Structures Nasal Cavity The air breathed in the nose is filtered in the Nasal Cavity… (It is also used to smell and to resonate the voice!) Nasal Cavity …Then, it exits the naval cavity to the pharynx through two posterior nares (It is also used to smell and to resonate the voice!) Pharynx A five inch tube that leads air from the naval cavity to the larynx and also helps to lead food from the mouth to the esophagus Used to help with pronunciation, especially vowels! Larynx A protected passageway for air to pass to the trachea Also holds vocal chords to help produce sounds and talk! Larynx While swallowing, cartilage closes the larynx (and the trachea!) so food or drink cannot enter the airway Also holds vocal chords to help produce sounds and talk! Trachea A 5‐inch tube that carries air between the larynx and bronchi The first part of the lower respiratory tract! Trachea In the trachea’s walls are 16‐20 tracheal rings made of cartilage. The purpose is to keep the airway open. There are open areas so that the esophagus can expand when swallowing food. Lungs The lungs are surrounded and protected by the rib cage and sternum The left lung is a little longer than the right, but smaller. The back of the left lung has a depression where the heart lies The lungs sit on the diaphragm  Lungs A majority of each lung is blood vessels and respiratory tubes such as the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli Primary (1°) Bronchi As the trachea reaches the lungs, it splits into the left and right primary (1°) bronchi in each lung Air flows in and out of the lungs through the primary bronchi Secondary (2°) Bronchi Inside the lungs, the primary bronchi divide into secondary bronchi Tertiary (3⁰) Bronchi Tertiary bronchi branch off from the secondary bronchi Tertiary (3) Bronchi Used to pass air to and from a bronchopulmonary segment There are 10 bronchopulmonary segments in the right lung and 8 in the left Bronchioles Bronchioles pass air from the tertiary bronchi to the alveoli The bronchioles reach inside the pulmonary lobules, which hold the alveoli Alveoli Bronchioles pass air from the tertiary bronchi to the alveoli When many alveoli share an alveolar duct, it is called an alveolar sac The alveoli is where the gas exchange of oxygen to carbon dioxide takes place… (you’ll hear more about this in a second! ) Structure Do you get it? Bronchiole Alveoli Diaphragm Functions the respiratory system and the circulatory system work together to provide oxygen to the body, as well as remove waste from the result of metabolism and regulate the pH of blood. Breathing… aka Pulmonary Ventilation Inhale Exhale Respiration (Gas Exchange!) Inhaling & Exhaling  Every 3‐5 seconds, ventilation, or the breathing process, is stimulated by nerve impulses.   The movement of the diaphragm changes air pressure in the lung   Difference in pressure between the atmosphere and the lungs allow air flow Gas Exchange  Occurs inside the lungs 1. CO2 diffuses out of cells, O2 diffuses out of Alveoli Red Blood Cell • CO2 • O2 Alveoli 2. The heart pumps the O2 rich blood to the rest of the body Lungs Heart Tissue 3. O2 diffuses out of cells, Co2 diffuses out of tissues Red Blood Cell • O2 • CO2 Tissue 3. O2 diffuses out of cells, Co2 diffuses out of tissues   When CO2 diffuses into the red blood cells, enzyme carbonic anhydrase combines it with water to create carbonic acid (H2CO3)   H2CO3 dissolves into bicarbonate ions, which will not diffuse out of the cell   The H2CO3 bicarbonate ions are stored in the cytoplasm of the red blood cells 4. The heart pumps the O2 poor blood back to the lungs Lungs Heart Tissue 4. The heart pumps the O2 poor blood back to the lungs   carbonic anhydrase will reverse the process, allowing the ions to escape as CO2 gasses It’s a cycle!  Inhale O2 Exhale CO2 CO2 diffuses into alveoli , O2 diffuses into RBC Heart pumps blood to body Cells release CO2 Heart pumps blood back to lungs O2 dissolves into tissue, CO2 into cells Gas Transportation O2 Transport CO2 Transport   External Respiration‐   After diffusing out of red Hemoglobin inside red blood cells carry oxygen   Bohr Effect‐ the effect of CO2 on hemoglobin that causes it to change shape and release its oxygen blood cells, enzyme carbonic anhydrase takes the CO2 and a molecule of H2O to form carbonic acid (H2CO3)   The resulting bicarbonate ions will not diffuse out of the blood cells Silly! We exhale CO2! Need more info? Check out these FABULOUS sources!   GetBodySmart. com   Where we got most of our images…   Blackboard! (of course…)   Course documents Unit 9  Simple animations/overviews of all systems   Your textbook! 22.13 & 22.14 (2nd edition) Johnson, George B. (2000). The living world. USA: McGraw‐Hill.   Other Sources…   Walker, P. and Wood, E. (2003). The respiratory system. Farmington Hills, MI: Lucent Books.   U.S. National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. (n.d.). Introduction to the respiratory system National Cancer Institute. Retrieved from http://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/respiratory/. Then on that note… 1. Poke a hole. Take a plastic cup and make a hole at the bottom, about the size of a penny. 2. Abuse the balloon.   Cut the ring off of a balloon and stretch it across the top of the cup. 3. Use the straw (but not for drinking…).   Put a straw into the other balloon   Keep the straw in place with a rubber band. 4. BREATHE.   When the balloon over the top of the cup is pulled, the smaller balloon should inflate, demonstrating how the lungs expand after air goes through the windpipe (the straw), and the diaphragm moves like the balloon at the top of the cup.