an Atomic absorption spectrophotometer (model 370A,

PERKIN ELMER).

For determination of antioxidant enzyme activities, enzyme extraction procedure was prepared according to Nayyar and Gupta (2006) with some modification. Catalase activity was determined according to Aebi (1984) by monitoring the decomposition of H

2

O

2

. In 1ml of reaction mixture contain potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), 50µl of enzyme extract and

10 mM H

2

O

2

to initiate the reaction. The reaction was measured at 240 nm for 5min and

H

2

O

2

consumption was calculated using extinction coefficient, 43.6 M

-1 cm

-1

.

Peroxidase activity was determined using the guaicol oxidation method by Chance and

H

2

O

2

IJOART of tetraguaicol. A unit of peroxidase activity was expressed as the change in absorbance per min and specific activity as enzymes units per mg soluble protein (extinction coefficient 6.39 mM

-1 cm

-1

).

All statistical calculation was performed using Statistical Programme for Social Science

(SPSS Version 11.2). The observations were replicated thrice for each parameter, mean values were pooled and standard error (S.E) was calculated. The correlation coefficients were also determined between air pollutant concentrations and selected plant parameters.

Result and discussion

Air pollutant concentration

Ambient air quality monitoring at different sites of Rourkela city indicated that Site B

(industrial area) was highly charged with pollutants emission from steel plant (SAIL) and automobile exhaust (SPM, 540.09 µg m

-3

, RSPM, 220.12 µg m

-3

, NO

2

, 23.62 µg m

-3

, SO

2

,



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21.65µg m

-3

), followed by Site A (traffic area) (SPM, 538.32 µg m

-3

, RSPM, 190.08 µg m

-3

,

NO

2

, 20.41 µg m

-3

, SO

2

, 17.65µg m

-3

) in the ascending order, while Site C (residential area)

(SPM, 410.28 µg m

-3

, RSPM, 165.92 µg m

-3

, NO

2

, 18.88 µg m

-3

, SO

2

, 11.77µg m

-3

) and Site

D (rural area) (SPM, 370.43 µg m

-3

, RSPM, 128.74 µg m

-3

, NO

2

, 11.98 µg m

-3

, SO

2

, 9.89µg m

-3

) showed minimum level of air pollutants when compared to other two sites. Air quality index for the selected sites in Rourkela city is shown in Table 1. On the basis of air pollution index, site B was categorized as heavy air pollution site with air pollution index 79.50 , site

A and site C as moderately air pollution site with air pollution index 59.00 and 72.75 respectively and site D as light air pollution site with air pollution index 48.50 (Table1and 2)

. The values of all the four air pollutants were lowest at site D because it is a rural area with less number of vehicles and highest at site B as it is an industrial area with some commercial complexes and ample no of heavy vehicle passes throughout the day due to the presence of

Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL).

Biochemical characteristics

The vegetation of Rourkela city is exposed to dust pollution, chronic concentration of

IJOART concentrations in the leaves of studied sites are shown in figure 2 (A, B and C).Heavy metal concentration were ranked in the order of Zinc >Iron > Copper in the studied species. The average value of Fe and Zn at different sites has been found to be in large amount. A maximum value of Fe (37.34±2.40mg kg) was observed at Site B, followed by Site A

(33.07±1.98mg kg), Site C (29.04±1.20mg kg) and minimum (24.38±3.10mg kg) at site D.

The concentration of Zn and Cu were observed as 51.07±3.77mg kg, 23.14±2.11mg kg at the site A and 53.27±3.72mg kg, 26.32±2.62 mg kg at site B and 50.97±3.48mg kg,

21.93±2.51mg kg at site C and 47.73±3.43mg kg, 20.31±2.43mg kg at site D respectively, while at the low polluted site, Fe, Cu and Zn showed their concentration as low as

15.85±1.24mg kg, 4.39±0.14mg kg and 12.54±0.62mg kg respectively. Among the examined plant species, Ficus bengalensis and Psidium guajava showed the highest heavy metal concentration while the lowest were observed in Cassia auriculata and Bauhinia variegate .

The elevated emission of heavy metals concentration in our study sites can be attributed to industrial emission and a greater density of heavy vehicles. However, heavy metal accumulation in plants did not follow any particular pattern, which might be due to their inherent metal accumulation capacity, Variation in growth rate and stage of maturity (Gupta



ISSN 2278-7763 et al. 2012; Pandey et al. 2009; Sharma et al. 2008). In site B, metal content were higher than other sites. Average metal concentrations in site D were always the lowest among the four.

The maximum concentration of Fe, Zn and Cu in the airborne dust particulates of site B might be due to the presence of Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) and heavy traffic density. However, an excess of these heavy metal may cause oxidative stress either by inducing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within sub cellular compartments or by decreasing enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants due to an affinity with sulphur containing groups (-SH) (Benavides et al. 2005) and disturbances in their supply can cause significant modifications of biochemical processes in plants, leading to lower productivity.

Overall the occurrence of metal concentration was found in the order Site B > Site A > Site C

> Site D. Table 3 reflects the values of total chlorophyll content in the foliar tissues of the selected roadside plants at selected sites. It was noticed that chlorophyll content decreased with increasing pollution load with maximum reduction at site B and site A that harbours industrial set up and highest vehicular density. The highest total chlorophyll content

(2.10±0.04) was recorded in Hibiscus rosasinensis at Site D and the lowest (0.30±0.03) in

Ficus religiosa at Site B. Chlorophyll is said to be an index of productivity and it plays an

IJOART evident that chlorophyll content of plant varies from species to species; age of leaf and also with the pollution level as well as with other biotic and abiotic conditions (Katiyar and Dubey

2001). The chlorophyll content in all the plants varies with the pollution status of the area i.e. higher the levels of SPM and RSPM lower the chlorophyll content. The reduction in chlorophyll concentration in the polluted leaves could be due to chloroplast damage (Pandey et al. 1991), inhibition of chlorophyll biosynthesis (Esmat 1993) or enhanced chlorophyll degradation due to the interference of foliar heavy metal deposition.

The concentration of ascorbic acid at Site B ranges between 0.27±0.04 to 1.03±0.03 and at

Site A it ranges between 0.23±0.03 to 0.77±0.03 with Bougainvillea spectabilis and

Artocarpus heterophyllus recording the lowest and highest value (Table 4). These are higher than the ascorbic acid content found in Sites C and D. The ascorbic acid concentration for

Site C and D are in range (at Site C) 0.22±0.02 to 0.66±0.03 and (at Site D) 0.15±0.03 to

0.43±0.03. Ascorbic acid is a natural antioxidant and a strong reducing agent. It plays an important role in pollution tolerance and protects the plant against oxidative damage by maintaining the stability of cell membrane during pollution stress and scavenges cytotoxic



ISSN 2278-7763 free radicals. Present study showed elevation in the concentration of ascorbic acid at Site B in all the selected plant species. Pollution load dependent increase in ascorbic acid content of all the plant species may correspond with oxidative stress due to greater accumulation of particulate heavy metals or increased rate of production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during photo-oxidation process.

The concentrations of total sugar content were markedly decreased with increasing pollution load at Site B (heavy pollution site) for all the plant species when compared with other three sites and the maximum reduction was seen in Mangifera indica (1.20±0.04 to 0.38±0.02 mg/g) and Delonix regia (1.02±0.05 to 0.28±0.06 mg/g) (Table 5).Soluble sugar is an important constituent and source of energy for all living beings. Plants manufacture this organic substance during photosynthesis and breakdown during respiration (Seyyednejad et al. 2011; Tripathi and Gautam 2007). Reduction in soluble sugar content in polluted site may correspond with a lower photosynthetic rate and higher energy requirements due to airborne heavy metal stress. Pollutants like SO

2

, NO

2

and H

2

S under hardening condition can cause more depletion of soluble sugar in the leaves of plant grown in polluted area (Davison and

Barnes 1986).

IJOART the selected plant species at Site B and Site A, with increase pollution load compared to other two sites i.e. Site C and Site D (Table 6). Maximum reduction was observed in Ficus religiosa from (0.92±0.04 to 0.21±0.03 mg/g) and Bougainvillea spectabilis (1.33±0.06 to

0.57±0.04 mg/g). Reduction in protein content of plants at Site A and B may be due to the enhanced rate of protein denaturation and break down of existing protein to amino acid or reduced denovo synthesis of protein which is also supported by the findings of

Constantinidou and Koztowski (1979), Prasad and Inamdar (1990), Iqbal (2000), Tripathi and

Gautam (2007), Saha and Padhy (2011). Presence of heavy metals would also interfere with sulphur containing amino acid and crude protein resulting in decreased protein content

(Somasundaram et al. 1994). Decline in total protein content due to SO

2

and NO

2

pollution has also been reported by several workers. Agarwal and Deepak (2003) determined that SO

2 enrichment results in diminish leaf protein levels by 13% and the decrease is attributed by breakdown of existing protein and reduction in synthesis.

Figure 3 and 4 summarised the Catalase and Peroxidase enzyme activities in the leaf samples of all the sampling sites. The average activity of Catalase and Peroxidase enzymes were



ISSN 2278-7763 increased in all the plant species at Site B and A (heavy pollution site) compared to Site D and C (Light and medium air pollution site).

Cassia auriculata (34.40±0.12 U/mg protein) showed highest Catalase concentration and Delonix regia (7.34±0.08 U/mg protein) showed lowest Catalase concentration. Highest Peroxidase concentration was recorded in Delonix regia (0.22±0.09U/mg protein) and lowest in Psidium guajava (0.01±0.01U/mg protein). In plant cells, electron may be transferred via chloroplast or mitochondrial electron transfer system. These electrons can produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), when come into contact with oxygen molecules. ROS are extremely reactive and cytotoxic to all organisms (Pukacha and Pukachi 2000) causing per oxidative destruction of cellular constituents (Tiwari et al.

2006; Lee et al. 2007). Stress such as air pollutant enhances ROS formation in plant cell resulting in an oxidative stress (Dat et al. 2000; Mitteler 2002; Miller et al. 2010). The plant cells have several antioxidantive defence mechanisms to protect plants against these oxidative stressors (Kangasjarvi et al. 1994; Pell et al. 1997; Noctor and Foyer 1998;

Sanderman et al. 1998; Ghorbanli et al. 2007). Pollution load dependent increase in Catalase and Peroxidase content of all the species may be due to the increase rate of production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during environmental stress such as air pollution. The ROS or

IJOART dismutase, Catalase, Peroxidase (Bowler et al. 1992; Elstner and Osswald 1994) based on dosage and physiological status of plants. Increased level of Catalase and Peroxidase may be due to the defence mechanism of the plant. In the present study Catalase and Peroxidase content in all the plant species were found to be maximum at Site B and A (heavy air pollution) compared to Site C and D (light and medium air pollution). This may be due to the interlinked primary protection mechanism offered by Catalase and Peroxidase by scavenging the product of oxidative stress such as H

2

O

2

and thus help in ameliorating the adverse effect of oxidative damage to protect them from the heavy pollution load. Varshney and Varshney

(1985) reported increase in peroxides activity in plants under a variety of stresses like mechanical injury and attack by pathogen or an influence of environmental pollution. The increase in Peroxidase and Catalase activity varies with the plant species and the concentration of pollutants.

The correlation values of SO

2

, NO

2

, SPM and RSPM with total chlorophyll, ascorbic acid, sugar and protein content at different selected sites are presented in Table 7. A significant



ISSN 2278-7763 negative correlation was found between air quality parameters and different foliar parameters except ascorbic acid which showed significant positive correlation with pollution load.

Conclusion

The above study concluded that common road side plant species growing at Site B and Site A of Rourkela city suffers maximum because of heavy pollution compared to Site D and Site C.

Reduction and increase in various parameters of the plant species studied at selected sites can be considered as an adaption to protect plants against air pollution stress. The present study suggests that the morphological and biochemical traits of selected roadside plant species can serve as suitable bio indicators of particulate pollution and an excellent quantitative and qualitative index of pollution level by capturing significant amount of health- damaging particles from the atmosphere with the potential to perk up local air quality.

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Figure and Tables Captions:

Figure 1. Location of study sites

Figure 2(A, B, C). Heavy metal (Fe, Zn, Cu) concentration in the leaf sample of the study sites

Figure 3. Catalase activity of selected plant species at different sites

Figure 4. Peroxidase activity of selected plant species at different sites

Table 1. Ambient Air Quality and Air Pollution Index for different sites during the study periods.

Table 2. Rating scale for air quality indices sites.

Table 3. Mean concentration of total chlorophyll of selected plant species at different sites. IJOART

Table 5.Mean concentration of total soluble sugar content of selected plant species at different sites.

Table 6. Mean concentration of total protein content of selected plant species at different sites.

Table 7. A Correlation between ambient air quality and foliar parameters of selected plant species.



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A)

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B)

C)

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Fig-2: Heavy metal concentration in the leaf sample of the study sites during the study period.

A- Concentration of Fe; B- concentration of Zn; C- concentration of Cu.



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Fig-3: Catalase activity of selected plant species at different sites

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Fig-4: Peroxidase activity of selected plant species at different sites.



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TABLE- 1: Ambient Air Quality and Air Pollution Index for different sites during the study periods.

Sl.

No.

1

Site

Site-A

RSPM

(µg m

-3

190.08

)

SPM

(µg m

-3

538.32

)

NO

2

(µg m

-3

20.41

)

SO

2

(µg m

-3

17.65

)

AQI

72.75

(MAP)

2 Site-B

3 Site-C

220.12

165.92

540.09

410.28

23.62

18.88

21.65

11.77

79.50

(HAP)

59.00

4 Site-D 128.74 370.43 11.98 9.89

(MAP)

48.50

(LAP)

0-25

26- 50

51-75

76-100

>100

1 Industrial 150 400 120 120 CPCB

Standard

Where SPM = Suspended particulate matter, RSPM = Respirable Suspended particulate IJOART

Index Value Remarks

Clean Air (CA)

Light Air Pollution

(LAP)

Moderate Air pollution

(MAP)

Heavy Air Pollution

(HAP)

Severe Air Pollution

(SAP)



ISSN 2278-7763

Table – 3: Mean concentration of total chlorophyll of selected plant species at different sites.

TOTAL CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT(mg/g)

1

2

3

4

5

S/N PLANT SPECIES

Ficus bengalensis

Ficus religiosa

Mangifera indica

Bougainvillea spectabilis

Psidium guajava

6

7

8

9

Hibiscus rosasinensis

Lantana camara

Delonix regia

Artocarpus heterophyllus

10 Cassia auriculata

11 Bauhinia variegate

12 Lagerstroemia speciosa

SITE-A

0.45±0.06

0.32±0.04

0.49±0.07

1.87±0.03

1.12±0.04

1.43±0.05

1.59±0.04

0.89±0.13

0.88±0.09

1.58±0.09

0.83±0.04

1.11±0.04

SITE-B

0.42±0.06

0.30±0.03

0.46±0.07

1.78±0.06

1.05±0.07

1.36±0.02

1.11±0.02

0.75±0.04

0.83±0.03

1.13±0.04

0.65±0.03

1.01±0.15

SITE-C

1.10±0.04

0.82±0.03

1.12±0.03

2.07±0.03

1.54±0.04

1.93±0.12

1.82±0.04

0.91±0.04

0.99±0.02

1.90±0.06

0.86±0.05

1.23±0.17

SITE-D

1.46±0.03

1.08±0.04

1.84±0.04

2.02±0.08

1.89±0.11

2.10±0.04

2.00±0.12

1.08±0.02

1.19±0.02

1.99±0.05

1.18±0.02

1.76±0.15 sites.

5

6

7

8

9

3

4

1

2

ASCORBIC ACID CONTENT(mg/g)

S/N PLANT SPECIES SITE-A SITE-B SITE-C SITE-D

Ficus bengalensis

Ficus religiosa

Mangifera indica


Psidium guajava


Lantana camara

Delonix regia


0.44±0.04

0.65±0.03

0.53±0.08

0.23±0.03

0.41±0.04

0.45±0.03

0.33±0.01

0.56±0.03

0.77±0.03

0.57±0.01 0.35±0.04 0.20±0.01

0.71±0.03 0.22±0.02 0.35±0.03

0.60±0.02 0.50±0.02 0.43±0.03

0.27±0.04 0.20±0.04 0.15±0.03

0.50±0.02 0.36±0.04 0.38±1.01

0.51±0.02 0.35±0.03 0.32±0.02

0.36±0.04 0.31±0.03 0.25±0.02

0.59±0.02 0.40±0.02 0.26±0.04

1.03±0.03 0.54±0.06 0.25±0.04



ISSN 2278-7763

10 Cassia auriculata

11 Bauhinia variegate

12 Lagerstroemia speciosa

0.62±0.04

0.72±0.05

0.62±0.04

0.70±0.03

0.83±0.07

0.66±0.04

0.58±0.03

0.66±0.03

0.50±0.02

0.33±0.02

0.35±0.06

0.20±0.04

Table – 5: Mean concentration of total soluble sugar content of selected plant species at different sites.

TOTAL SOLUBLE SUGAR CONTENT(mg/g)

7

8

9

10

4

5

6

11

12

1

2

3

S/N PLANT SPECIES SITE-A SITE-B SITE-C

Ficus bengalensis 0.54±0.02 0.51±0.03 0.55±0.02

Ficus religiosa

Mangifera indica

0.21±0.04

0.41±0.02

Bougainvillea spectabilis 0.13±0.03

0.19±0.03

0.38±0.02

0.12±0.02

0.49±0.02

1.17±0.03

0.30±0.04

Psidium guajava 0.37±0.11 0.15±0.01 0.56±0.04


Lantana camara

Delonix regia

0.11±0.02

0.13±0.03

0.31±0.03

Artocarpus heterophyllus 0.54±0.03

Cassia auriculata 0.16±0.04

Bauhinia variegate

Lagerstroemia speciosa

0.12±0.02

0.17±0.03

0.10±0.03

0.11±0.02

0.28±0.06

0.48±0.02

0.11±0.03

0.10±0.02

0.14±0.02

0.14±0.03

0.16±0.02

0.99±0.08

0.75±0.05

0.60±0.04

0.21±0.02

0.25±0.03

SITE-D

0.56±0.04

0.54±0.03

1.20±0.04

0.34±0.07

0.58±0.03

0.19±0.03

0.21±0.04

1.02±0.05

0.77±0.08

0.61±0.04

0.23±0.04

0.28±0.03



ISSN 2278-7763

Table – 6: Mean concentration of total protein content of selected plant species at different sites.

TOTAL PROTEIN CONTENT(mg/g)

8

9

10

11

12

5

6

7

2

3

4

S/N

1

PLANT SPECIES

Ficus bengalensis

Ficus religiosa

Mangifera indica


SITE-A

0.73±0.02

0.28±0.01

0.65±0.05

0.69±0.02

SITE-B

0.69±0.02

0.21±0.03

0.31±0.03

0.57±0.04

SITE-C

0.84±0.09

0.90±0.06

0.83±0.04

1.21±0.03

Psidium guajava


Lantana camara

0.77±0.03

0.71±0.04

0.78±0.06

0.63±0.04

0.65±0.05

0.76±0.05

1.40±0.06

0.80±±0.01

1.18±0.03

Delonix regia


Cassia auriculata

0.37±0.03

0.52±0.02

0.76±0.04

0.28±0.02

0.49±0.01

0.73±0.03

0.66±0.04

0.83±0.09

0.94±0.03

Bauhinia variegate 0.50±0.01 0.47±0.03 0.88±0.02

Lagerstroemia speciosa 0.88±0.08 0.80±0.02 0.99±0.07

Table 7. A Correlation between ambient air quality and foliar parameters of selected plant species.

Ascorbic acid Protein Sugar Total chlorophyll

SPM

-0.9706

RSPM -0.9873

0.9562

0.9948

-0.9716

-0.9136

-0.9895

-0.9168

1.31±0.05

0.73±0.01

1.12±0.03

0.70±0.05

0.80±0.06

1.06±0.06

0.77±0.06

0.98±0.08

SITE-D

0.83±0.06

0.92±0.04

0.87±0.04

1.33±0.06

SO

2

NO

2

-0.9596

-0.9602

0.9589

0.9700

-0.9899

-0.8208

-0.9796

-0.8371


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