vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
2
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
xv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xviii
LIST OF APPENDICES
xix
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Background of the Research
1
1.2
Statement of Problem
3
1.3
Objectives and Scope of the Research
4
1.4
Research Questions
5
1.5
Significance of the Research
6
1.6
Contributions of the Research
6
1.7
Thesis Structure
7
LITERATURE REVIEW
10
2.1
Overview
10
2.2
Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs)
11
viii
2.3
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
13
2.3.1
ERP Systems in SMEs
13
2.3.2
The Role of Enterprise Architecture
Frameworks in ERP Systems
16
2.4
Framework Definitions
16
2.5
Enterprise Architecture Frameworks
17
2.5.1
Zachman Framework
19
2.5.2
Purdue Enterprise Reference Architecture
(PERA)
2.5.3
The Open Group Architecture Framework
(TOGAF)
2.5.4
20
22
Generalized Enterprise Reference
Architecture and Methodology
24
EA3 Framework
26
2.6
Comparison of the current EAFs
27
2.7
Using of EAFs for Information Systems
28
2.8
Using of EAFs in ERPs
30
2.9
SMEs need to ERP
32
2.10
ERP in SMEs
33
2.11
CSFs of ERP in SMEs
34
2.12
Discussion of CSFs
36
2.13
Frameworks of ERP Systems Implementation
42
2.13.1
Saunders and Jones Model
42
2.13.2
Myers et al. Framework
43
2.13.3
Jenson and Johnson Framework
45
2.13.4
Markus and Tanis Framework
46
2.13.5
Somers et al. Framework
46
2.13.6
Parr and Shank Framework
47
2.13.7
Kalakota and Robinson Framework
48
2.13.8
Umble et al. Framework
49
2.13.9
Ehie and Madsen Framework
51
2.5.5
2.13.10 Jing and Qiu Model
53
2.13.11 Kale Model
54
2.13.12 Chan Framework
54
ix
2.14
2.15
3
2.13.13 Otieno Model
57
2.13.14 Heydariyeh Model
59
Discussion on the Findings from Literature
Review
59
Summary
63
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
64
3.1
Overview
64
3.2
Research Design
64
3.3
Stage 1: Background Theory and Literature
Review
67
3.4
Stage 2: Preliminary Study
67
3.5
Stage 3: Methodology of Research
70
3.6
Stage 4: Data Collection and Factor Analysis
70
3.6.1
Survey Instrument Development
71
3.6.2
Content Validation
72
3.6.3
Pilot Survey
72
3.6.4
Data Analysis
76
3.6.5
Sample Size
77
3.6.6
Adequacy Test of Sample
78
3.6.7
Convergent and Discriminant Validity
78
3.6.8
Reliability Checking
79
3.7
Stage 5: Develop the Specifications of SMEs
Framework
80
3.8
Stage 6: Proposing the Conceptual Framework
80
3.9
Stage 7: Relevance of CSFs and Implementation
Stages
81
Stage 8: Evaluation of Proposed Framework
82
3.10.1
Case Study Strategy
82
3.10.2
Determining Case Study Designs
84
3.11
Stage 9: Development of the Revised Framework
85
3.12
Stage 10: Validation of the Revised Framework
85
3.13
Summary
86
3.10
x
4
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
87
4.1
Overview
87
4.2
Data Collection and Analysis
87
4.3
Requirements of SMEs' Framework
94
4.3.1
Generic and not prescriptive
95
4.3.2
Implementable
96
4.3.3
Simplified for Understanding
96
4.3.4
Facilitate the Communication
96
4.3.5
Link the Elements of Framework Clearly
97
4.3.6
Present Key ERP System Implementation
Process
97
4.3.7
Include Stakeholders Interface
97
4.3.8
Simple in Structure and Practical for
Implementation
98
4.3.9
Using Engineering Tools and Techniques
98
4.3.10
Include CSFs of ERP Systems
4.3.11
5
Implementation
98
Aid to Documentation
99
4.4
Discussion on Outcomes from Data Analysis
99
4.5
Summary
102
DEVELOPMENT OF CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
FOR ERP IMPLEMENTATION
103
5.1
Overview
103
5.2
Conceptual Framework
103
5.3
Relevance of CSFs and ERP Implementation
Phases
5.4
6
108
5.3.1
Respondent Background
109
5.3.2
Results of the Interviews
111
5.3.3
Discussion of the Interviews
117
Summary
CASE ANALYSIS: ERP IMPLEMENTATION
FRAMEWORK VALIDATION AND DISCUSSIONS
121
122
xi
6.1
Overview
122
6.2
Background of the Case Companies
123
6.2.1
Company A
123
6.2.2
Company B
124
6.2.3
Company C
124
6.2.4
Company D
125
6.2.5
Company E
125
6.2.6
Overview of Case Study Companies
126
6.3
Current Information Systems Implementation
Practice at Case Study
127
6.3.1
Company A
127
6.3.2
Company B
128
6.3.3
Company C
129
6.3.4
Company D
130
6.3.5
Company E
131
6.3.6
Cross Case Discussion of Information
Systems Implementation Current
Practices
6.4
131
Evaluation of the Framework
133
6.4.1
Company A
133
6.4.2
Company B
134
6.4.3
Company C
135
6.4.4
Company D
136
6.4.5
Company E
136
6.4.6
Implementation Stage
137
6.4.7
Approaches and Elements of the
Framework
6.4.8
141
Comparative Summary of Case
Companies
144
6.5
Suggestions for Revision and Improvement
145
6.6
Development of Revised Framework
145
6.7
Validation of Revised Framework
151
6.8
Comparison of Proposed Framework with Others
153
6.9
Summary
154
xii
7
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
156
7.1
Conclusion
156
7.2
Limitation of the Research
158
7.3
Recommendations for Future Work
158
REFERENCES
Appendices A - G
160
176-203
xiii
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Definition of SMEs in different countries
11
2.2
The categorized ERP benefits
14
2.3
Zachman framework (Zachman, 1996)
19
2.4
Comparison of the current EAFs
28
2.5
The frequency of CSFs citation in SMEs
37
2.6
The frequency of CSFs citation in Large
Organizations
2.7
38
Comparing the Frequency of Citation of CSFs in
Large Organizations and SMEs
41
2.8
Comparison of implementation frameworks
61
3.1
Stage 1 - background theory and literature review
67
3.2
Stage 2 - preliminary study
68
3.3
Stage 3 - methodology of research
70
3.4
Stage 4 - data collection and factor analysis
71
3.5
Revision of questionnaire
73
3.6
Respondent characteristics
76
3.7
KMO and Bartlett's Test
78
3.8
Stage 5 - develop the specifications of SMEs
framework
80
3.9
Stage 6 - proposing the conceptual framework
81
3.10
Stage 7- relevance of CSFs and implementation
stages
81
3.11
Stage 8 - evaluation of the proposed framework
82
3.12
Stage 9 - development of the revised framework
85
xiv
3.13
Stage 10 - validation of the revised framework
86
4.1
Eigenvalues and Total Variances
89
4.2
Rotated Component Matrix (Varimax Rotation
Matrix)
4.3
Pearson correlation between CSFs and success rate
of ERP implementation
4.4
89
92
Pearson correlation between success rate and
scientific methodology of ERP implementation
92
4.5
Cronbach's Alpha
93
5.1
The responses of all respondents
112
5.2
Iteration of CSFs importance for implementation in
interviews
5.3
117
Priorities of related CSFs in each stage of
implementation
118
6.1
Overview of company and respondents backgrounds
126
6.2
Cross case comparison of information systems
implementation
132
6.3
Evaluation of the methodology processes
140
6.4
Cross-case evaluation of the approaches and
elements
6.5
143
Summary of suggestions from the case study
companies
145
6.6
Actions of revision as response of suggestions
146
6.7
Validation results of the revised framework
152
xv
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
1.1
Contributions of research scheme
1.2
Overview of research process and corresponding
PAGE
7
chapters
8
2.1
Literature review scheme
10
2.2
The life cycle of PERA (Williams, 1994)
21
2.3
TOGAF architecture development method
(Harrison, 2007; Schekkerman, 2004)
22
2.4
GERAM framework (Bernus et al., 2003)
24
2.5
GERA architecture (Bernus et al., 2003)
25
2.6
EA3 Framework (Bernard, 2005)
26
2.7
IS function performance evaluation (Saunders and
Jones, 1992)
2.8
DeLone and McLean IS success model (DeLone
and McLean, 1992)
2.9
46
Somers et al. conceptual model of ERP
implementations (Somers et al., 2000)
2.13
45
Markus and Tanis ERP implementation life cycle
(Markus and Tanis, 2000)
2.12
44
Jenson and Johnson framework (Jenson and
Johnson, 1999)
2.11
43
The framework of IS assessment (Myers et al.,
1997)
2.10
43
47
Parr and Shank framework for ERP implementation
(Parr and Shanks, 2000b)
48
xvi
2.14
Kalakota and Robinson framework (Kalakota and
Robinson, 2001)
49
2.15
Umble et al. framework (Umble et al., 2003)
50
2.16
Five-stage ERP implementation framework (Ehie
and Madsen, 2005)
2.17
Interpretative structural model of ERP
implementation (Jing and Qiu, 2007)
2.18
55
Empirical ERP Implementation Model (EEIM)
(Otieno, 2010)
2.21
54
Chan's theoretical framework of ERP
implementation (Chan, 2008)
2.20
53
Conceptual model for implementation of ERP in
SMEs (Kale et al., 2007)
2.19
52
58
CSFs of ERP implementation model (Heydariyeh et
al., 2012)
60
3.1
Overview of research design
66
3.2
Case study model (Yin, 2009; 2011)
84
3.3
Basic type of designs for case studies (Yin, 2009;
2011)
85
4.1
Classified CSFs and related items
94
4.2
Cause-Effects Diagram of the Critical Success
Factors and Variances
5.1
Conceptual framework for ERP implementation in
SME
6.1
128
Diagram of ERP system implementation in
Company C
6.5
127
Diagram of ERP system implementation in
Company B
6.4
123
Diagram of ERP system implementation in
Company A
6.3
104
General view of reviewing and validation process
using case study
6.2
100
129
Diagram of ERP system implementation in
Company D
130
xvii
6.6
Diagram of ERP system implementation in
Company E
6.7
131
Revised framework of ERP Implementation for
SMEs
147
6.8
Detailed Phase one - Strategic Planning stage
148
6.9
Detailed Phase one – Business Architecture stage
149
6.10
Detailed Phase two (Design) stages
149
6.11
Detailed Phase three of the implementation
150
6.12
Detailed Phase Four of the implementation
151
xviii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
SMEs
-
Small and Medium Sized Enterprises
ERP
-
Enterprise Resource Planning
EA
-
Enterprise Architecture
EAF
-
Enterprise Architecture Framework
EFA
-
Exploratory Factor Analysis
IS
-
Information System
IT
-
Information Technology
ICT
-
Information and Communication Technology
PERA
-
Purdue University Reference Architecture
TOGAF
-
The Open Group Architecture Framework
ADM
-
Architecture Development Method
GERAM
-
Generalized Enterprise Reference Architecture and
Methodology
GERA
-
Generic Enterprise Reference Architecture
EA3
-
Enterprise Architecture Cube
ZF
-
Zachman Framework
xix
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
TITLE
PAGE
A
Items for Measuring of Critical Success Factors
176
B
Final Revised Questionnaire for CSFs
178
C
Measures for Evaluation of Success for
Information Systems
D
Evaluation of the Framework for ERP
Implementation in SMEs
E
182
184
Validation of the Revised Framework for ERP
Implementation in SMEs
195
F
Interviewed Expert Specifications
202
G
Relevance of Critical Success Factors (CSFs) and
Implementation Stages
203