vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
2
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
iv
ABSTRAK
v
ABSTRACT
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
xiv
LIST OF SYMBOLS
xvi
LIST OF APPENDICES
xviii
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Background of Studies
1
1.2
Statement of Problem
5
1.3
Aim and Objectives
9
1.4
Scope of Work
9
1.5
The Importance of Research
10
1.6
Organisation of Research Chapter
10
PRESCRIPTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
12
DESIGN
2.1
Introduction
12
2.2
Fire Issues
14
2.3
Fire Protection System Design and Selection
18
viii
2.3.1
Reasons for Design and Installation of
25
Fire Protection
2.4
Fire Protection and Prevention Code of Practices
27
2.4.1
41
National Fire Protection Association
(NFPA) Regulation Code
2.5
Fire Protection System Assessment Tools and
43
Solution
2.5.1
Fire Risk Evaluation and Cost Assessment
45
Model (FiRECAM™)
2.5.2
Fire Evaluation and Risk Assessment
49
System (FIERA System)
2.6
Active Fire Protection System
50
2.7
The Criteria/Attributes Selection of Fire Protection
53
Systems
2.7.1
Introduction on the Selection of Equipment
53
and Systems
2.7.2
The Human Side of Fire System
55
2.7.3
Fire Protection Authority Code
56
2.7.4
Design Plan and Needs
59
2.7.5
Cost of Budget
60
2.7.6
Life Safety Contribution
61
2.7.7
Ability of the Fire Protection System
62
2.7.8
Fire Protection System to Clearly Notify
63
Occupant
2.7.9
Safe Time for Occupant Evacuation Escape
2.7.10 Integration and Adaptability of Fire
64
64
Protection System
2.7.11 Means of Accessibility Fire Protection
66
System
2.7.12 Preventive Maintenance of Fire Protection
67
ix
System
2.7.13 Consumer Friendly Operation of Fire
68
Protection System
2.7.14 Interior Finishes and Spaces
69
2.7.15 Fire Protection System Environment
69
Contribution
2.8
3
Summary
70
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
71
3.1
Overview of Approach
71
3.2
Data Prerequisite
73
3.3
Data Required to Developed Fire Protection
74
System Selection
3.4
Source of Data
75
3.5
Introduction of Data Collection
76
3.6
Data Collection Technique
78
3.7
Methodology Tools for Fire Protection System
79
Selection
3.7.1
Scenario-Based Goal Decomposition
83
Approach
3.8
3.7.2
Dynamic Programming
84
3.7.3
Fuzzy Logic
86
3.7.4
Delphi Method
87
3.7.5
Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)
88
Data Collection Integrated with AHP Rating
89
Technique Analysis
3.9
Data Segregation and Compilation in AHP Rating
90
Technique Analysis
3.10
Generic Process Model Development
90
3.11
Evaluation and Validate Generic Process Model
90
3.12
Conclusion
91
x
4
ANALYTICAL HIERARCHY PROCESS DATA
92
ANALYSIS
4.1
Introduction to Data Analysis
92
4.2
Introduction to Analytical Hierarchy Process
93
4.3
AHP Data Analysis
94
4.4
Assembly of Data before Analytical Hierarchy Process
96
(AHP) Analysis
4.5
Organize Data in Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)
98
Analysis
5
4.6
Interpretation
109
4.7
Summary
109
IDEFØ MODEL AND MODELLING TECHNIQUE
110
5.1
Concept Modeling Development
110
5.2
Modelling Development
113
5.3
Layers of Model in Computer Integrated Construction
116
(CIC)
5.3.1
Specific Model
116
5.3.2
Reference Model
116
5.3.3
Conceptual Model
118
5.3.4
Metamodel
118
5.4
IDEFØ Modelling
120
5.5
IDEFØ Concepts
121
5.6
IDEFØ Syntax
122
5.7
IDEFØ Cell Modeling Graphic Representation
123
5.8
Strengths and Weaknesses of IDEF-0
124
5.9
Expected Result
126
5.10
Summary
130
xi
6
GENERIC PROCESS MODEL PERFORMANCE
132
VALIDATION
7
6.1
Introduction
132
6.2
Respondent Validation
132
6.3
Result and Recommendation
134
6.4
Concluding
138
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
139
7.1
Statement of Conclusion
139
7.2
Future Recommendation
141
REFERENCES
142
APPENDIX - A
164
APPENDIX - B
165
xii
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
1.1
Large Loss Fire that Caused $10 Million or More in
Property Damage, 2000-2009
3
2.1
List of Uniform Building By Laws
30
2.2
Summary of British Standards and Malaysian Standards
32
2.2.1
Fire Hydrant System
32
2.2.2
Automatic Sprinkler System
33
2.2.3
Fire Alarm System
35
2.2.4
Fire Detection System
37
2.2.5
Fire Suppression System
38
2.2.6
Standpipe Hose Reel System
39
3.1
Methodology Tools Suitability Definition
81
3.2
SWOT Scenario-Based Goal Decomposition Approach
81
3.3
SWOT Dynamic Programming
81
3.4
SWOT Fuzzy Logic
82
3.5
SWOT Delphi Method
82
3.6
SWOT Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)
82
4.1
Evaluation Based on Ranks of Each Factor
100
4.2
Weight of Importance
103
5.1
IDEF Family
111
xiii
6.1
Summary of Professional Respondent
128
6.2
Summary of Result and Recommendation from
Professional Respondent
129
xiv
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
1.1
Direct Dollar Loss in Large-Loss Fires, Unadjusted and
Adjusted 2000-2009
3
2.1
Reason When Sprinkler Are Ineffective, 2004-2008
16
2.2
Home Structure Fire Death by Smoke Alarm Performance
2003-2006
17
2.3
Building design stage and the application of fire safety
requirement
18
2.4
Project Development Process – Traditional Approach
20
2.5
FiRECAM™ Flowchart
48
3.1
Fuzzy Logic Temperature Example
86
4.1
Analytical Hierarchy Process Cross Table
96
4.2
Analytical Hierarchy Process Criteria Rating Sample
98
4.3
AHP Analysis on Job Criteria Rating with Employee
Alternative
99
4.4
AHP Normalize Score Formula
103
4.5
Example of Analytical Hierarchy Process Analysis
(ST Integrated Engineering Sdn Bhd Respondent)
105
4.6
Importance Level and Importance Weight Combine AHP
Analysis
106
4.7
Sum and Normalize Score Fire Protection System Combine
Respondent AHP Analysis
107
4.8
Criteria Ranking for Combine AHP Analysis
108
xv
5.1
Abstraction Level for Meta-Model Processes
119
5.2
IDEFØ Box and Arrow Graphics
124
5.3
AHP Criteria Grouping
127
5.4
Sample of IDEF-0 Function Modelling
128
xvi
LIST OF SYMBOLS
NFPA
–
National Fire Protection Association
MEP
–
Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing
AHP
–
Analytical Hierarchy Process
IBC
–
International Building Code
UBBL
–
Uniform Building By Law
CO2
–
Carbon Dioxide
FEO
–
For Exposition Only
FP
–
Fire Protection
FIDO
–
Fire Incident Data Organisation
FiRECAM™ –
Fire Risk Evaluation and Cost Assessment Model
ISO
–
International Organisation for Standardisation
FIERA
–
Fire Evaluation and Risk Assessment
FPEtools
–
Fire Protection Engineering Tools
HVAC
–
Heat Ventilation Air Conditioning
CFAST
–
Fire Growth and Smoke Transport Modeling
HAZARD I
–
Fire Hazard Assessment Method
BS
–
British Standard
MS
–
Malaysian Standard
IDEFØ
–
Integration Definition for Function Modeling
CIC
–
Computer Integrated Construction
SWOT
–
Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats
MEP
–
Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing
SADT
–
Structured Analysis and Design Technique
FCRC
–
Fire Code Reform Centre
FEO
–
For Exposition Only
PFD
–
Process Flow Description
xvii
OSTD
–
Object State Transition Description
ICOM
–
Input, Control, Output and Mechanism
IDEF
–
Integrated Definition
P.E
–
Professional Engineer
xviii
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
TITLE
PAGE
A
Developed Generic Process Model
164
B
AHP Data Analysis Table
165