UNIT 3.1
Cell Biology Survey
Presented by:
Dr. Eduardo Almeida
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CELL BIOLOGY
UNIT 3.1
Cell Biology Survey
Dr. Eduardo Almeida
Vocabulary:
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Apoptosis
Chloroplast
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Enzyme
Keratinocyte
Mitochondria
Nucleotides
Phagocytosis
Purpose:
The purpose of this unit is to convey the basic biology of the cell and the variety of topics
studied by modern cell and molecular biologists.
Objectives:
To understand:
a) The complexity of cellular life:
- Cell Types
- Cell Organelles and respective functions
b) Cell Biochemistry:
- Amino Acids
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleotides
- Sugars
- DNA
c) How Cells Read the Genome: From DNA to Protein
d) Cell Membrane Structure
e) Intracellular Compartments and Traffic
f) Energy Conversion Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
g) Cell Communication
h) The Cytoskeleton
i) Cell Adhesion and the Extracellular Matrix
j) The Cell Cycle and Cell Division
k) Programmed Cell Death
- Cancer
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CELL BIOLOGY
Cells are Highly Complex Nanomachines
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Cells are enveloped by membranes
Cells have tens of thousands of genes
Each gene is encoded by thousands of nucleotides
Most genes encode one or more proteins
Proteins can be nanomachines (enzymes) that cut, ligate, move, and store energy
Proteins can also be structural components of the cell
Cells are Variable in Appearance but Have Basic Common Elements
Mammalian Keratinocytes I
Amoeba II
Eutrepiella-flagellate III
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CELL BIOLOGY
Biochemistry
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Amino Acids - Protein components
Nucleotides - Nucleic acid components DNA/RNA
Lipids - Membrane components
Sugars - Protein coating, energy storage
Proteins- Molecular machinery and structure
DNA - Information storage
RNA - Information transfer
Inorganic Ions - Ca,Mg, Na, K, H
Cell Organelles and Functions (Animal Cell)
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Nucleus
RER / SER
Golgi
Lysosomes
Peroxisome
Endosomes
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Membrane
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CELL BIOLOGY
How Cells Read the Genome: From DNA to Protein
The Cell Membrane III:
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CELL BIOLOGY
The Cell Membrane I:
Red blood cells are highly plastic
The Cell Membrane II:
Lipid membrane fluidity
The cell membrane serves as a substrate for proteins that can be free to move or may be
anchored
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CELL BIOLOGY
Intracellular Compartments and Traffic
Nuclear Transport regulation of DNA
function by proteins
The Endoplasmic
Reticulum contains
and transports
newly synthesized
proteins
Cells internalize
nutrients and other
cells via
phagocytosis
Endoplasmic Reticulum
to Golgi transportation
and secretion of
proteins
Mitochondria are the energy
conversion center of the animal cell
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CELL BIOLOGY
Cell Communication
Cell Communication I
Calcium waves are major cell communication signals
Neutrophil chemotaxis
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CELL BIOLOGY
The Cytoskeleton
The Cytoskeleton
Microtubules:
Microtubules form the
dynamically remodeling
cytoskeleton
The Cytoskeleton Microtubules:
Kinesin and Dynein are protein motors that
move organelles along microtubules
The Cytoskeleton
Actin/Myosin Motor:
• Actin and Myosin are
major cellular motors
responsible for the
mechanism of muscle
contraction
• Actin also forms
structural stress fibers
in non-contracting cells
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CELL BIOLOGY
Cell and Matrix Adhesions
Cell and Matrix Adhesion Cadherins and Integrins
Cell Matrix Adhesion Selectins
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Cadherins mediate
cell-cell adhesion
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Integrins mediate
cell-matrix adhesion
CELL BIOLOGY
The Cell Cycle
Cell Divisions
• Animal cell division Karyokinesis and
Cytokinesis.
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Most cells have a limited number of
divisions before becoming senescent.
Programmed Cell Death - Apoptosis
• Cell death is regulated and can occur in
development, as a cancer checkpoint,
and other situations.
Cancer
• Cancer cells usually lose their ability to stop
dividing and to undergo programmed cell
death checkpoints.
• Tumor metastasis is caused by cancer cells that
are also highly migratory and invasive.
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CELL BIOLOGY
Reference Materials
Course Textbook and CD:
Molecular Biology of the Cell
Alberts, Johnson, Lewis, Raff, Roberts, and Walter
Fourth Edition, Garland Science
ISBN 0-8153-3218-1
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CELL BIOLOGY
Notes:
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