Relationships between ideas – 2
& 3

Present tense and not future tense is used in an adverb clause of time : After she graduates, she will get a job.

Adverb clauses to show CAUSE & EFFECT relationships: because, since, now that, as, as long as

To show CAUSE & EFFECT: prepositions
(because of, due to); transitions (therefore, consequently); other ways (such that, so that)

Relationships between ideas –
2&3

Reduction of adverb clauses to modifying phrases:
1. Omit the subject of the dependent clause and the be form of the verb:
(a) Adverb clause: While I was walking to class, I ran into an old friend.
(b) Modifying phrase: While walking to class, I ran into an old friend.

Relationships between ideas –
2&3
(2) If there is no be form of a verb, omit the subject and change the verb to
–ing
.
c. Adverb Clause: Before I left for work, I ate breakfast.
d. Modifying Phrase: Before leaving for work, I ate breakfast.
An adverb clause can be changed to a modifying phrase ONLY WHEN THE SUBJECT OF THE
ADVERB CLAUSE AND THE SUBJECT OF
THE MAIN CLAUSE ARE THE SAME .