Prof.Dr.Nadeem Mohammed Taher
Collage of Nursing
Biochemistry:-this term was introduced by Carl Neuberg
In 1903 (chemical language of life basic to understanding
Biological &medical sciences
Q-Is it essential for the Nurse to study biochemistry?
1- To understanding the basic function of human body
2- To give information regarding the function of the cell
3- To know how the food is digested, absorbed and used
for body building
4- To understand how the body gets energy for day to day
5- To understand the interrelation between various
metabolic processes in the body
Chapter :1
carbohydrates
Carbohydrate include a large group of compounds commonly
known as starches or
plants and animals
Plants
-------Glucose(dextrose)
Fructose(levelose)
Sucrose(sugar cane)
Maltose
starch
sugars which are widely distributed in
animals
----------glucose(blood sugar)
glycogen(liver & muscle)
lactose(sugar milk)
galactose(glycolipids)
Carbohydrate define as polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy
ketones or substances that Yild such compounds on hydrolysis
H
|
C=O
|
H - C- OH
|
HO-C-H
|
H - C- OH
|
H- C-OH
|
CH2OH
GLUGOSE
*carbohydrate
CH2OH
|
C=O
|
HO- C-H
|
H-C-OH
|
H-C-OH
|
CH2OH
FRUCTOSE
formula Cn(H2O)n ----------------- hydrate of carbon
BIOLOGIC IMPORTANCE
---------------------------------------------------------------
1- source of energy in the body
2- proteins sparing action of carbohydrate
3- source of energy for CNS is glucose----1-hypoglycaemia--(damage of the brain)
2-hyperglycaemia
4- add flavour and variety to diet
Q- what are the medical importance of carbohydrate?
Types of carbohydrates
Classifications based on number of sugar units in
total chain.





Monosaccharides - single sugar unit
Disaccharides
- two sugar units
Oligosaccharides - 2 to 10 sugar units
Polysaccharides - more than 10 units
Chaining relies on ‘bridging’ of oxygen atoms
 glycoside bonds
CLASSIFICATION
------------------------------------------------
1- monosaccharide (simple sugar) (CH2O)n
n=3 or more
This group subdivided into
(a) Depending upon the function group
H
CH2OH
|
|
C=O
C=O
|
|
H- C-OH
HO-C-H
|
|
H-C-OH
H-C-OH
|
|
H-C-OH
H-C-OH
|
|
CH2OH
CH2OH
Aldose
Ketose
(B) Depending upon the number of carbon atoms
General formula
Aldosugar
ketosugar
-------------------------------------------------------------------------Triose(C3H6O3)
Glyceraldehyde
Dihydroxyaceton
Tetrose(C4H8O4)
Erythrose
Erythrulose
Pentose(C5H10O5 )
Ribose
Ribulose
Hexose(C6H12O6)
Glucose
Fructose
H
|
C=O
|
H- C-OH
|
CH2OH
triose
H
|
C=O
|
H- C-OH
|
H-C-OH
|
CH2OH
tetrose
H
|
C=O
|
H- C-OH
|
H- C-OH
|
H- C-OH
|
CH2OH
pentose
Can be either aldose or ketose sugar.
H-
HHH-
H
|
C=O
|
C-OH
|
C-OH
|
C-OH
|
C-OH
|
CH2OH
hexose
Examples
H
|
C=O
|
H-C-OH
|
CH2OH
D-glyceraldehyde
triose
aldose
aldotriose sugar
CH2OH
|
C=O
|
HO- C-H
|
H- C-OH
|
H- C-OH
|
CH2OH
D-fructose
hexose
ketose
ketohexose sugar
Examples
H
|
C=O
|
H- C-OH
|
H- C-OH
|
H- C-OH
|
CH2OH
D-ribose
pentose, aldose
aldopentose sugar
HHHOHO-
H
|
C=O
|
C-OH
|
C-OH
|
C-H
|
C-H
|
CH2OH
L-mannose
hexose, aldose
aldohexose sugar
Q-draw the structure of the carbohydrate?
1- L-glucose
2- L-glyceraldehyde
3- Ribulose
4- D-galactose
5- arabinose
2- Disaccharides: these sugars are yield 2 molecules of the same
or different molecules of monosaccharide on hydrolysis
Lactose
EXAMPLE


Milk sugar - dimer of -D-galactose and either
the or - D-glucose.
-Lactose
CH2OH
O OH
H H
O
OH H
OH H
H
H
H
OH
OH
H
H
CH2OH
O
OHH
-D-galactose
(1
4) linkage, disaccharide.
-D-glucose
Sucrose
CH2OH



Table sugar - most
common sugar in all
plants.
Sugar cane and beet, are up
to 20% by mass sucrose.
Disaccharide of
glucose and
fructose.
O
H
H
OH
H
H
OH
OH
O
CH2OH O
H
(1
H
OH
H
2) linkage
OH
H
CH2OH
Maltose

Malt sugar. Not common in nature except in
germinating grains.
CH2 OH
CH2 OH
H
H
OH
O
H
H
H
O
H
OH
O
H
H
OH
H
OH
-D-glucose
OH
H
OH
-D-glucose
-D-glucose and -D-glucose,  (1
4) linkage.
3- Oligosaccharides: these sugars are yield 2-10 molecules of
monosaccharide on hydrolysis
EXAMPLE
(Raffinose----------(glucose +fructose + galactose)
4- Polysaccharides: these compounds yield many molecules of
monosaccharide on hydrolysis
General formula (C6H10O5)n
This group are subdivided into two groups
(a) Homopolysaccharide:polymer of the same monosaccharide units
e.g starch , glycogen , inulin , cellulose
Starch

Energy storage used by plants

Long repeating chain of -D-glucose

Chains up to 4000 units

Amylose
major form of starch


straight chain
Amylopectin
branched structure
Amylose starch
Straight chain that forms coils  (1
common type of starch.

O
H
H
OH
H
O
H
H
OH
H
H
H
OH
H
H
O
O
O
H
OH
H
H
O
O
O
O
H
H
OH
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
H
O
OH
O
O
O
H
O
OH
O
O
H
O
OH
O
O
H
O
H
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
4) linkage. Most
O
O
O
O
Amylopectin starch
Branched structure due to crosslinks.

O
H
H
OH
H
O
H
H
OH
H
H
H
O
H
H
OH
H
OH
H
CH2OH H
OH
H
O
H
H
OH
H
O
H
H
 (1
H
O
CH2OH H
OH
H
O
H
H
OH
H
OH
CH2
OH
H
O
H
H
OH
H
H
6) linkage
at crosslink
OH
H
H
O
O
O
OH
H
O
O
H
H
O
CH2OH H
OH
O
H
H
OH
O
H
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
H
OH
Glycogen
• Energy storage of animals.
• Stored in liver and muscles as granules.
• Similar to amylopectin.
 (1
O
O
O
O
6) linkage
at crosslink
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
Cellulose
• Most abundant polysaccharide.
•  (1 4) glycosidic linkages.
• Result in long fibers - for plant structure.
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
O
H
H
OH
O
H
OH
H
OH
O
H
H
OH
H
OH
O
H
H
OH
H
OH
O
H
H
OH
H
OH
O
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
O
H
H
O
O
H
O
H
OH
Inulin
Inulin = polymer of fructose
(B) Heteropolysaccharides :polymer of different monosaccharide units
or their derivatives .
Example
1- hyaluronic acid (glucuronic acid + N-acetyl hexosamine )
2- mucopolysaccharide ( hexose + hexosamine)
3- chondroitin ( glucuronic acid+ N- actylgalactosamine + sulphate )
4- heparin (glucuronic acid + glucosamine N- sulphate + sulphate
ester)
Thank you