IPS-E-TP-700(1)
FOREWORD
The Iranian Petroleum Standards (IPS) reflect the
views of the Iranian Ministry of Petroleum and
are intended for use in the oil and gas production
facilities,
oil
refineries,
chemical
and
petrochemical plants, gas handling and processing
installations and other such facilities.
IPS is based on internationally acceptable
standards and includes selections from the items
stipulated in the referenced standards. They are
also supplemented by additional requirements
and/or modifications based on the experience
acquired by the Iranian Petroleum Industry and
the local market availability. The options which
are not specified in the text of the standards are
itemized in data sheet/s, so that, the user can
select his appropriate preferences therein.
The IPS standards are therefore expected to be
sufficiently flexible so that the users can adapt
these standards to their requirements. However,
they may not cover every requirement of each
project. For such cases, an addendum to IPS
Standard shall be prepared by the user which
elaborates the particular requirements of the user.
This addendum together with the relevant IPS
shall form the job specification for the specific
project or work.
The IPS is reviewed and up-dated approximately
every five years. Each standards are subject to
amendment or withdrawal, if required, thus the
latest edition of IPS shall be applicable
The users of IPS are therefore requested to send
their views and comments, including any
addendum prepared for particular cases to the
following address. These comments and
recommendations will be reviewed by the relevant
technical committee and in case of approval will
be incorporated in the next revision of the
standard.
Standards and Research department
No.19, Street14, North kheradmand
Karimkhan Avenue, Tehran, Iran .
Postal Code- 1585886851
Tel: 88810459-60 & 66153055
Fax: 88810462
Email: Standards@nioc.org
‫ﭘﻴﺶ ﮔﻔﺘﺎر‬
‫( ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه دﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎي‬IPS) ‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺖ اﻳﺮان‬
‫وزارت ﻧﻔﺖ اﻳﺮان اﺳﺖ و ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده در ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎت ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﻔﺖ‬
،‫ واﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ و ﭘﺘﺮوﺷﻴﻤﻲ‬،‫ ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎي ﻧﻔﺖ‬،‫و ﮔﺎز‬
‫ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎت اﻧﺘﻘﺎل و ﻓﺮاورش ﮔﺎز و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎت ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ‬
.‫ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮل ﺑﻴﻦ‬،‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺖ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه و ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﮔﺰﻳﺪهﻫﺎﺋﻲ از اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺟﻊ‬
‫ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴﺎت ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﻧﻔﺖ ﻛﺸﻮر و‬.‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﻮاردي‬،‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﻻ از ﺑﺎزار داﺧﻠﻲ و ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﻴﺎز‬
.‫ﺑﻄﻮر ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ و ﻳﺎ اﺻﻼﺣﻲ در اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻟﺤﺎظ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻮاردي از ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎي ﻓﻨﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﻣﺘﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎ آورده ﻧﺸﺪه‬
‫اﺳﺖ در داده ﺑﺮگﻫﺎ ﺑﺼﻮرت ﺷﻤﺎره ﮔﺬاري ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬
.‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮان آورده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﺑﺸﻜﻠﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻼً اﻧﻌﻄﺎف ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺗﺪوﻳﻦ ﺷﺪه‬،‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺖ‬
.‫اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮان ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﻧﻴﺎزﻫﺎي ﺧﻮد را ﺑﺎ آﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎل ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺗﻤﺎم ﻧﻴﺎزﻣﻨﺪيﻫﺎي ﭘﺮوژه ﻫﺎ را ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‬
‫ در اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮارد ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﻟﺤﺎﻗﻴﻪاي ﻛﻪ ﻧﻴﺎزﻫﺎي ﺧﺎص‬.‫ﻧﺪﻫﻨﺪ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ اﻟﺤﺎﻗﻴﻪ‬.‫آﻧﻬﺎ را ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ و ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻓﻨﻲ آن ﭘﺮوژه و ﻳﺎ ﻛﺎر‬،‫ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ‬
.‫ﺧﺎص را ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺧﻮاﻫﻨﺪ داد‬
‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺖ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﻫﺮ ﭘﻨﺞ ﺳﺎل ﻳﻜﺒﺎر ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار‬
‫ در اﻳﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲﻫﺎ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ‬.‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و روزآﻣﺪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردي ﺣﺬف و ﻳﺎ اﻟﺤﺎﻗﻴﻪاي ﺑﻪ آن اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺷﻮد و ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‬
.‫ﻫﻤﻮاره آﺧﺮﻳﻦ وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ آﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻼك ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ درﺧﻮاﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﻫﺎ و‬،‫از ﻛﺎرﺑﺮان اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎدات اﺻﻼﺣﻲ و ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ اﻟﺤﺎﻗﻴﻪاي ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻮارد‬
‫ ﻧﻈﺮات و‬.‫ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻲ زﻳﺮ ارﺳﺎل ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬،‫ﺧﺎص ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻧﻤﻮدهاﻧﺪ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎدات درﻳﺎﻓﺘﻲ در ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﻓﻨﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ و در‬
‫ﺻﻮرت ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ در ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻫﺎي ﺑﻌﺪي اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺲ‬
.‫ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻛﻮﭼﻪ‬،‫ ﺧﺮدﻣﻨﺪ ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬،‫ ﺧﻴﺎﺑﺎن ﻛﺮﻳﻤﺨﺎن زﻧﺪ‬،‫ ﺗﻬﺮان‬،‫اﻳﺮان‬
19 ‫ ﺷﻤﺎره‬،‫ﭼﻬﺎردﻫﻢ‬
‫اداره ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت و اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎ‬
1585886851 : ‫ﻛﺪﭘﺴﺘﻲ‬
66153055 ‫ و‬88810459 - 60 : ‫ﺗﻠﻔﻦ‬
88810462 : ‫دور ﻧﮕﺎر‬
Standards@nioc.org
:‫ﭘﺴﺖ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬
General Definitions:
Throughout this Standard
definitions shall apply.
: ‫ﺗﻌﺎرﻳﻒ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
the
following
.‫در اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺗﻌﺎرﻳﻒ زﻳﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻣﻲ رود‬
Company :
Refers to one of the related and/or affiliated
companies of the Iranian Ministry of Petroleum
such as National Iranian Oil Company, National
Iranian
Gas
Company,
and
National
Petrochemical Company etc.
: ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬
Purchaser :
Means the "Company" Where this standard is
part of direct purchaser order by the
“Company”, and the “Contractor” where this
Standard is a part of contract documents.
Vendor And Supplier:
Refers to firm or person who will sell and/or
supply the equipment or material.
Contractor:
Refers to the persons, firm or company whose
tender has been accepted by the company,
Executor :
Executor is the party which carries out all or
part of construction and/or commissioning for
the project.
Inspector :
The Inspector referred to in this Standard is a
person/persons or a body appointed in writing
by the company for the inspection of fabrication
and installation work
Shall:
Is used where a provision is mandatory.
Should:
Is used where a provision is advisory only.
Will:
Is normally used in connection with the action
by the “Company” rather than by a contractor,
supplier or vendor.
May:
Is used where a provision is completely
discretionary.
‫ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﻲ و واﺑﺴﺘﻪ وزارت ﻧﻔﺖ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻠﻲ‬
‫ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ‬،‫ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻠﻲ ﮔﺎز اﻳﺮان‬،‫ﻧﻔﺖ اﻳﺮان‬
.‫ﭘﺘﺮوﺷﻴﻤﻲ و ﻏﻴﺮه اﻃﻼق ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬
:‫ﺧﺮﻳﺪار‬
‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺷﺮﻛﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از ﻣﺪارك ﺳﻔﺎرش‬
‫ﺧﺮﻳﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ آن ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ و ﻳﺎ ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻧﻜﺎري ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ‬
. ‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از ﻣﺪارك ﻗﺮارداد آن اﺳﺖ‬
:‫ﻓﺮوﺷﻨﺪه و ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ و ﻳﺎ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﺸﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات و‬
.‫ﻛﺎﻻﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرد ﻟﺰوم ﺻﻨﻌﺖ را ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﻨﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
:‫ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻧﻜﺎر‬
‫ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ و ﻳﺎ ﺷﺮﻛﺘﻲ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﺸﻮد ﻛﻪ‬،‫ﺑﻪ اﺷﺨﺎص‬
.‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎدش ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺼﻪ و ﻳﺎ ﻣﺰاﻳﺪه ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺠﺮي‬
‫ﻣﺠﺮي ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮوﻫﻲ اﻃﻼق ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﺎم ﻳﺎ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ از‬
.‫ﻛﺎرﻫﺎي اﺟﺮاﻳﻲ و ﻳﺎ راه اﻧﺪازي ﭘﺮوژه را اﻧﺠﺎم دﻫﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺎزرس‬
‫در اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺑﺎزرس ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮد ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮوﻫﻲ اﻃﻼق ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻛﺘﺒﺎً ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﺎرﻓﺮﻣﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ و ﻧﺼﺐ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات‬
.‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
:‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
.‫ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎري ﻛﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم آن اﺟﺒﺎري اﺳﺖ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬
:‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ‬
.‫ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎري ﻛﻪ ﺿﺮورت اﻧﺠﺎم آن ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬
:‫ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺢ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً در ﺟﺎﻳﻲ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم آن ﻛﺎر ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس‬
.‫ﻧﻈﺎرت ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
: ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ‬
.‫ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎري ﻛﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم آن اﺧﺘﻴﺎري ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
ENGINEERING STANDARD
FOR
THERMAL INSULATIONS
FIRST REVISION
NOVEMBER 2009
‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺮاي‬
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻫﺎي ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
‫وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ اول‬
1388 ‫آذر‬
This Standard is the property of Iranian Ministry of
Petroleum. All rights are reserved to the owner. Neither
whole nor any part of this document may be disclosed to
any third party, reproduced, stored in any retrieval system
or transmitted in any form or by any means without the
prior written consent of the Iranian Ministry of Petroleum.
‫ ﺗﻤﺎم ﺣﻘﻮق آن ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬.‫اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ وزارت ﻧﻔﺖ اﻳﺮان اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﺗﻤـﺎم‬،‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ آن ﺑﻮده و ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺪون رﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﻛﺘﺒﻲ وزارت ﻧﻔﺖ اﻳﺮان‬
،‫ ﺑﻪ ﻫـﺮ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﻳـﺎ وﺳـﻴﻠﻪ ازﺟﻤﻠـﻪ ﺗﻜﺜﻴـﺮ‬، ‫ﻳﺎ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
.‫ ﻳﺎ روش دﻳﮕﺮي در اﺧﺘﻴﺎر اﻓﺮاد ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬،‫ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل‬،‫ذﺧﻴﺮه ﺳﺎزي‬
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
CONTENTS :
Page No.
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
:‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬
3 ...................................................... ‫ داﻣﻨﻪ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد‬-1
1. SCOPE................................................................ 3
4 ............................................................. ‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ‬-2
2. REFERENCES .................................................. 4
5 ................................................ ‫ ﺗﻌﺎرﻳﻒ و واژﮔﺎن‬-3
3. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY......... 5
10 ........................................ ‫ ﻫﺪف از ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬-4
4. PURPOSE OF THERMAL INSULATION .... 10
10 ........................................................... ‫ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬-5
5. DESIGN.............................................................. 10
65 ................................ ‫ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬-6
6. GENERAL APPLICATION OF THERMAL
INSULATION.................................................... 65
65 . ‫ ﺷﺮاﻳﻄﻲ ﻛﻪ در آن ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﺟﺮا ﺷﻮد‬1-6
6.1 Conditions in which Thermal Insulation Shall
be Applied ........................................................ 65
67 ......................................... ‫ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻛﺎرﻛﻨﺎن‬2-6
6.2 Personnel Protection ............................. 67
67 ................... ‫ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ و وﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬-7
7. CHARACTERISTICS OF INSULATING AND
ACCESSORY MATERIALS .......................... 67
68 ....... ‫ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬1-7
7.1 Consideration in Characteristics of Insulating
Materials..................................................... 68
80 .............. ‫ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت در وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮاد ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬2-7
7.2 Considerations in Characteristics of Accessory
Materials...................................................... 80
88 ......................... ‫ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻮاد و وﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬-8
8. SELECTION OF INSULATION AND
ACCESSORY MATERIALS ........................... 88
88 ..................................................... ‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬1-8
8.1 General ........................................................ 88
88 ............................. ‫ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬2-8
8.2 Thermal Insulating Materials ................... 88
100 ...................................... ‫ ﻣﻮاد ﭼﻔﺖ و ﺑﺴﺖ‬3-8
8.3 Fastening Materials .................................... 100
101 ............................................... ‫ ﻣﻮاد روﻛﺶ‬4-8
8.4 Jacketing Materials .................................... 101
102 ........................ ‫ ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬5-8
8.5 Finishing Material ...................................... 102
1
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
:‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ﻫﺎ‬
APPENDICES:
105 ....................... ‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ اﻟﻒ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬
APPENDIX A CALCULATION OF ECONOMIC
THICKNESS................................. 105
‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ب ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺣﺮارت از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
115 . (‫)ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺻﺮﻓﻪ ﺟﻮﻳﻲ اﻧﺮژي ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
APPENDIX B EQUATIONS FOR HEAT
TRANSFER THROUGH THICKNESS
OF INSULATION (THE
CALCULATION BASED ON
ENERGY SAVING) .................... 115
‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ج ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﺎده ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺟﻬﺖ‬
125 ................................ ‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ‬
APPENDIX C CALCULATION OF THICKNESS
OF INSULATING MATERIAL
REQUIRED TO PREVENT
CONDENSATION ...................... 125
‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ د ﻧﻔﻮذﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﺑﺨﺎر آب ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﺑﺨﺎرﺑﻨﺪﻫﺎ‬
133 ....................................... ‫و ﺿﺮاﻳﺐ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ‬
APPENDIX D WATER-VAPOR PERMEANCE
FOR SOME VAPOR-BARRIERS
AND THE CONVERSION
FACTORS ..................................... 133
‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ﻫ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ و اﺟﺮاي‬
136 ......................................... ‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
APPENDIX E CORROSION CONSIDERATION
IN DESIGN AND APPLICATION
OF THERMAL INSULATION... 136
‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ و راﻫﻨﻤﺎي ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ از ﻃﺮف‬
153 ............................ ( NIA) ‫اﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﻣﻠﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
APPENDIX F INSULATION MATERIALS
SPECIFICATION GUIDE FROM
THE NIA. ...................................... 153
2
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
‫ داﻣﻨﻪ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد‬-1
1. SCOPE
This Engineering Standard covers the minimum
requirements for thermal insulation of pipework,
vessels, tanks and equipment in the temperature
range of -100°C to +870°C but excludes structural
insulation of buildings, fire proofing structures,
refractory lining of plants.
‫اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
‫ ﻣﺨﺎزن و ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰاﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ داﻣﻨﻪ دﻣﺎي آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ‬،‫ ﻇﺮوف‬،‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ‬
‫ اﻣﺎ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬،‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد اﺳﺖ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد داﺷﺘﻪ‬+870 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬-100
‫ ﭘﻮﺷﺶﻫﺎي‬،‫ ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎي ﺿﺪ آﺗﺶ‬،‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎي ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻲ‬
.‫ﻧﺴﻮز ﻛﺎرﺧﺎﻧﺠﺎت ﻧﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
On the basis of the temperature the thermal
insulating is divided into two different systems as
follows:
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي دﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ دو دﺳﺘﻪ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ زﻳﺮ‬
:‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﺪي ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
a) Hot system, which is applicable in the
temperature range of +5°C to 870°C.
‫ ﺗﺎ‬+5 ‫ ﻛﻪ داﻣﻨﻪ دﻣﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻋﻤﺎل آن‬،‫اﻟﻒ( ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﮔﺮم‬
b) Cold system, which is applicable in the
temperature range of -100°C to +5°C.
-100 ‫ ﻛﻪ داﻣﻨﻪ دﻣﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻋﻤﺎل آن از‬،‫ب ( ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺳﺮد‬
.‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬870
.‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬+5 ‫ﺗﺎ‬
The Standard is intended for use in the oil, gas and
petrochemical and similar industries mainly for
refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants and
gas plants.
‫ ﮔﺎز‬،‫اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر اﺳﺘﻔﺎده در ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻧﻔﺖ‬
،‫ﭘﺘﺮوﺷﻴﻤﻲ و ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎً ﺑﺮاي ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ‬
.‫ ﭘﺘﺮوﺷﻴﻤﻲ و ﮔﺎز ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد دارد‬،‫ﻛﺎرﺧﺎﻧﺠﺎت ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
The Standard gives minimum requirements for
insulation system, including insulation materials
of sufficient quality and thicknesses, weather
proofing and finishing.
،‫اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد داراي ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﺎري‬
‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ و ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ و اﺳﺘﻮار در‬
.‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺟﻮي و ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
Finally discussion is given on the design basis of
thermal insulation including selection of system
and, corrosion under thermal insulation and
general
application
of
insulation.
Also
characteristics and selection of insulation and
accessory material have been presented.
،‫ﺑﺤﺚ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ داده ﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ اﺻﻮل ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ و ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در زﻳﺮ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ و ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد‬
‫ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺧﻮاص و اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﺎده ﻋﺎﻳﻖ و‬.‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫ﻟﻮازم ﺟﻨﺒﻲ اراﺋﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
:1 ‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
Note 1:
‫ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻓﻨﻲ‬1381 ‫اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد در آﺑﺎن ﻣﺎه ﺳﺎل‬
1 ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ و ﻣﻮارد ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان اﺻﻼﺣﻴﻪ ﺷﻤﺎره‬
.‫ اﺑﻼغ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ‬176 ‫ﻃﻲ ﺑﺨﺸﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺷﻤﺎره‬
This standard specification is reviewed and
updated by the relevant technical committee on
Nov 2002, as amendment No. 1 by circular No.
176.
:2 ‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
Note 2:
‫اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد دو زﺑﺎﻧﻪ ﻧﺴﺨﻪ ﺑﺎزﻧﮕﺮي ﺷﺪه اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻓﻨﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم و‬1388 ‫ﻛﻪ در آذر ﻣﺎه ﺳﺎل‬
(0) ‫ از اﻳﻦ ﭘﺲ وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ‬.‫( اراﻳﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬1) ‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ‬
.‫اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻨﺴﻮخ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
This bilingual standard is a revised version of the
standard specification by the relevant technical
committee on Nov 2009, which is issued as
revision (1). Revision (0) of the said standard
specification is withdrawn.
3
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
:3 ‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
Note 3:
‫ ﻣﺘﻦ اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬،‫در ﺻﻮرت اﺧﺘﻼف ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ و اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬
.‫ﻣﻼك ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
In case of conflict between Farsi and English
languages, English language shall govern.
‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ‬-2
2. REFERENCES
‫در اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺑﻪ آﻳﻴﻦ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎ و اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ دار و‬
‫ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪي ﻛﻪ در‬،‫ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ‬.‫ﺑﺪون ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ زﻳﺮ اﺷﺎره ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از اﻳﻦ‬،‫اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪاﻧﺪ‬
‫ وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ‬،‫ در ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ دار‬.‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺷﺪه ﻣﻼك ﺑﻮده و ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮاﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ در آﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ ﭘﺲ از ﺗﻮاﻓﻖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﺎرﻓﺮﻣﺎ و ﻓﺮوﺷﻨﺪه ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺟﺮا‬،‫داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ آﺧﺮﻳﻦ وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ اﻧﻀﻤﺎم‬،‫ در ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ ﺑﺪون ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ‬.‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫ﻛﻠﻴﻪ اﺻﻼﺣﺎت و ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖﻫﺎي آن ﻣﻼك ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
Throughout this Standard the following dated and
undated standards/codes are referred to. These
referenced documents shall, to the extent specified
herein, form a part of this standard. For dated
references, the edition cited applies. The
applicability of changes in dated references that
occur after the cited date shall be mutually agreed
upon by the Company and the Vendor. For
undated references, the latest edition of the
referenced documents (including any supplements
and amendments) applies.
ASTM
(AMERICAN
SOCIETY
TESTING AND MATERIALS)
FOR
(‫ )اﻧﺠﻤﻦ آزﻣﻮن و ﻣﻮاد آﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬ASTM
‫ "اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻓﻨﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ اﻟﻴﺎف‬ASTM C 592
‫ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ و ﻧﻮع روﻛﺶ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ )ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‬
" (‫ﻣﺸﺒﻚ ﻓﻠﺰي( )ﻧﻮع ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ‬
ASTM C 592 "Standard
Specification
for
Mineral Fiber Blanket Insulation
and Blanket - Type Pipe
Insulation (Metal-Mesh Covered)
(Industrial Type)"
(‫ )ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬BSI
BSI (BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION)
BS 5970
"Code of Practice for Thermal
Insulation of Pipework and
Equipment (in the Temperature
Range -100°C to +870°C)"
‫"ﻛﺪ اﺟﺮاﻳﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎ و‬
+870 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬-100 ‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات )داﻣﻨﻪ دﻣﺎ‬
"(‫درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
BS 5970
BS 5422
"Method for Specifying Thermal
Insulating Materials for Pipes,
Tanks, Vessels, Ductwork and
Equipment Operating within the
Temperature Range – 40 Degree
°C to +700 Degree °C"
،‫"روش ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎ‬
‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺎلﻫﺎ و ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰاﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ در‬،‫ ﻣﺨﺎزن‬،‫اﻧﺒﺎر‬
‫ درﺟﻪ‬+700 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬-40 ‫دﻣﺎي ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
"‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد ﻛﺎر ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬
BS 5422
BS 2972
"Methods of Test for Inorganic
Thermal Insulating Materials"
‫"روش ﻫﺎي آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ از‬
"‫ﻧﻮع ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ‬
BS 2972
BS 2654
"Specification for Manufacture of
Vertical Steel Welded nonRefrigerated Storage Tanks with
‫"ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻓﻨﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻣﺨﺎزن ذﺧﻴﺮه‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮدي ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه ﻓﻮﻻدي ﺑﺪون‬
BS 2654
4
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
Butt-welded Shells
Petroleum Industry"
for
the
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
‫ﻣﺪارﻫﺎي ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺎ ﺑﺪﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺟﻮش‬
" ‫ﺷﺪه ﻟﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺐ ﺑﺮاي ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻧﻔﺖ‬
‫ "وﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ – ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻫﺎي‬BS EN 529
– ‫ ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺖ و ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري‬،‫ ﺑﻜﺎرﮔﻴﺮي‬،‫اﻧﺘﺨﺎب‬
"‫ﻣﺪارك راﻫﻨﻤﺎ‬
BS EN 529 "Respiratory Protective Devices –
Recommendations for Selection ,
Use, Care and Maintenance Guidance Document "
(‫ )اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺖ اﻳﺮان‬IPS
IPS (IRANIAN PETROLEUM STANDARDS)
Standard
for
"‫ "اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺑﺮاي رﻧﮕﻬﺎ‬IPS-E-TP-100
IPS-C-TP-101 "Construction Standard
Surface Preparation"
for
‫ "اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺑﺮاي آﻣﺎده ﺳﺎزي‬IPS-C-TP-101
"‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬
Standard for
of
Thermal
‫ "اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺑﺮاي اﻋﻤﺎل ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬IPS-C-TP-701
"‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
IPS-E-TP-100 "Engineering
Paints"
IPS-C-TP-701 "Construction
Application
Insulation"
IPS-M-TP-710"Material
Standard
Insulation"
NIA
(NATIONAL
ASSOCIATION)
and
for
‫ "اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻮاد و ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺑﺮاي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬IPS-M-TP-710
"‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
Equipment
Thermal
(‫ )اﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﻣﻠﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻜﺎري‬NIA
INSULATION
‫ ﺗﻌﺎرﻳﻒ و واژﮔﺎن‬-3
3. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY
‫ ﻓﻮﻳﻞ آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم‬-
- Aluminum Foil
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬0/15 ‫ورق ﻧﺎزك ﻧﻮرد ﺷﺪه آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم )ﺑﺎ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ‬
(‫و ﻛﻤﺘﺮ‬
Thin sheet of rolled aluminum (0.15 mm thick
and under).
‫ ﭘﻨﺒﻪ ﻧﺴﻮز‬-
- Asbestos
‫اﺳﻢ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺮاي آن ﻗﺒﻴﻞ از ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎتﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ ﺳﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬،‫ﺑﻄﻮر ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت اﻟﻴﺎف در آﻣﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
،(‫ﻣﻬﻢ آﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ از ﻛﺮﻳﺰوﺗﺎﻳﻞ )ﭘﻨﺒﻪ ﻧﺴﻮز ﺳﻔﻴﺪ‬
.‫ﻛﺮوﺳﻴﺪوﻻﻳﺖ )ﭘﻨﺒﻪ ﻧﺴﻮز آﺑﻲ( و آﻣﻮزاﻳﺖ‬
The generic name for those silicate minerals
that cleave naturally into fibers, the three
important forms being chrysotile (white
asbestos), crocidolite (blue asbestos), and
amosite.
- Blanket
‫ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‬-
Insulation of the flexible type, formed into
sheets or rolls, usually with a vapor-barrier on
one side and with or without a container sheet
on the other side.
‫ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ورق ﻳﺎ رول ﻛﻪ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ‬،‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻧﻌﻄﺎف‬
‫ﻣﻮاﻧﻊ ﺧﺮوج ﺑﺨﺎر در ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮف و ﺑﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺪون ورق‬
.‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪارﻧﺪه در ﻃﺮف دﻳﮕﺮ‬
- Block (Slab)
(‫ ﭘﻮﺷﺶﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﻟﺒﻲ )ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻠﻲ‬-
Rigid or semi-rigid insulation formed into
sections, rectangular both in plan and cross
section usually 90-120 cm long, 15-60 cm
wide and 2.5-15 cm thick.
‫ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ در ﺳﻄﻮح‬،‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺳﺨﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﺳﺨﺖ‬
‫ و‬120-90 ‫اﻓﻘﻲ و ﻋﻤﻮدي و ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً در اﺑﻌﺎدي ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮل‬
.‫ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬2/5-15 ‫ و ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ‬15-60 ‫ﻋﺮض‬
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Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
‫ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﺘﻪ اي‬-
- Board
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺳﺨﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ در ﺳﻄﻮح‬
120 ‫اﻓﻘﻲ و ﻋﻤﻮدي و ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً در اﺑﻌﺎدي ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮل ﺑﻴﺶ از‬
.‫ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬10 ‫ و ﺗﺎ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ‬60-75 ‫و ﻋﺮض‬
Rigid or semi-rigid insulation formed into
sections, rectangular both in plan and cross
section, usually more than 120 cm long, 60-75
cm wide and up to 10 cm thick.
‫ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎت ﻛﻠﺴﻴﻢ‬-
- Calcium Silicate Insulation
Hydrated calcium
reinforcing fibers.
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
silicate
with
.‫ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎت ﻛﻠﺴﻴﻢ آﺑﺪار ﺑﺎ اﻟﻴﺎف ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺷﺪه‬
added
(‫ ﻛﺮﺑﺎس )ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻫﺎي ﻛﻨﻔﻲ‬-
- Canvas
‫ ﺳﺎﻗﻪ ﺷﺎﻫﺪاﻧﻪ و‬،‫ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻧﺰدﻳﻚ ﺑﻬﻢ از اﻟﻴﺎف ﻛﺘﺎن‬
.‫اﻟﻴﺎف ﻫﻨﺪي ﻛﻪ داراي اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
A closely woven fabric of cotton, flax, hemp,
or jute characterized by strength of firmness.
(‫ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﺣﻔﺮه دار )ﻓﻮم ﺷﻴﺸﻪ‬-
- Cellular Glass (Foamed Glass)
‫ﻳﻚ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﺳﺒﻚ وزن ﻣﻨﺒﺴﻂ ﺷﺪه ﺣﺎوي ﺣﺒﺎﺑﻬﺎي رﻳﺰي‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺤﺎً ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ادﻏﺎم ﻧﺸﺪهاﻧﺪ و ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ‬
.‫( ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬Foam) ‫ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت و ﻫﻮا‬
A lightweight expanded glass with small cells,
preferably non-intercommunicating, produced
by a foaming process.
‫ اﻟﻴﺎف ﺳﺮاﻣﻴﻚ‬-
- Ceramic Fiber
‫ﻣﻮاد اﻟﻴﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت آزاد ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬
‫ اﻟﻴﺎف‬.‫ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر اﺳﺘﻔﺎده در دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ﺷﺪه‬
‫( ﻳﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎت‬SiO2) ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ داراي ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺲ‬
.‫ﻓﻠﺰي ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎت آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ آﻧﻬﺎ را ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﻲ از‬
‫ زﻳﺮﻛﻮﻧﻴﻢ‬،‫اﻛﺴﻴﺪﻫﺎي ﻓﻠﺰي دﻳﺮ ﮔﺪاز ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﺎ‬
.‫ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻛﺮد‬
Fibrous material, loose or fabricated into
convenient forms, mainly intended for use at
appropriate elevated temperatures. The fibers
may consist of silica (SiO2) or of an
appropriate metal silicate, e.g., aluminasilicate. Alternatively, they may be formed
synthetically from appropriate refractory metal
oxides, e.g., alumina, zirconium.
- Cork Board
‫ ﭼﻮب ﭘﻨﺒﻪ‬-
Performed material composed of granulated
cork bonded by heating under pressure, with or
without added adhesive.
‫ﻣﻮاد ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه از ﺧﺮده ﭼﻮب ﭘﻨﺒﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺮارت دادن‬
.‫ ﺑﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺪون اﻓﺰودن ﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﻜﻞ داده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬،‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر‬
‫ ﻓﻠﺰ ﻣﻨﺒﺴﻂ ﺷﺪه‬-
- Expanded Metal
‫ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﻓﻠﺰي ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﭘﺮس ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮش ورق ﻓﻠﺰي و‬
.‫ﻛﺸﺶ آن ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺗﻮرﻫﺎي ﻟﻮزي ﺷﻜﻞ در ﻣﻲآﻳﻨﺪ‬
Metal network made by suitably stamping or
cutting sheet metal and stretching it to form
open diamond-shaped meshes.
‫ اﺗﺼﺎل اﻧﺒﺴﺎﻃﻲ‬-
- Expansion Joint
‫ﻳﻚ اﺗﺼﺎل ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده در ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬
‫رﺳﺎﻧﺪن ﺧﻄﺮ ﺗﺮك ﺑﺮداﺷﺘﻦ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎ در اﺛﺮ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ‬
.‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
An arrangement in an insulation system to
minimize the risk of cracking due to thermal
movement.
‫ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻫﺎي ﻛﻨﻔﻲ‬-
- Fibrous Insulation
‫ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﻲ‬،‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه از اﻟﻴﺎف‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر آن ﻣﻨﻔﺮد ﻳﺎ ﻓﻴﻼﻣﺎن ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ ﺑﻮده و‬
Insulation constructed from fiber, naturally
occurring or manufactured that incorporate
single or composite filaments generally
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Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
circular in cross section and length
considerably greater than the diameter.
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎً از ﻟﺤﺎظ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ داﻳﺮهاي ﺑﻮده و ﻃﻮل‬
.‫آن ﺑﻄﻮر ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ از ﻗﻄﺮ آن ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻧﻌﻄﺎف‬-
- Flexible Insulation
A material that tends to conform to the shape
of the surface against which it is laid, or is so
designed as to alter its manufactured shape to
accommodate bends and angles.
‫ﻣﺎده اي ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮد را ﺑﺎ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﻛﻪ روي آن ﻗﺮار‬
‫ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻠﻲ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺷﺪه ﻛﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ‬،‫ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ داده‬،‫ﻣﻴﮕﻴﺮد‬
.‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه آن ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ زاوﻳﻪ و ﺧﻢ ﻫﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
- Foamed In-Situ Plastics
‫ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﻣﺤﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﻮم در‬
-
.‫ﻣﻲ آﻳﻨﺪ‬
Cellular plastics produced in situ and foamed
by physical or chemical means.
‫ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻫﺎي ﻻﻧﻪ زﻧﺒﻮري ﻛﻪ در ﻣﺤﻞ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ و ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ و ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻛﻒ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬
.‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﭘﺎرﭼﻪ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ اي‬-
- Glass Cloth
‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه از اﻟﻴﺎف ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﻲ ﻳﺎ اﻟﻴﺎف‬
.‫ﺷﻴﺸﻪاي اﻓﺸﺎن‬
Fabric woven from continuous filament or
staple glass fiber.
‫ ﭘﺸﻢ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ‬-
- Glass Fiber (Glass wool)
.‫اﻟﻴﺎف ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﺪه از ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻣﺬاب‬
Mineral fiber produced from molten glass.
(‫ ﺳﻴﻢ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي )ﺳﻴﻢ ﻣﻬﺎر‬-
- Lacing Wire (Tie wire)
‫ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺗﻜﻲ ﻳﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ رﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه‬،‫ﺳﻴﻢ ﻣﻬﺎر ﺳﺒﻚ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻬﺎر ﻟﺒﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻻﻳﻲ ﻫﻤﺠﻮار ﻳﺎ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻓﻠﺰ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮاي‬
‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري از ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮص روي ﺳﻄﻮح ﺻﺎف ﺑﻜﺎر‬
.‫ﻣﻲروﻧﺪ‬
Light gage wire, single or multi strand, used
for lacing together adjacent edges of mattresses
or of metal covering, or for securing insulating
material on substantially flat surfaces.
‫ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻫﺎي ورﻗﻪ اي‬-
- Lags
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺳﺨﺖ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده در ﺳﻄﻮح‬
‫اﺳﺘﻮاﻧﻪاي ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﻲ ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮ از آﻧﭽﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻜﺎر‬
:‫ﻣﻴﺮوﻧﺪ ﺳﻪ ﻧﻮع از آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﺮح زﻳﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
Preformed rigid insulation for longitudinal
application to cylinders larger than those for
which pipe section are available. There are
three types as follows:
‫اﻟﻒ( ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻫﺎي ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺳﺎده‬
a) Plain Lags
‫ ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬،‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻫﺎي ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺮ روي ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪرﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻗﻄﺮي ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازه ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
.‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻫﻤﺨﻮاﻧﻲ دارد‬
Lags having rectangular cross section, for
use on cylinders of such diameter that this
shape conforms sufficiently closely to the
surface.
‫ب( ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﭘﺦ دار‬
b) Beveled Lags
‫ اﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻳﺎ ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ‬،‫ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻫﺎي ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺳﺎده ﺑﻮده‬
.‫ﻟﺒﻪ ﭘﺦ دار‬
Lags similar to plain lags, but with one or
more edges beveled.
‫ج( ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻫﺎي ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ اﻧﺤﻨﺎ دار و ﭘﺦ دار‬
c) Radiuses and Beveled Lags
‫ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮاي ﺳﻄﺢ‬،‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻫﺎي ﭘﺦ دار ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﻮح اﻧﺤﻨﺎء دار‬
‫اﺳﺘﻮاﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ )ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻫﺎي ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ اﻧﺤﻨﺎءدار و‬
.(‫ﭘﺦ دار ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
Beveled lags with faces curved to fit the
surface of the cylinders (sometimes known
as curved and beveled lags).
7
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
‫ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ آزاد‬-
- Loose-Fill Insulation
‫ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻣﺸﺒﻚ‬،‫ ﻓﻮم ﺷﺪه‬،‫ داﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ‬،‫ﻣﺎده ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﭘﻮدر‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺧﺸﻚ‬،‫ﻳﺎ ورﻗﻪاي ﻳﺎ آزاد ﻳﺎ اﻟﻴﺎف ﮔﻠﻮﻟﻪ اي ﺑﻮده‬
‫ ﺟﺪاره ﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﭘﻮﺷﺸﻬﺎي ﺑﻴﺮوﻧﻲ‬،‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺣﻔﺮه ﻫﺎ‬
.‫ﺑﻜﺎر ﻣﻴﺮود‬
Material in the form of powder, granules,
foamed, expanded or exfoliated aggregate or
loose or pellet fibers, used in the dry state as a
filling for cavities, casings or jackets.
‫ ﻣﻼت‬-
- Mastic
‫ﻳﻚ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎً ﺿﺨﻴﻢ ﺑﻮده ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺟﺮا ﺑﺮوي‬
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻳﺎ دﻳﮕﺮ ﺳﻄﻮح ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﺷﺶ‬
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬0/75 ‫ در ﭘﻮﺷﺶﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از‬،‫ﻳﺎ ﻣﺎﻟﻪ‬
.‫ﺑﻜﺎر ﻣﻴﺮود‬
A relatively thick consistency protective finish
capable of application to thermal insulation or
other surfaces, usually by spray or trowel, in
thick coats, greater than 0.75 mm.
(‫ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻫﺎي ﭘﺎﻧﻠﻲ )ﺗﺸﻜﻲ‬-
- Mattress
‫ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه در ﻳﻚ‬،‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎري اﻧﻌﻄﺎف ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺳﺎزه اﻧﻌﻄﺎف ﭘﺬﻳﺮ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺎده ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه در‬
،‫ﻳﻚ ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮ دو ﺳﻤﺖ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻳﺎ اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎً ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﺎرﭼﻪ‬
‫ ﻳﺎ ﭘﻮﺷﺶﻫﺎي‬،‫ ﻓﻠﺰ ﻛﺸﻴﺪه ﺷﺪه‬،‫ ﺗﻮر ﺳﻴﻤﻲ‬،‫ ﻛﺎﻏﺬ‬،‫ﻏﺸﺎء‬
،‫ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻄﻮر ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎده ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬
. ‫ﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪه ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
A flexible construction comprising an
insulating material faced on one side or both
sides, or totally enclosed with fabric, film,
paper, wire netting, expanded metal or similar
covering attached mechanically to the
insulating material.
‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺑﻴﺮوﻧﻲ‬/‫ روﻛﺶ ﻓﻠﺰي‬-
- Metal Cleading / Jacketing
‫ورق ﻓﻠﺰي ﺑﻜﺎر رﻓﺘﻪ روي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ‬
.‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬
Sheet metal fitted as a protective finish over
insulation.
‫ اﻟﻴﺎف ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ‬-
- Mineral Fiber
.‫ﻳﻚ واژه ﻣﺘﺪاول ﺑﺮاي ﻛﻠﻴﻪ اﻟﻴﺎف ﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻠﺰي‬
A generic term for all non-metallic inorganic
fibers.
‫ اﻟﻴﺎف ﭘﺸﻤﻲ‬-
- Mineral Wool
‫ﻳﻚ واژه ﻣﺘﺪاول ﺑﺮاي اﻟﻴﺎف ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﭘﺸﻤﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر‬
.‫ ﺳﻨﮓ و ﺳﺮﺑﺎره ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬،‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮل از ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻣﺬاب‬
A generic term for mineral fibers of a woolly
consistency, normally made from molten glass,
rock or slag.
‫ اﺗﺼﺎل زاوﻳﻪاي‬-
- Mitered Joint
‫اﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زاوﻳﻪاي ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﺮش در ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬
.‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ درﺟﻪ ﺧﻢ اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﻲﭘﺬﻳﺮد‬
A joint made by cutting (mitering) preformed
pipe sections to fit around bends in a pipeline.
‫ ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎي ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬-
- Pipe Sections
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﻲ از ﻣﺎده ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ اﺳﺘﻮاﻧﻪاي ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬
.‫ﺑﺮروي ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ اﺳﺖ‬
Sections of insulating material in cylindrical
form suitable for application to pipes.
‫ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬-
- Plastic Composition
‫ آﻣﺎده ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاي‬،‫ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺧﺸﻚ‬،‫ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت آزاد‬
‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﭼﺴﺐ ﻳﺎ ﺧﻤﻴﺮ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﺑﺎ آب و ﺑﻄﻮر‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮل در ﻣﺤﻞ و ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺣﺮارت روي ﺳﻄﺢ داﺧﻠﻲ‬
.‫ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬
Insulating material in loose, dry form, prepared
for application as a paste or dough by mixing
with water, usually on site, and normally
setting under the influence of heat applied to
the internal surface.
8
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
‫ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬-
- Preformed Insulation
‫ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻠﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﺳﻄﺢ آن ﺑﺎ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﭙﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺖ‬
‫ ﺧﺮد ﻳﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬،‫ ﺑﺪون ﺗﺮك و ﺷﻜﺴﺘﻦ‬،‫داﺷﺘﻪ و در ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ‬
.‫ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺧﻮد را ﺣﻔﻆ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﻛﺮد‬،‫ﺷﻜﻞ داﺋﻢ دادن‬
Thermal insulating material fabricated in such
a manner that at least one surface conforms to
the shape of the surface to be covered and
which, when handled, will maintain its shape
without cracking breaking, crumbling or
permanent deformation.
‫ ﭘﺸﻢ ﺳﻨﮓ‬-
- Rock Wool
Mineral wool produced
occurring igneous rock.
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
from
.‫ﭘﺸﻢ ﺳﻨﮓ از ﺳﻨﮓﻫﺎي آذرﻳﻦ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
naturally
‫ ﻧﻮارﻫﺎي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ‬-
- Securing Bands
‫ﻧﻮارﻫﺎي ﻓﻠﺰي )ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ رﺳﺎﻧﺪن ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫اﺳﺖ ﻻزم ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﻮد( ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮاد‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺤﻜﻢ ﻛﺮدن ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬،‫ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ‬
.‫ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎ ﺑﻜﺎر رود‬
Bands of metal (suitably treated as may be
necessary to minimize corrosion), or of plastics
material, used for securing insulation to pipes
or other structures.
‫ ﺳﻴﻤﺎن ﺧﻮدﮔﻴﺮ‬-
- Self-Setting Cement
‫ﻣﻮاد ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺳﻴﻤﺎن ﭘﺮﺗﻠﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﭘﻮدر ﺧﺸﻚ‬
‫ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد و زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ آب ﻣﺨﻠﻮط‬
.‫ ﺑﺪون اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺣﺮارت ﺳﺨﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬،‫ﺷﻮد‬
Finishing material, based on Portland cement,
that is supplied as a dry powder and, when
mixed with water in suitable proportions, will
set without the application of heat.
‫ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﭘﺎﺷﺸﻲ‬-
- Sprayed Insulation
.‫ﻳﻚ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪه از ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
An adherent coating of insulating material.
‫ رﺳﺎﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ‬-
- Thermal Conductivity
‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺣﺮارت از واﺣﺪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻳﻚ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺎده ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺖ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ واﺣﺪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ اﺧﺘﻼف واﺣﺪ دﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
(‫)وات ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻛﻠﻮﻳﻦ‬.‫ﺳﻄﻮح آن ﺑﺮﻗﺮار ﺷﻮد‬
The thermal transmission through unit area of a
slab of a uniform material of unit thickness
when unit difference of temperature is
established between its faces [W/(M.k)].
‫ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬-
- Thermal Insulation
‫ﻣﺎده ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪاي ﻛﻪ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل‬
.‫ﺣﺮارت دارد‬
A material or system that has the property of
resisting the transfer of heat.
‫ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﺑﺨﺎر‬-
- Vapor Barrier
‫ﻻﻳﻪ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺨﺎر آب‬
Water-vapour-retarding layer
A vapor check with water vapor Permeance not
exceeding 0.067 g/(s.MN), when tested in
accordance with BS 2972
‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺨﺎر ﻛﻪ ﻧﻔﻮذﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﺑﺨﺎر آب در آن ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ‬0/067 g/(s.MN) ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از‬
.‫ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬BS 2972 ‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
- Weather Barrier (Weather Coat)
A material or materials which when installed
on the outer surface of thermal insulation,
protects the insulation from the ravages of
weather, such as rain, snow, sleet, wind, solar
radiation, atmospheric contamination, and
mechanical damage.
(‫ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺟﻮي )ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺟﻮي‬‫ﻣﺎده ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮادي ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ از ﭘﻮﺷﺶﻫﺎي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪه روي ﺳﻄﻮح ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ آﻧﻬﺎ ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖﻫﺎ‬
،‫ ﺑﺎد‬،‫ ﺑﻮران‬،‫ ﺑﺮف‬،‫را از ﺻﺪﻣﺎت ﺟﻮي ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺎران‬
‫ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲﻫﺎي ﺟﻮي و ﺧﺴﺎرات‬،‫ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻌﺎت ﺧﻮرﺷﻴﺪ‬
.‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬
9
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
‫ ﻫﺪف از ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬-4
4. PURPOSE OF THERMAL INSULATION
Thermal insulation may be applied for one or
combination of the following purposes:
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖﻫﺎي ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺮاي ﻳﻚ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻌﺪادي از اﻫﺪاف‬
:‫زﻳﺮ ﺑﻜﺎر رود‬
4.1 Saving of energy by reducing the rate of heat
transfer.
‫ ﺻﺮﻓﻪ ﺟﻮﻳﻲ در ﻣﺼﺮف اﻧﺮژي ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻴﺰان‬1-4
.‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺣﺮارت‬
.‫ ﺣﻔﻆ دﻣﺎي ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ‬2-4
4.2 Maintenance of process temperature.
4.3 Prevention of freezing, condensation,
vaporization or formation of undesirable
compounds such as hydrates.
‫ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت‬،‫ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ‬،‫ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از اﻧﺠﻤﺎد‬3-4
4.4 Protection of personnel from injury through
contact with equipment.
‫ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ از ﻣﺠﺮوح ﺷﺪن ﻛﺎرﻛﻨﺎن در اﺛﺮ ﺗﻤﺎس ﺑﺎ‬4-4
4.5 To prevent condensation on surface of
equipment conveying fluids at low temperature.
‫ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ روي ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات اﻧﺘﻘﺎل‬5-4
4.6 To avoid increasing the temperature of
equipment from outside fire.
.‫ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ دﻣﺎي ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از آﺗﺶ ﺑﻴﺮون‬6-4
.‫ﻧﺎﺧﻮاﺳﺘﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻫﻴﺪراتﻫﺎ‬
.‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات‬
.‫ﺳﻴﺎﻻت در دﻣﺎي ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ‬
.‫ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ‬7-4
4.7 To conserve refrigeration.
‫ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬-5
5. DESIGN
‫ ﻣﺒﺎدﻟﻪ داده ﻫﺎي ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬1-5
5.1 Exchange of Design Data
‫ اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺧﺮﻳﺪار ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﻮد‬1-1-5
5.1.1 Information to be supplied by the
purchaser
:‫ﺧﺮﻳﺪار ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﺮ دو ﻣﻮرد زﻳﺮ را اﻋﻼم ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
The purchaser should state either:
insulation
‫اﻟﻒ( ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت دﻗﻴﻖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز؛‬
b) The service conditions for which the
insulating materials are required so that the
insulating contractor can make recommenddations.
‫ب( ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اﻧﺠﺎم ﻛﺎر ﻛﻪ در آن ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز‬
a)
Precise details
requirements;
of
the
‫اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮري ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻧﻜﺎر ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎداﺗﻲ اراﺋﻪ‬
.‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
،‫ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ )ب( ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻧﻜﺎر درﺧﻮاﺳﺖ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺗــــﺎ‬1-1-1-5 ‫ﺧﺮﻳﺪار ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﻣﻨﺪرج در ﺑﻨﺪﻫـــﺎي‬
.‫ را اراﺋﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬8-1-1-5
In the case of (b) if required by the contractor , the
purchaser should submit information on 5.1.1.1 to
5.1.1.8
10
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
In all cases it is important that all aspects of clause
5-1 should be agreed between purchaser and
manufacture or contractor before a contract is
drawn.
‫ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬1-5 ‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﻣﻬﻢ در ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻔﺎد ﺑﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﺧﺮﻳﺪار و ﺳﺎزﻧﺪه ﻳﺎ ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻧﻜﺎر ﻗﺒﻞ از ﻋﻘﺪ ﻗﺮارداد ﺗﻮاﻓﻖ‬
.‫ﺷﻮد‬
In the case of (b) the Purchaser should provide the
relevant information detailed in 5.1.1.1 and
5.1.1.2.
‫در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ )ب( ﺧﺮﻳﺪار ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﻣﺮﺑﻮط در ﺑﻨﺪﻫﺎي‬
.‫ را ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬2-1-1-5 ‫ و‬1-1-1-5
.‫ ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت دﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺷﻮد‬1-1-1-5
5.1.1.1 Details of plant to be insulated
a) Whether indoors, outdoors but protected,
outdoors exposed to weather, enclosed in ducts
or trenches below ground level, under ground
and under water.
‫ در‬،‫ ﭼﻪ ﺑﺎز اﻣﺎ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺷﺪه‬،‫اﻟﻒ( ﭼﻪ در ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎي ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬
b) Any difficult or unusual site conditions that
can influence the selection or application of
insulating materials, or both, e.g., in regard to
transport, scaffolding, weather protection or
excessive humidity.
‫ب( ﻫﺮ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﻳﺎ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻏﻴﺮﻋﺎدي در ﻣﺤﻞ ﻛﺎر ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﺪ‬
‫ اﺣﺎﻃﻪ ﺷﺪه در ﻛﺎﻧﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻳﺎ ﮔﻮداﻟﻬﺎي‬،‫ﻣﻌﺮض ﻫﻮا ﺑﻮدن‬
.‫ در زﻳﺮزﻣﻴﻦ و آب‬،‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮ از ﺳﻄﺢ زﻣﻴﻦ‬
،‫در اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻳﺎ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮ دو ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺟﻮي ﻳﺎ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬،‫ دارﺑﺴﺖ‬،‫ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺣﻤﻞ و ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ‬
.‫زﻳﺎد‬
c) Type of material to be insulated, with details
of special or unusual materials.
‫ج( ﻧﻮع ﻣﻮادي ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت ﻣﻮاد‬
d) Dimensions of surfaces either adequately
detailed on drawings, preferably coloured to
indicate areas to be insulated, or otherwise
detailed, giving :
،‫د( اﺑﻌﺎد ﺳﻄﻮح ﻳﺎ ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت ﺑﻪ ﻗﺪر ﻛﺎﻓﻲ در ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﻫﺎ آﻣﺪه‬
.‫ﺧﺎص ﻳﺎ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﻌﻤﻮل ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺤﺎً ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﺸﺎن دادن ﺑﺨﺸﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
.‫رﻧﮓ ﻧﺸﺎن ﮔﺮدد و ﻳﺎ ﺑﻨﺤﻮ زﻳﺮ ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت داده ﺷﻮد‬
‫ اﺑﻌﺎد ﺳﻄﺢ ﺻﺎف ﻳﺎ ﺳﻄﻮح ﺑﺰرگ اﻧﺤﻨﺎء دار؛‬-
- Surface dimensions of flat or large curved
areas;
- External diameters of pipes;
‫ اﻗﻄﺎر ﺑﻴﺮوﻧﻲ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎ؛‬-
- Lengths of each size of pipe;
‫ ﻃﻮلﻫﺎي ﻟﻮﻟﻪ در ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ؛‬-
- Number and type of pipe fittings, e.g.
flanged joints, valves ,tees, bends with radius
and angle;
،‫ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﻓﻠﻨﺞ‬،‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل‬،‫ ﺗﻌﺪاد و ﻧﻮع اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ‬‫ ﺧﻢﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻌﺎع و درﺟﻪ؛‬،‫ ﺳﻪ راﻫﻲ ﻫﺎ‬،‫ﺷﻴﺮآﻻت‬
e) Details of any pipe work sections that are to
be trace heated, of the trace-heating method
and of the arrangements of insulation required;
‫ﻫ( ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ ﻛﻪ ردﻳﺎب ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
f) Details of any sections to be left temporarily
or permanently Uninsulated to facilitate
testing, e.g., welded and flanged joints.
‫و( ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﻮﻗﺖ و ﻳﺎ داﻳﻢ ﺑﺮاي‬
‫ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ و روش ردﻳﺎب ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ و ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻜﺎري ﻣﻮرد‬
;‫ﻧﻴﺎز‬
‫اﻧﺠﺎم آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎت ﺑﺪون ﻋﺎﻳﻖﺑﻨﺪي رﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬
.‫اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﺟﻮش و ﻓﻠﻨﺞ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﻮد‬
11
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
‫ اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﺑﺮاي ﺧﺸﻚ ﻛﺮدن ﻫﺮ‬،‫ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت‬،‫ز( ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ‬
g) Confirmation, with details, that heat will be
available in insulated pipe work for drying out
any plastic insulating material or finishing
composition used by the contractor.
‫ﻧﻮع ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬
.‫ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻧﻜﺎر در ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ ﺑﻜﺎر رﻓﺘﻪ وﺟﻮد ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ داﺷﺖ‬
‫ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺑﻬﺮه ﺑﺮداري‬2-1-1-5
5.1.1.2 Operating Conditions
:‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ دﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺮار زﻳﺮ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
The temperature condition should be as follows:
a) Normal working temperature for each
portion of the plant to be insulated.
‫اﻟﻒ( دﻣﺎي ﻛﺎري ﻫﺮ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ از واﺣﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺮار اﺳﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
b) Maximum and Minimum temperature for
each hot surface, if different from (a).
‫ب( ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ و ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﺑﺮاي ﺳﻄﻮح داغ‬
.‫ﺷﻮد‬
.‫ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ از )اﻟﻒ( ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ج( دﻣﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
c) Ambient temperature
The range of ambient air temperatures,
velocities and for condensation control, relative
humilities. As it is difficult to measure with
accuracy either the surface temperature or the
heat loss from the surface of the insulation
under site conditions, site measurements
should be interpreted with reservation;
‫ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻫﺎ و ﺑﺮاي ﻛﻨﺘﺮل‬،‫داﻣﻨﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات دﻣﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
‫ از آﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ اﻧﺪازه ﮔﻴﺮي ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‬.‫ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬،‫ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ‬
‫دﻣﺎي ﺳﻄﺢ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻴﺰان ﭘﺮت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ از ﺳﻄﺢ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬
‫ اﻧﺪازه ﮔﻴﺮي ﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ‬،‫ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫اﺣﺘﻴﺎط ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺷﻮد‬
d) Any requirement to prevent condensation on
the outer surface of an insulated pipe or vessel
containing cold media.
‫د( ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ اﻗﺪاﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ از اﻳﺠﺎد ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ روي ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺷﺪه ﻣﺤﺘﻮي ﻣﻮاد ﺳﺮد‬
.‫ﺷﻮد‬
:‫ﻳﺎدآوريﻫﺎ‬
Notes:
1) A specified temperature on the surface of
the insulation may be required for the
following:
‫( دﻣﺎي ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺳﻄﻮح ﻋﺎﻳﻖﺑﻨﺪي ﺑﻪ دﻻﻳﻞ زﻳﺮ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬1
:‫اﺳﺖ ﻻزم ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
a) To protect personnel, e.g., local insulation
of hot pipes;
‫ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ در ﻣﺤﻞ‬،‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜـــﺎل‬،‫اﻟﻒ( ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ از ﻛﺎرﻛﻨﺎن‬
b) To provide local comfort condition’s, e.g.,
at control panels and in operating galleries;
‫ در ﺗﺎﺑﻠﻮﻫﺎي‬،‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل‬،‫ب( اﻳﺠﺎد ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ راﺣﺖ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎي داغ؛‬
‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮل و اﺗﺎق ﻛﻨﺘﺮل؛‬
c) To provide a means of indicating the
effectiveness of the insulation. This is
deprecated, as the surface temperature will
depend upon the diameter over the insulation,
on the ambient conditions, and on the nature
of the outer surface. Pipes of small diameter
will show relatively low surface temperatures,
but high unit rates of heat loss; air flow over
the outer surface will tend to reduce the
‫ج( ﺗﻬﻴﻪ وﺳﺎﻳﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻜﺎري را ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﺪ در واﻗﻊ‬
‫ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎن ﻛﻪ درﺟﻪ‬.‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﺣﻮادث ﻧﺎﮔﻮار اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺣﺮارت ﺳﻄﻮح ﺑﻴﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬
‫ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ ﻗﻄﺮ‬.‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ و ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ دارد‬
‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺳﻄﻮح ﺑﻴﺮوﻧﻲ ﺧﻨﻚ ﺗﺮي ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ ﭘِﺮتِ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
12
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
surface temperature but will increase the unit
rate of heat loss; a polished metal surface will
show appreciable increase in surface
temperature compared with a non-metallic
finish although the unit rate of heat loss will
be reduced.
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
‫ وزش ﻫﻮا ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‬.‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ دارﻧﺪ‬
ً‫ ﺿﻤﻨﺎ‬.‫ وﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﭘِﺮتِ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬،‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺮاق ﻓﻠﺰي اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ دﻣﺎ در ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻓﻠﺰي داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ وﺟﻮد ﺷﺪت ﭘﺮت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
.‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‬
‫( ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً اﺗﻼف ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺗﺌﻮري ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ‬2
2) Normally, the theoretical heat loss will be
based on the manufacturer’s declared value of
thermal conductivity and, unless otherwise
stated, it will refer to conditions of ambient
still air at 20°C. When making use of these
theoretical figures, therefore, allowance has to
be made for the effect of the ambient
conditions at site and for supplementary heat
losses such as will occur through supports,
hangers, valve control wheels and other
fittings. It should be noted that "thermal
efficiency" 5.4.5 is not included.
‫ ﻣﮕﺮ آﻧﻜﻪ‬،‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ اﻇﻬﺎر ﺷﺪه از ﻃﺮف ﺳﺎزﻧﺪه ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‬
‫ ﻛﻪ اﺷﺎره ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻫﻮاي‬،‫ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ دﻳﮕﺮي ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‬.‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ داﺷﺖ‬20 ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ در‬
‫ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺠﺎزي‬،‫زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ از اﻳﻦ ارﻗﺎم ﺗﺌﻮري اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮاي ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ در ﻛﺎر و ﭘِﺮتِ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
‫ دﺳﺘﮕﻴﺮهﻫﺎي ﺷﻴﺮ‬،‫ ﻗﻼب ﻫﺎ‬،‫اﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﻛﻪ از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﭘﺎﻳﻪﻫﺎ‬
.‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮل و دﻳﮕﺮ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﺗﻔﺎق ﻣﻲاﻓﺘﺪ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
5-4-5 ‫ﻻزم ﺑﻪ ذﻛﺮ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ "راﻧﺪﻣﺎن ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ" در ﺑﻨـﺪ‬
.‫دﻳﺪه ﻧﺸﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺑﻮدن اﻧﺪازه ﮔﻴﺮي دﻗﻴﻖ دﻣﺎي ﺳﻄﺢ و‬
‫ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬،‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎي ﻫﺪر رﻓﺘﻪ از روي ﺳﻄﻮح ﻣﺤﻞ ﻛﺎر‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت را ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ اﻧﺪازه ﮔﻴﺮﻳﻬﺎي ﻣﺤﻞ ﻣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ‬
.‫ﻗﺮار داد‬
As it is extremely difficult to measure with
accuracy either the surface temperature or the
heat loss from the surface of the insulation
under site conditions, some reservation should
be made when interpreting site measurements.
5.1.1.3 Preparation of surfaces (see IPS-C-TP101)
IPS-C-TP-101 ‫ آﻣﺎده ﺳﺎزي ﺳﻄﺢ )ﺑﻪ‬3-1-1-5
Special requirements, e.g., for the removal of
works-applied protective paint or lacquer, or for
the application at site of paint or other protective
coating to the surface to be insulated, should be
clearly stated.
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل ﺣﺬف رﻧﮓ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ اﻋﻤﺎل ﺷﺪه ﻻك‬،‫اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﺧﺎص‬
‫ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮاي اﻋﻤﺎل رﻧﮓ در ﻣﺤﻞ رﻧﮓآﻣﻴﺰي ﻳﺎ‬،‫و اﻟﻜﻞ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻲ‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬،‫دﻳﮕﺮ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻫﺎي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﺳﻄﻮﺣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
.‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر واﺿﺢ ﺑﻴﺎن ﮔﺮدد‬
5.1.1.4 Types of fitting and supports
Types of fittings and supports (e.g., welded
attachments, bolted fittings) and whether or not
these are to be provided by the purchaser should
be stated.
‫ ﻧﻮع اﺗﺼﺎﻻت و ﭘﺎﻳﻪﻫﺎ‬4-1-1-5
(‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﻧﻮع اﺗﺼﺎﻻت و ﭘﺎﻳﻪﻫﺎ )ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل ﺿﻤﺎﻳﻢ ﺟﻮﺷﻲ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬
.‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﺎن ﺷﻮد‬،‫ﭘﻴﭽﻲ( ﺣﺘﻲ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﻬﺪه ﺧﺮﻳﺪار ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻧﻮع ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز‬5-1-1-5
5.1.1.5 Type of insulation required
a) Main insulation for each portion of plant,
e.g., preformed, plastic composition, flexible,
loosefill, insulating concrete.
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل ﭘﻴﺶ‬،‫اﻟﻒ( ﻋﺎﻳﻖ اﺻﻠﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻫﺮ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ از واﺣﺪ‬
b) Insulation for bends, flanges, valves,
hangers and other fittings.
‫ ﻗﻼب ﻫﺎ و دﻳﮕﺮ‬،‫ ﺷﻴﺮآﻻت‬،‫ ﻓﻠﻨﺞ ﻫﺎ‬،‫ب( ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺧﻢ ﻫﺎ‬
‫ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﻪ‬،‫ اﻧﻌﻄﺎف ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬،‫ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ‬،‫ﻓﺮم داده ﺷﺪه‬
.‫ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺘﻦ‬،‫ﺻﻮرت ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪدار‬
.‫اﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬
13
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
‫ ﻧﻮع ﭘﻮﺷﺶﻫﺎي ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز‬6-1-1-5
5.1.1.6 Type of finish required
،‫ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﭘﻮﺷﺸﻲ ﺳﺨﺖ و ﻳﺎ ﺳﻴﻤﺎﻧﻬﺎي ﺧﻮدﮔﻴﺮ‬،‫ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل‬
.‫ ورق ﻓﻠﺰي‬،‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﺿﺪآب‬
For example, hard-setting composition or selfsetting cement, weatherproofing compound, sheet
metal.
‫ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﺧﺎص ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز‬7-1-1-5
5.1.1.7 Special service requirements
For example, resistance to compression, resistance
to fire, resistance to abnormal vibration. If there is
any special hazard from contact with chemicals or
oils on the plant, attention should be drawn to this.
‫ ﻣﻘﺎوم در‬،‫ ﻣﻘﺎوم در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ آﺗﺶ‬،‫ ﻣﻘﺎوم در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻓﺸﺎر‬،‫ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل‬
‫ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ در اﺛﺮ ﺗﻤﺎس ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮاد ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ و‬.‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ارﺗﻌﺎش ﻏﻴﺮﻋﺎدي‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬،‫ﻳﺎ ﻧﻔﺘﻲ اﻣﻜﺎن ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮاﺗﻲ وﺟﻮد داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
5.1.1.8 Basis on which the thickness of
insulation is to be determined
‫ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬8-1-1-5
The following are examples of deciding factors in
the thickness of insulations :
.‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﻫﺎي زﻳﺮ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖﻫﺎ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
a) Specified temperature on outer surface of
insulation (see Note 1 of 5.1.1.2).
‫اﻟﻒ( ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ دﻣــﺎي ﺳﻄــﺢ ﺑﻴﺮوﻧــﻲ ﻋـــﺎﻳﻖ )ﺑﻪ‬
b) Specified heat loss per unit dimension,
linear or superficial (see Note 2 of 5.1.1.2).
‫ ﺧﻄﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ‬، ‫ب( ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﭘِﺮتِ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ در اﺑﻌﺎد واﺣﺪ‬
.(‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬2-1-1-5 ‫ از ﺷﻤﺎره‬1 ‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
.(‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬2-1-1-5 ‫ از‬2 ‫)ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎدآوري‬
.(‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬1 ‫ج( ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ )ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎدآوري‬
c) Economic thickness (see Note 1).
‫د( ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪه دﻣﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﺳﻄﻮﺣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
d) Specified conditions of temperature for the
surfaces to be insulated (see Note 2).
.(‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬2 ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ )ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎدآوري‬
e) Specified conditions of fluid at point of
delivery.
.‫ه ( ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪه ﺳﻴﺎل در ﻣﺤﻞ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬
f) Special thickness requirements. (temperature
maintenance )
(‫و( اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﺧﺎص )دﻣﺎي ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮات‬
‫ز( ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ از ﻳﺦ زدن‬
g) Frost protection
‫ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﺨﺘﮕﻴﺮي در‬،‫وﻗﺘﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺮاي ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﻋﻤﺎل ﺷﻮد‬
When insulating for more than one purpose,
the most stringent design parameter (s)
should apply.
:‫ﻳﺎدآوريﻫﺎ‬
Notes:
‫ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬،‫( در ﺻﻮرت ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ‬1
1) If the economic thickness is required to be
calculated the following additional information
will be necessary:
:‫اﺿﺎﻓﻲ زﻳﺮ ﻻز م ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‬
14
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
a) Cost of heat to be used for calculation
purposes, e.g., dollar per useful mega joule;
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
‫ ﺑﺮاي‬،‫اﻟﻒ( ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺑﻜﺎر ﻣﻲرود‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل دﻻر در ﻫﺮ ﻣﮕﺎ ژول ﻣﻔﻴﺪ؛‬
b) Evaluation period (working hours);
‫ب ( دوره ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ )ﺳﺎﻋﺎت ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد(؛‬
c) Whether or not the cost of the finish is to
be included in the calculation.
.‫ج( در ﻫﺮ ﺣﺎل ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺷﻮد‬
2) Insulation to provide specified conditions at
the boundary surfaces of the containment
system may be required for reasons such as:
‫( ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﻣﺮز ﺳﻄﻮح ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬2
a) To avoid differential thermal expansion
between the insulated surface and adjacent
structures;
‫اﻟﻒ( ﺟﻬﺖ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از اﺧﺘﻼف اﻧﺒﺴﺎط ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ دﻻﻳﻞ‬،‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪه ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
:‫زﻳﺮ ﻧﻴﺎز داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺷﺪه و ﺳﺎزه ﻫﺎي ﻣﺠﺎور‬
b) To prevent condensation of moisture on
the internal surfaces of the containment
system, e.g., in waste gas flues;
‫ب( ﺟﻬﺖ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ روي ﺳﻄﻮح‬
.‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل دودﻛﺶ ﮔﺎز‬،‫داﺧﻠﻲ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻜﺎري‬
c) To prevent the condensation of moisture
on the external surface of insulated plant
containing cold media;
‫ج( ﺟﻬﺖ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ ﺷﺪن رﻃﻮﺑﺖ روي ﺳﻄﺢ‬
d) To ensure that the walls of the containment
system are not subjected to excessive
temperatures.
‫د( ﺑﺮاي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن از اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ دﻳﻮارﻫﺎي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻜﺎري‬
.‫ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﻪ داراي ﻣﻮاد ﺳﺮد ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫در ﻣﻌﺮض دﻣﺎي ﺑﻴﺶ از ﺣﺪ ﻗﺮار ﻧﮕﻴﺮد‬
Each
application
shall
receive
special
consideration when such factors as these are
operative as they may be of dominant importance
in controlling permissible heat losses.
‫در ﻫﺮ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮرﻫﺎ اﺟﺮاﻳﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ و در‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬،‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﮔﺮﻣﺎي ﻫﺪر رﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﺠﺎز ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻢ دارﻧﺪ‬
.‫ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺑﻜﺎر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
5.1.2 Information to be supplied by the
manufacturer or contractor
‫ اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪه ﻳﺎ ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻧﻜﺎر ﺗﻬﻴﻪ‬2-1-5
.‫ﺷﻮد‬
a) Information pertaining to the relevant
portions of 5.1.1.
.1-1-5 ‫اﻟﻒ( اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﺎي‬
b) The manufacturer’s declared value of
thermal conductivity (λ) for the temperature of
used, plus the corresponding bulk density. The
manufacturer’s declared value should include
any necessary commercial tolerances; When
the thermal conductivity is liable to change on
aging, the aged value should be stated.
‫ب ( ﻣﻘﺪار ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ اﻋﻼم ﺷﺪه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪه‬
.‫ ﺑﻪ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﻇﺎﻫﺮي ﻣﻌﺎدل‬،‫( ﺑﺮاي دﻣﺎي ﺑﻜﺎر رﻓﺘﻪ‬λ)
‫ﻣﻘﺪار اﻋﻼم ﺷﺪه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪه ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﺮ ﻣﻘﺪار‬
‫ در ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ‬.‫رواداري ﺗﺠﺎري ﻻزم ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺪار‬.‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ در اﺛﺮ ﮔﺬﺷﺖ زﻣﺎن ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬
.‫ﮔﺬﺷﺖ زﻣﺎن ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮔﺮدد‬
.‫ از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ و ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬،‫ج( ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻛﺎرﺑﺮي‬
c) Limitations of use, physical and chemical.
15
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
.‫د( ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻫﺮ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻣﺠﺰا‬
d) The overall thickness, with details of the
thickness of the individual layers.
e) Information
preparation.
regarding
the
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
surface
.‫ﻫ( اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ آﻣﺎده ﺳﺎزي ﺳﻄﺢ‬
f) The appropriate section of the code (to be
specified) with which the following are in
accord:
‫و( اﺧﺘﺼﺎص ﺑﺨﺶ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ از آﻳﻴﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪ )ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬
:‫ﺷﻮد( ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮارد زﻳﺮ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﻲ دارد‬
.‫( ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬1
1) Insulating material.
.(‫( ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ )در ﺻﻮرت ﺑﻮدن‬2
2) Reinforcement (if any).
.‫( اﺑﺰار ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ و ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬3
3) Fixing devices and finishes.
‫ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﻫﺎ و ﻣﺪارك‬3-1-5
5.1.3 Drawings and documentation
‫ ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻧﻜﺎر ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﻫﺎ را ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ ﻧﺸﺎن‬،‫در ﺻﻮرت ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ‬
.‫دادن ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت ﻃﺒﻖ ﻣﻮارد زﻳﺮ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
If requested, the insulation contractor should
provide drawings showing details as follows:
a) Type and spacing of required insulation
attachments; Cleading supports.
‫اﻟﻒ( ﻧﻮع و ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﻣﻠﺰوﻣﺎت ﻋﺎﻳﻖ؛ ﻧﮕﻬﺪارﻧﺪهﻫﺎي‬
b) Particular methods to be adopted when
applying material;
‫ب( روشﻫﺎي ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در زﻣﺎن اﻋﻤﺎل ﻣﻮاد اﺧﺘﻴﺎر‬
.‫ﻓﻠﺰي‬
‫ﺷﻮد؛‬
c) Any special design;
‫ج( ﻫﺮ ﻃﺮح ﺧﺎص؛‬
5.2 Factors Affecting Planning and Programming
(see IPS-C-TP-701)
‫ ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮرﻫـــﺎي ﻣﻮﺛﺮ در ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ و ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ رﻳﺰي )ﺑــﻪ‬2-5
5.2.1 Because insulation contractorś operations on
site are dependent upon the progress of other
contractors, the insulation contractor should
provided with details of expected programmes that
will be used to control the work on site.
‫ ﺑﻪ دﻻﻳﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻧﻜﺎران ﻋﺎﻳﻖ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ‬1-2-5
5.2.2 Examples of factors that could affect the
insulation contractorś work are as follows:
‫ ﻋﻮاﻣﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل ﺑﺮﻛﺎر ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻧﻜﺎران ﻋﺎﻳﻖ اﺛﺮ دارﻧﺪ‬2-2-5
a) Programme of
completion dates;
commencement
(‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬IPS-C-TP-701
‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ‬.‫ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻧﻜﺎران دارد‬
‫ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺷﺪه ﻛﻪ در ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻛﺎر در‬
.‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺮاي ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻧﻜﺎران ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻲ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
:‫ﺑﻪ ﻗﺮار زﻳﺮ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻒ( ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ زﻣﺎﻧﺒﻨﺪي ﺷﺮوع و ﺧﺎﺗﻤﻪ؛‬
and
‫ب( دﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ و ﻧﻴﺮوي اﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ؛‬
b) Availability of materials and labour;
16
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
c) Responsibility for the supply and application
of securing attachments;
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
‫ج( ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ در ﻗﺒﺎل ﺗﻬﻴﻪ و ﺣﻔﻆ ﺿﻤﺎﻳﻢ؛‬
d) Preparation of surfaces;
‫د( آﻣﺎده ﺳﺎزي ﺳﻄﻮح؛‬
e) Areas to be left free insulation on a
temporary basis;
‫ﻫ( ﻧﻘﺎﻃﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻄﻮر ﻣﻮﻗﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ؛‬
f) Precise information on extent of work
covered by contract;
‫و( اﻃﻼﻋﺎت دﻗﻴﻖ در راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﻛﺎر ﭘﻴﻤﺎن؛‬
g) Limitations of access to work;
‫ز( ﻣﻮاﻧﻊ دﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر؛‬
h) Arrangements for dealing with repair and
modification work;
‫ح( ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ رﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮات و ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات؛‬
i) Conditions of employment at site, including
the working week, labour and supervision
required;
‫ ﻧﻴﺮوي‬،‫ط( ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام در ﻣﺤﻞ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﻛﺎري‬
‫اﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ و ﺳﺮﭘﺮﺳﺘﻲ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز؛‬
j) Transport facilities;
‫ي( اﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎت ﺣﻤﻞ؛‬
‫ك( اﻧﺒﺎﺷﺖ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ؛‬
k) Storage for materials;
‫ ﺣﺮارت و روﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ؛‬،‫ ﺑﺮق‬،‫ل( در دﺳﺘﺮس ﺑﻮدن آب‬
l) Availability of water, power, heat and light;
‫م( ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻼت رﻓﺎﻫﻲ و رﺳﺘــﻮران )از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻜﺎن‬
m) Accommodation and canteen facilities
(including lodgings);
‫اﺳﺘﺮاﺣﺖ(؛‬
n) Provision of access equipment;
‫ن( ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ دﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات؛‬
o) Special safety and security regulations
(including advice on health hazards);
‫س( ﻣﻘﺮرات اﻳﻤﻨﻲ و ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﺧﺎص )ﺑﻪ اﻧﻀﻤﺎم آﮔﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫دادن از ﺧﻄﺮات ﺳﻼﻣﺘﻲ(؛‬
‫ع( ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﻛﺮدن ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت؛‬
p) Restriction on mixing compositions;
q) Protection of adjacent plant and machinery;
‫ف( ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ از ﻛﺎرﺧﺎﻧﻪ و ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ آﻻت ﻣﺠﺎور؛‬
‫ص( ﺑﺮداﺷﺘﻦ ﻣﻮاد زاﻳﺪ از ﻣﺤﻞ ﻛﺎر؛‬
r) clearing waste material from site;
‫ق( ﻣﺤﻔﺎﻇﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺟﻮي در ﺣﻴﻦ ﻧﺼﺐ؛‬
s) provision of weather- protection during
installation.
‫ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬3-5
5.3 Selection of Thermal Insulating Systems
‫ اﺛﺮات ﻣﻄﻠﻮب‬1-3-5
5.3.1 Optimum effectiveness
‫ﺑﻜﺎرﮔﻴﺮي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﮕﻮﻧﻪ اي ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ اﺛﺮ ﻣﻄﻠﻮب از‬
‫ﻛﻠﻴﻪ اﺟﺰاء ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺷﻮد و ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ در ﻧﻈﺮ داﺷﺘﻪ‬
The use of thermal insulation shall be so arranged
that the optimum effectiveness is derived from all
components of the complete system, bearing in
17
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
mind always any economic limitations that may
be imposed by the purchaser. Where optimum
effectiveness cannot be obtained, as a result of
economic or other limitations, it is the duty of the
insulation contractor to advise the Company to
this effect, giving the reasons for his opinion.
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي از ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺧﺮﻳﺪار‬
‫ در ﺻﻮرﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ در اﺛﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻳﺎ‬.‫وﺟﻮد داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻳﻜﻲ از‬،‫ اﺛﺮات ﻣﻄﻠﻮب ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻧﺸﻮد‬،‫ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖ ﻫﺎي دﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫وﻇﺎﻳﻒ ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻧﻜﺎر ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﻄﻠﻊ ﻧﻤﻮدن ﻛﺎرﻓﺮﻣﺎ از اﻳﻦ ﻧﺎرﺳﺎﻳﻲﻫﺎ‬
.‫ﺑﺎ دﻻﻳﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ آن ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
There should be quality control at all stages of
manufacture of materials and at all stages of their
storage and application at site. The required life
of the insulation systems should be considered
because this effects the annual cost and hence the
economic thickness. If the plant has only a short
life , an inexpensive insulation system may be
considered, if the plant has a longer life should be
considered as being perhaps the more economical.
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻛﻴﻔﻲ در ﺗﻤﺎم ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻣﻮاد و اﻧﺒﺎرداري و‬
‫ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬.‫اﺟﺮا در ﻣﺤﻞ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺑﻮدن ﺑﺮ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺳﺎﻟﻴﺎﻧﻪ و ﻫﻤﻴﻨﻄﻮر ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ‬
‫ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﻋﻤﺮ واﺣﺪ ﻛﻮﺗﺎه‬.‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
،‫ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖﺑﻨﺪي ارزان در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫و ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ واﺣﺪ داراي ﻋﻤﺮ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬
.‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
When the technical requirements of the
application have been met the total cost (as
distinct from the initial cost). The life time of the
insulation should be prime consideration (see
5-4-2 economic thickness).
‫وﻗﺘﻲ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﻓﻨﻲ در اﺟﺮا ﻣﻌﺎدل ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻛﻞ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ )ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮر ﻛﻪ‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در‬،‫از ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ اوﻟﻴﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﺳﺖ( زﻣﺎن ﻋﻤﺮ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
‫ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬2-4-5 ‫درﺟﻪ اول اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد )ﺑﻪ‬
.(‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ وﺳﻌﺖ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ‬2-3-5
5.3.2 Extent of system
include the
:‫ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮارد زﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
5.3.2.1 The required attachments to the surface to
be insulated.
.‫ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺎت ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺳﻄﻮﺣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬1-2-3-5
5.3.2.2 Means of securing the insulation system to
those attachments, where appropriate, or to the
surface directly.
‫ وﺳﺎﻳﻞ اﻳﻤﻦ ﺳﺎزي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺎت در‬2-2-3-5
5.3.2.3 The types and thicknesses of the insulating
materials to be used.
‫ اﻧﻮاع و ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬3-2-3-5
5.3.2.4 Means of protecting the insulating
material, other than the outer finish, e.g., vapor
barrier. This could also be extended to include
initial protection of the surface to be insulated,
e.g., from corrosive attack and to joint sealants.
‫ وﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ از ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻏﻴﺮ از ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‬4-2-3-5
A thermal insulating system shall
following:
.‫ﺟﺎي ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎً ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﻮد‬
.‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬.‫ ﻣﻮاﻧﻊ ﻋﺒﻮر ﺑﺨﺎر‬،‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل‬،‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي‬، ‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ و ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ اوﻟﻴﻪ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺷﻮد‬
.‫ از ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه و درزﺑﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬،‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
.‫ ﻣﻮاد ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬5-2-3-5
5.3.2.5 Reinforcing materials.
18
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
.‫ ﻣﻮاد ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬6-2-3-5
5.3.2.6 Finishing materials.
.‫ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺟﻮ‬7-2-3-5
5.3.2.7 Protection against weather.
.‫ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺻﺪﻣﺎت ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬8-2-3-5
5.3.2.8 Protection against mechanical damage.
‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬3-3-5
5.3.3 General
Consideration shall be given individually to
systems for pipework, to flat surfaces (e.g., air
ducts, gas flues, walls of drying ovens, walls of
large boilers, etc.), and to vessels, tanks, and large
curved surfaces.
،‫ ﺳﻄﻮح ﺗﺨﺖ )ﻣﺜﻼً ﻛﺎﻧﺎﻟﻬﺎي ﻫﻮا‬،‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ‬
‫ دﻳﻮارﻫﺎي‬،‫ دﻳﻮارﻫﺎي اﺟﺎقﻫﺎي ﺧﺸﻚﻛﻦ‬،‫ﻛﺎﻧﺎﻟﻬﺎي دود‬
-‫ ﻣﺨﺎزن و ﺳﻄﻮح اﻧﺤﻨﺎء‬،‫ و ﻇﺮوف‬،(‫دﻳﮕﻬﺎي ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﺰرگ و ﻏﻴﺮه‬
.‫دار ﺑﺰرگ ﺑﺼﻮرت ﻣﺠﺰا ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
The components of the system shall be
appropriate to the specific requirements of use.
Generally, materials to be exposed to outdoor
weather will differ from those used indoors, if
only in the type of finish employed. Different
types of system are likely to be required for the
following ranges of application.
‫اﺟﺰاء ﻫﺮ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪه ﻛﺎرﺑﺮي‬
‫ ﻣﻮادي ﻛﻪ در ﻣﻌﺮض ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺟﻮي ﺑﻴﺮون‬،‫ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻛﻠﻲ‬.‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺎ آﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ در داﺧﻞ ﺑﻜﺎر ﺑﺮده ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت‬،‫ﻗﺮار دارﻧﺪ‬
ً‫ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺗﺎ‬.‫ اﮔﺮ ﻓﻘﻂ در ﻧﻮع ﻛﺎر ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻜﺎرﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬،‫ﺧﻮاﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻮد‬
‫اﻧﻮاع ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد داﻣﻨﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات زﻳﺮ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز‬
:‫ﺧﻮاﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻮد‬
.(‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬+5 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬-100) ‫ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ‬1-3-3-5
5.3.3.1 Refrigeration (-100°C up to +5°C).
5.3.3.2 Chilled and cold water supplies, industrial
use.
.‫ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ‬،‫ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ آب ﺳﺮد و ﺧﻨﻚ ﺷﺪه‬2-3-3-5
5.3.3.3 Central heating, air conditioning, and
domestic hot and cold water supplies (10°C up to
200°C).
‫ ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﻣﻄﺒﻮع و ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ آب ﺳﺮد و‬،‫ ﺣﺮارت ﻣﺮﻛﺰي‬3-3-3-5
5.3.3.4 Process pipework and equipment (from
ambient temperature up to 870°C).
‫ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات و ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ )از دﻣﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺗﺎ‬4-3-3-5
5.3.3.5 Dual temperature systems, e.g.,
refrigeration with occasional use at higher
temperatures.
‫ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ‬،‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل‬،‫ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ دﻣﺎي دوﮔﺎﻧﻪ‬5-3-3-5
.(‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬200 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬10) ‫ﮔﺮم ﺧﺎﻧﻜﻲ‬
. (‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬870
.‫ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮي اﺗﻔﺎﻗﻲ دردﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ‬
.‫ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺳﻴﺎل اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﮔﺮﻣﺎ‬6-3-3-5
5.3.3.6 Heat transfer fluid systems.
‫ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ‬4-3-5
5.3.4 Factors for consideration
‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﺻﻠﻲ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ اوﻟﻴﻪ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺧﻼﺻﻪ در زﻳﺮ آﻣﺪه‬،‫ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺑﺎ دﻗﺖ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
The main controlling factors that shall be
considered at an early design stage are outlined as
following: Attention should be paid to detail at
19
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
design stage to ensure the effectiveness of the
complete system.
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
‫ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺑﺮاي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن از ﻣﻮﺛﺮ‬.‫اﺳﺖ‬
.‫ﺑﻮدن ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ دﻣﺎ‬1-4-3-5
5.3.4.1 Temperature
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ در ﻛﺎرﺧﺎﻧﻪاي ﻛﻪ در دﻣﺎﻫﺎي زﻳﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺷﺒﻨﻢ‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻗﺒﻞ و ﺑﻌﺪ‬،‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮا اﻃﺮاف در ﺣﺎل ﻛﺎرﻛﺮدن ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺑﻌﻀﻲ‬.‫ ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﺧﺸﻚ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫از اﻋﻤﺎل‬
‫ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺎﻻ رﻓﺘﻦ‬.‫ﻣﻮاﻧﻊ ﻋﺒﻮر ﺑﺨﺎر ﺿﺮوري اﺳﺖ‬
‫دﻣﺎ و ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﻳﻦ دﻣﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻗﺒﺎً ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺳﺮوﻳﺲ اﻳﺠﺎد‬
.‫ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﻄﻠﻮب ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬،‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
Thermal insulation on plant operating at
temperatures below the dew point of the
surrounding air has to be kept dry, both before and
after application. This means that some form of
vapor barrier is essential. For elevated
temperatures the insulating material has to be
adequately resistant to the highest temperature
involved under eventual service conditions.
‫ ﭘﺎﻳﺪاري ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬2-4-3-5
5.3.4.2 Mechanical stability
‫ روش ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ و ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬،‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﻣﺪت زﻣﺎن ﻋﻤﺮ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻗﺎدر ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮوﻳﺲ دﻫﻲ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﺑﺨﺼﻮص ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺨﺸﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ دﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺑﺮاي‬.‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ در ﻛﻠﻴﻪ‬.‫ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر اﻫﻤﻴﺖ دارد‬
‫اوﻗﺎت ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻟﺮزش و ﺻﺪﻣﺎت ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ و‬
‫ﺗﻨﺶﻫﺎي ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ‬
.‫ ﭘﺎﻳﺪاري ﺧﻮد را در ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﻔﻆ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬،‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮي‬
The system, including the insulating material, the
method of fixing, and the finishing material, has
to be capable of giving effective service during
it’s design life. This is of special importance for
certain plant in which access for repair work may
be difficult. At all times the system should have
good resistance to vibration , mechanical damage
and thermal movement , and it should retain its
effectiveness and stability in service.
‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ رﻓﺘﻦ‬3-4-3-5
5.3.4.3 Resistance to degradation
‫اﻳﻦ اﻟﺰام ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ داراي ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﮔﺴﺘﺮده از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در‬
‫ رﻫﺎﻳﻲ از ﺧﻄﺮ آﺗﺶ‬،‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺣﻤﻼت ﺣﺸﺮات ﻣﻮذي و ﻗﺎرچ‬
‫ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬.‫ﺳﻮزي را در ﺑﺮ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺟﻮي‬،‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل‬،‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ‬
‫در ﻓﻀﺎي ﺑﺎز و ﻣﻘﺎوم در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﺷﺶ ﻣﻮاد ﻧﻔﺘﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻮاد‬
‫ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺘﺎً ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ‬.‫ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫ﺟﺪاﺷﺪن از ﻗﻄﻌﻪ و ﻳﺎ ﺧﺮدﺷﺪن داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
This requirement can have wide implications,
from resistance to vermin and fungoid attack, to
freedom from fire hazard. Also it will include
resistance to the required environmental
conditions, e.g., adequate weather resistance for
outdoor service as well as resistance to accidental
spillage of oils or other chemicals. The insulating
material itself should not tend to dissociate nor to
disintegrate.
‫ اﺛﺮات ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ‬4-4-3-5
5.3.4.4 Thermal effectiveness
A low thermal conductivity figure for one test
sample may not be a reliable guide to the thermal
effectiveness of a complete insulation system
during prolonged periods of service. There shall
be adequate quality control at all stages of the
manufacture of materials and at all stages of their
application at site.
‫ﻋﺪد ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫اﺳﺖ راﻫﻨﻤﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ ﻟﺬا در ﺗﻤﺎم ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ‬.‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ در ﻃﻮل ﻛﺎرﺑﺮي ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻣﻮاد و ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ اﻋﻤﺎل آﻧﻬﺎ در ﻣﺤﻞ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل‬
.‫ﻛﻴﻔﻲ ﻣﻄﻠﻮب اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﻮد‬
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IPS-E-TP-700(1)
5.3.4.5 Type and dimensions of the plant to be
insulated
‫ ﻧﻮع و اﺑﻌﺎد ﻛﺎرﺧﺎﻧﻪاي ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺷﻮد‬5-4-3-5
The size and configuration of the plant will have
an important bearing on the suitability of a
particular insulating material, as well as on the
reinforcement, means of securing, and type of
finishing material to be used. Particular care will
be required with large flat areas, especially when
elevated temperatures may cause extensive
thermal movements.
‫اﻧﺪازه و ﭘﻴﻜﺮ ﺑﻨﺪي ﻛﺎرﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ زﻳﺎدي در اﺳﺘﻘﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﺮروي‬
،‫ﭘﺎﻳﺪاري ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺧﺎص و ﺑﻬﻤﺎن ﺧﻮﺑﻲ در ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ‬
‫وﺳﺎﻳﻞ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ و ﻧﻮع ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻜﺎر رود ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺨﺼﻮص‬،‫ ﺳﻄﻮح ﺗﺨﺖ ﺑﺰرگ ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ دﻗﺖ وﻳﮋه دارد‬.‫داﺷﺖ‬
‫وﻗﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ دﻣﺎ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ‬
.‫ﮔﺮدد‬
5.3.4.6 Compatibility of the components of the
system
‫ ﺳﺎزﮔﺎري اﺟﺰاء ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ‬6-4-3-5
Care shall be exercised to avoid the use of
solvent-based adhesive or polymeric finishing
compounds where these may attack the main
insulating material, e.g., polystyrene. Also it is
important to avoid corrosion problems, e.g., those
caused by electrochemical action between bimetal
under possible humid conditions.
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ داﺷﺖ ﺗﺎ از ﻣﺼﺮف ﭼﺴﺐ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺣﻼل و ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت‬
‫ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮي ﺟﺎﺋﻴﻜﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل ﭘﻠﻲ اﺳﺘﺎﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﺿﻤﻨﺎً ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از‬.‫ﻛﺎري اﺻﻠﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ آن دﺳﺘﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ و‬،‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل‬،‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫اﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻت اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ دو ﻓﻠﺰ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻫﻤﺠﻨﺲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻣﻜﺎن‬
.‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻗﺮار ﻣﻴﮕﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ وزن ﻛﻠﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬7-4-3-5
5.3.4.7 Total weight of the insulation
Although substantial thicknesses of insulating
material may be desirable for energy saving,
consideration shall be given to the resultant need
to provide additional supports, especially if a
heavy metal finish is to be used for mechanical
protection. On the other hand, a fibrous or
exfoliated loose- fill insulating material of low
bulk density, with a lightweight finish, may tend
to disintegrate or to settle under service conditions
where there is substantial vibration, caused for
example by road vehicles.
‫ﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ زﻳﺎد ﺟﻨﺲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﻲ در ﺻﺮﻓﻪ ﺟﻮﻳﻲ‬
‫ اﻣﺎ ﻻزم اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺪﻫــﺎي ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﮕﻬﺪارﻧﺪه ﻫﺎي‬،‫اﻧﺮژي دارد‬
‫ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎً اﮔﺮ ﺑﺮاي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ از ﻓﻠﺰ‬،‫اﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ از ﻃﺮﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻫﺎي اﻟﻴﺎﻓﻲ ﻳﺎ‬.‫ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد‬
،‫ ﺑﺎ وزن ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﺒﻚ‬،‫ورﻗﻪاي ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻧﭽﺴﺒﻴﺪه و ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻢ‬
‫دارﻧﺪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ در اﺛﺮ ﻟﺮزﺷﻬﺎي ﺑﺰرگ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از‬
‫ﻋﺒﻮر ﺧﻮدروﻫﺎي ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺮد ﻳﺎ ﻧﺸﺴﺖ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬
.‫ﻛﺎرﺑﺮي داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ‬1-7 ‫ ﺧﻄﺮات ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮه ﺳﻼﻣﺘﻲ )ﺑﻪ ﺑﻨﺪ‬8-4-3-5
5.3.4.8 Potential hazard to health (see 7.1)
(‫ﺷﻮد‬
It is now realized that certain types of fibrous
insulating materials, notably asbestos, and certain
finely divided aggregated such as crystalline
silica, can be a hazard to health when inhaled into
the lungs. While only asbestos-free insulation
should now be used, appropriate care should be
exercised to ensure that the selected insulation
system is a safe one, bearing in mind the probable
need for subsequent removal of the insulation.
‫اﺧﻴﺮاً ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ اﻧﻮاع ﺧﺎﺻﻲ از ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
‫ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎً اﻟﻴﺎف ﻧﺴﻮز و ذرات ﺑﺴﻴﺎر رﻳﺰ ﺷﻦ و ﻣﺎﺳﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬،‫اﻟﻴﺎﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺲ ﻛﺮﻳﺴﺘﺎل در اﺛﺮ اﺳﺘﻨﺸﺎق ﺑﻪ رﻳﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﺧﻄﺮي‬
‫ در ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺪون‬.‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮه ﺑﺮاي ﺳﻼﻣﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن ﭘﻴﺪا ﻛﺮد ﻛﻪ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ‬،‫اﻟﻴﺎف ﻧﺴﻮز اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪه اﻳﻤﻦ ﺑﻮده و ﺗﻮﺟﻪ داﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل‬
.‫ وﺟﻮد ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ داﺷﺖ‬، ‫ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ در ﻣﻮارد ﺿﺮوري‬
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Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
5.3.4.9 Corrosion hazard (see 5.7)
(‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬7-5 ‫ ﺧﻄﺮات ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ )ﺑﻪ ﺑﻨﺪ‬9-4-3-5
As no insulating materials, with the possible
exception of multiple-foil stainless steel, are
substantially free from soluble chlorides, adequate
protective measures shall be adopted as an
essential part of the insulation system when the
surface to be insulated is sensitive to chloride
attack, e.g., austenitic steels. In such cases these
precautions may include covering the surface with
aluminum foil, or treatment with suitable
protective compound. (See IPS-E-TP-100.)
‫ ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء ورق ﭼﻨﺪ ﻻﻳﻪ‬،‫در ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻧﻮع از ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
‫ ﻟﺬا‬،‫ اﺳﺎﺳﺎً ﻋﺎري از ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬،‫ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن‬
‫زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺷﻮد و ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻛﻠﺮ ﺑﻄﻮر ﻣﺜﺎل‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي آﺳﺘﻴﻨﻲ ﺣﺴﺎس اﺳﺖ اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ در‬.‫ﺑﻌﻨﻮان ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺿﺮوري از ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﻋﻤﺎل ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺷﺮاﻳﻄﻲ اﻳﻦ اﺣﺘﻴﺎطﻫﺎ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫)ﺑﻪ‬.‫ﺑﺎ ﻓﻮﻳﻞ آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم ﻳﺎ اﺟﺮاي ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
(‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬IPS-E-TP-100 ‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
5.3.4.10 Fire hazard (see 7.1 and 5.4)
4-5 ‫ و‬1-7 ‫ ﺧﻄﺮ آﺗﺶ ﺳﻮزي )ﺑﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻫﺎي‬10-4-3-5
(‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
It is possible to provide some form of protection
for insulation that would otherwise be flammable
by careful choice of a finishing material or outer
sheet cover, but this may only obscure a
dangerous condition within the system.
Conversely, some forms of covering materials
may themselves introduce a fire hazard that would
not otherwise have existed, e.g., certain types of
weatherproofing materials.
‫اﻣﻜﺎن ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ اﺷﻜﺎل ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ از ﻋﺎﻳﻖﺑﻨﺪي ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮي‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب دﻗﻴﻖ ﻣﻮاد ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻳﺎ ورق روﻛﺶ‬
‫ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ وﺟﻮد دارد وﻟﻲ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺮ ﺧﻄﺮ آﺗﺶ‬
‫ ﺑﻌﻜﺲ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ از ﻣﻮاد ﭘﻮﺷﺸﻲ‬.‫ﺳﻮزي در ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ روﭘﻮش ﺑﮕﺬارد‬
‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺧﻮد ﺑﺎﻋﺚ آﺗﺶ ﺳﻮزي ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ در ﻏﻴﺮ اﻳﻦ‬
‫ اﻧﻮاع ﺧﺎﺻﻲ از‬،‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل‬.‫ﺻﻮرت ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ وﺟﻮد داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
.‫ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺑﻪ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺟﻮي‬
‫ ﻓﻀﺎي ﻻزم ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻜﺎري‬11-4-3-5
5.3.4.11 Space for insulating system
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻮد ﺗﺎ ﺑﺘﻮان‬،‫ﻓﻀﺎي ﻛﺎﻓﻲ در زﻣﺎن ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ واﺣﺪ‬
.‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ را ﺑﺎ دﻗﺖ ﻧﺼﺐ و ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﻧﻤﻮد‬
Sufficient space should be provided during plant
design to enable the chosen insulating system to
be correctly installed and maintained.
‫ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬4-5
5.4 Design Considerations
‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬1-4-5
5.4.1 General
Thermal insulation for plant and equipment is too
often considered at so late a stage in the design
and erection sequence that the insulation
contractor has to submit a scheme under pressure
of time. The ultimate cost of insulation should be
an important factor but it is by no means the only
one and the designer will base his considerations
on having the right material, in the right amount,
and in the right place.
‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ واﺣﺪ و ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات در ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ آﺧﺮ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮري‬،‫ﺑﺮاي ﻧﺼﺐ و ﺳﻠﺴﻠﻪ ﻣﺮاﺗﺐ آن در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬
.‫ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻧﻜﺎر ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در زﻣﺎن ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ اي را اراﺋﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ اﻣﺎ اﻳﻦ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬،‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺗﺎً ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮر ﻣﻬﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻤﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﻃﺮاح ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺧﻮد را ﺑﺮ روي ﻣﻮاد ﺑﺎ‬
.‫ در اﻧﺪازه ﻛﺎﻓﻲ و در ﺟﺎي ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬
Purchase, delivery and application at the right
time are not the main concern of this section but
guidance is given for assessing the influence that
design considerations will have on the choice of
the right material in the right amount. It is
unlikely that any problem will arise for which all
the factors discussed here will need to be
‫ دﻏﺪﻏﻪ اﺻﻠﻲ اﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ‬،‫ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ و اﻋﻤﺎل ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬،‫ﺧﺮﻳﺪ‬
‫ اﻣﺎ رﻫﻨﻤﻮد اراﺋﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاي ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻧﻔﻮذ و ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت‬،‫ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺑﺮ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻮاد ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮل و ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪاي ﻣﻄﺮح و ﺗﻤﺎم ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﻮرد‬.‫ﺑﻮد‬
‫ﺑﺤﺚ و ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد اﻣﺎ ﻫﺮ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت ﻛﺎﻓﻲ داﺷﺘﻪ‬
22
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
considered but every factor is dealt with in
sufficient detail to ensure that it will be of
practical value when required.
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
‫و ﻻزم اﺳﺖ از ارزش ﻋﻤﻠﻲ آن در زﻣﺎن ﻧﻴﺎز اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‬
.‫ﺷﻮد‬
‫در اداﻣﻪ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﻓﻨﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻛﻤﻚ در زﻣﺎن اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ‬
.‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت آﻣﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
Followings are technical information to help when
selecting the appropriate insulating system for
most requirements.
‫ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ‬2-4-5
5.4.2 Economic thickness
Where the sole object of applying insulation to a
portion of plant is to achieve the minimum total
cost during a specific period, the appropriate
thickness is known as the economic thickness.
‫ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﻜﺎرﮔﻴﺮي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ در ﻳﻚ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ از واﺣﺪ‬
،‫رﺳﻴﺪن ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ در ﻳﻚ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ اﺳﺖ‬
.‫ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ را ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‬
To some extent the relevant calculations are
unsatisfactory as they relate only to money values
rather than to the conservation of energy and they
require assumptions that are mainly arbitrary. The
principle is to find at what thickness further
expenditure on insulation would not be justified
by the additional financial saving on heat to be
anticipated during the period (the "evaluation
period"). An increase in the amount of insulation
applied will raise the initial installed cost, but it
will reduce the rate of heat loss through the
insulation, so reducing the total cost during the
evaluation period. (See Appendix A for
calculation and 5.5 for relevant table under
specific condition.)
‫ زﻳﺮا آﻧﻬﺎ‬،‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺗﺎﺣﺪي رﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ در راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ارزش ﭘﻮل ﺑﻮده ﺗﺎ ﺻﺮﻓﻪ ﺟﻮﻳﻲ در اﻧﺮژي و‬
‫ در اﺻﻞ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬.‫ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺎﺗﻲ دارﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺗﻮاﻓﻘﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﻮد ﻛﺪام ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ آن‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺻﺮﻓﻪ ﺟﻮﻳﻲ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ اﺿﺎﻓﻲ روي ﮔﺮﻣﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﭘﻴﺶ‬
‫ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ‬.‫ﺑﻴﻨﻲ در دوره )زﻣﺎن ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ( ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
،‫ﻣﻘﺪار ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﻜﺎر رﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ اوﻟﻴﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه‬
،‫اﻣﺎ ﻧﺮخ ﻫﺪر رﻓﺘﻦ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ را ﻛﺎﻫﺶ داده اﺳﺖ‬
‫ )ﺑﻪ‬.‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ را در زﻣﺎن ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺪول ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ‬5-5 ‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ )اﻟﻒ( ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ و ﺑﻨﺪ‬
.(‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ وﻳﮋه ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
5.4.3 Applications for which
thicknesses are not appropriate
‫ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ‬3-4-5
economic
‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬
Technical requirements should take precedence
over economic considerations when the insulating
material is required for the following purposes.
‫اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﻓﻨﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻘﺎﺻﺪ زﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬
.‫زﻣﺎﻧﻴﻜﻪ ﻣﺎده ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻻزم اﺳﺖ در اوﻟﻮﻳﺖ ﻗﺮار داده ﺷﻮد‬
5.4.3.1 To maintain fluid inside a plant system
within specific temperature limits, e.g.,
refrigeration plant, or plant containing fluid of low
"freezing point".
‫ ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺳﻴﺎل در داﺧﻞ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻛﺎرﺧﺎﻧﻪ در‬1-3-4-5
‫ ﻳﺎ واﺣﺪ داراي‬،‫ واﺣﺪ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﺳﺎز‬،‫ﻣﺤﺪودهاي از دﻣﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل‬
.‫ﺳﻴﺎل ﺑﺎ "ﻧﻘﻄﻪ اﻧﺠﻤﺎد" ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ‬
5.4.3.2 To ensure that a fluid in a pipe has
specified physical properties at the point of
delivery.
‫ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن از اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﺎل داﺧﻞ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ در ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬2-3-4-5
5.4.3.3 To avoid danger to personnel, e.g., from
items of plant at low temperature, or items of
plant carrying low-grade heat such as drains and
waste gases.
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل در‬،‫ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﺧﻄﺮ ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎرﻛﻨﺎن‬3-3-4-5
.‫ ﺧﻮاص ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻲ را دارا ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ از ﻛﺎرﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ دﻣﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ از‬
‫ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﻧﻘﺎط ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ و ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي زاﻳﺪ‬،‫ﻛﺎرﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﺣﺮارت ﻛﻢ‬
.‫اﺳﺖ‬
23
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
5.4.3.4 To control thermal movement of items of
plant, particularly those exposed to high
temperatures.
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
،‫ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ از ﻛﺎرﺧﺎﻧﻪ‬4-3-4-5
.‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎً آﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﻣﻌﺮض دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
5.4.3.5 To limit the temperature of portions of hot
plant in order to avoid damage by excessive
temperature.
‫ ﺑﻪ‬،‫ ﻣﺤﺪود ﻛﺮدن دﻣﺎي ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﺎي داغ ﻛﺎرﺧﺎﻧﻪ‬5-3-4-5
5.4.3.6 To prevent condensation of moisture on
the external surface of the insulation of "cold"
plant, and to maintain the internal temperature of a
system above a specified minimum in order to
avoid corrosive attack, e.g., from condensation of
acidic products resulting from the combustion of
heavy fuel oil.
‫ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ ﺷﺪن رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﺑﺮ روي ﺳﻄﻮح‬6-3-4-5
5.4.3.7 To improve ambient comfort conditions.
(See 5.5 for relevant tables).
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻣﻄﻠﻮب ﻣﺤﻴﻂ )ﺑﻪ ﺟﺪول‬7-3-4-5
.‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﺧﺴﺎرت دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﺑﻴﺶ از ﺣﺪ‬
‫ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ "ﺳﺮد" ﻛﺎرﺧﺎﻧﻪ و ﺣﻔﻆ دﻣﺎي داﺧﻠﻲ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺶ از ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﺣﻤﻠﻪ‬
‫ از ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ ﺷﺪن ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪات اﺳﻴﺪي ﻛﻪ در‬،‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل‬،‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
.‫اﺛﺮ اﺣﺘﺮاق ﻣﺎزوت ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
.(‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬5-5 ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ‬
‫ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ‬4-4-5
5.4.4 Effect of air spaces
It should be noted that an air space is much less
effective for thermal insulation purpose than a
space of similar dimensions filled with one of the
convectional insulating materials. This fact is of
particular significance at elevated temperatures.
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ داﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻓﻀﺎي ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮات ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﻛﻤﻲ در‬
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﺎري ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎي ﭘﺮﺷﺪه از ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع از اﻫﻤﻴﺖ‬.‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻫﻤﺮﻓﺖ ﺑﺎ اﻧﺪازه ﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ دارد‬
.‫ﺧﺎﺻﻲ در دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار اﺳﺖ‬
The provision of air spaces for thermal insulation
purposes is not recommended. But air spaces may
be incorporated between insulation and finish for
economic or drainage requirements.
‫ وﻟﻲ‬.‫ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎي ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﻌﻨﻮان ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻧﻤﻴﺸﻮد‬
‫ از‬،‫ﺑﻮدن ﻓﻀﺎي ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ و ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬
.‫اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻳﺎ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
An air cavity, bounded normal to the direction of
flow of heat, can act as an insulating material, but
its efficiency may vary in accordance with the
influence of many factors, of which the following
are the most important.
‫ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻣﺤﺪود ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬،‫ﻳﻚ ﺣﻔﺮه ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ‬
‫ اﻣﺎ‬،‫ ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎده ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻜﺎري ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬،‫ﺣﺮارت اﺳﺖ‬
‫راﻧﺪﻣﺎن آن ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ زﻳﺎدي ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
.‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ آﻧﻬﺎ در زﻳﺮ آﻣﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
5.4.4.1 Width of the cavity between the boundary
surfaces.
.‫ ﻋﺮض ﺣﻔﺮه ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﺎره ﻫﺎي ﺳﻄﻮح‬1-4-4-5
5.4.4.2 Extent of ventilation of the cavity.
. ‫ داﻣﻨﻪ ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﺣﻔﺮه‬2-4-4-5
5.4.4.3 Nature of the boundary surfaces.
.‫ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﻛﻨﺎره ﻫﺎي ﺳﻄﻮح‬3-4-4-5
5.4.4.4 Mean temperature of the boundary
surfaces.
.‫ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ دﻣﺎي ﻛﻨﺎره ﻫﺎي ﺳﻄﻮح‬4-4-4-5
5.4.4.5 Effect of barrier sheets that may be
interposed in the path of the flow of heat.
‫ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ورق ﻫﺎي ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﻋﺒﻮر ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ‬5-4-4-5
.‫در ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺣﺮارت ﻗﺮار داده ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
24
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
.‫ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺣﻔﺮه ﻫﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ‬6-4-4-5
5.4.4.6 Orientation of the cavity.
‫ راﻧﺪﻣﺎن ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬5-4-5
5.4.5 Thermal efficiency
‫اﺗﻼف راﻧﺪﻣﺎن ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﻨﺪه ﻳﻚ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻲ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ اﻧﺮژي ﻛﻪ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از آن ﺳﺎزﻧﺪه و ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از‬،‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬
‫ در ﻫﺮ ﺣﺎل اﻳﻦ‬.‫آن ﺣﺬف ﻳﺎ ﺿﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻴﮕﺮدد ﻣﻄﺮح ﻧﻤﻴﺸﻮد‬
‫اﺻﻄﻼح در دراز ﻣﺪت ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪهاي داﺷﺘﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي‬
‫ﺑﻴﺎن ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ در ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﻫﺪر رﻓﺘﻦ‬
‫ﺣﺮارت از ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺳﻄﻮح ﺧﺎص در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ دﻳﺪه ﺷﺪه‬
،‫ و ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺑﻮدن ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬،‫ اﺑﻌﺎد ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺧﻮدﻛﺎر ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻧﺸﺪه اﻧﺪ‬.‫اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻳﺎ راﻧﺪﻣﺎن ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺳﺎده ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ و ﻳﺎ درﺻﺪ ﺑﺸﺮح زﻳﺮ ﺑﻴﺎن ﺷﻮد‬
Thermal efficiency as applied to insulation does
not represent a self-evident idea; it is not a
question of energy being partly used
constructively, and partly rejected or wasted.
Nevertheless the term has had some popular use
for a long time for expressing the effectiveness of
some particular piece of insulation in preventing
heat loss from some particular surface in given
design
conditions.
Dimensions
are
not
automatically defined, and this effectiveness of
insulation, or thermal efficiency, may be written
simply as a ratio or expressed as a percentage.
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﺑﺪون ﻋﺎﻳﻖ – ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﺑﺪون ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
heat flow without insulation - heat flow with the insulation
heat flow without insulation
This ratio has been used in specifications to
instruct the designer or supplier what the
insulation requirement is. It is unusual to define
anything other than the supposed temperature of
the hot surface and possibly the wind speed, and
certainly not the many other factors that also
influence the heat loss from a surface.
‫اﻳﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ در ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻓﻨﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ راﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﻃﺮاح ﻳﺎ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ‬
‫ ﻣﻌﻤﻮل‬.‫ ﺑﻜﺎر ﻣﻲرود‬،‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻛﻪ ﭼﻪ ﻧﻮع ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻲ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ دﻳﮕﺮي ﻏﻴﺮ از دﻣــﺎي ﻓﺮض ﺷﺪه ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫ و ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎً ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ زﻳﺎد‬،‫داغ و ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎد را ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻧﻤﻮد‬
‫دﻳﮕﺮي وﺟﻮد دارﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ در ﻫﺪر رﻓﺘﻦ ﺣﺮارت از روي ﺳﻄﺢ‬
.‫ﻣﻮﺛﺮﻧﺪ‬
5.4.6 Specified conditions at the point of
delivery
‫ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪه در ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬6-4-5
When it is necessary that a fluid shall emerge
from a pipeline or duct system under specified
physical conditions, the selection of insulating
material and the thickness applied require special
consideration that shall take into account the rate
of mass flow and certain physical properties of the
fluid to be conveyed through the system;
economic considerations may well become of
secondary importance.
‫زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻻزم اﺳﺖ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﺎل از ﻳﻚ ﺧﻂ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ و‬،‫ﻛﺎﻧﺎل ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﻴﺮون آﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز اﻋﻤﺎل ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺟﺮم‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن و ﺧﻮاص ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻋﻤﺪه ﺳﻴﺎل ﻛﻪ از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد; ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻫﻢ‬
.‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ در درﺟﻪ دوم اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
5.4.7 Protection of boundary surfaces
Although the more conventional applications of
insulating materials are concerned with restricting
loss of heat to the surroundings or gain of heat
from those surroundings, dependent on whether
the ambient temperature is less or greater than that
of the surface to be insulated, it may be necessary
to apply insulating materials to an area of plant for
other reasons, the principle ones being:
‫ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ از ﻛﻨﺎره ﻫﺎي ﺳﻄﻮح‬7-4-5
‫ﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﺪاول ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ‬
‫ اﻣﺎ‬،‫ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖ ﻫﺪر رﻓﺘﻦ ﻳﺎ درﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ از ﻣﺤﻴﻂ اﻃﺮاف اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻛﻢ ﻳﺎ زﻳﺎد ﺷﺪن دﻣﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﻜﺎرﮔﻴﺮي ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ در‬،‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺷﻮد ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ دارد‬
‫ ﻛﻪ اﺻﻮل آن‬.‫ﻳﻚ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ از واﺣﺪ ﺑﻪ دﻻﻳﻞ دﻳﮕﺮ ﺿﺮوري ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
:‫ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ از‬
25
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
5.4.7.1 To control the extent of thermal movement
of the portion of plant.
.‫ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل داﻣﻨﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﺣﺮارت در ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از واﺣﺪ‬1-7-4-5
5.4.7.2 To protect the boundary material from
excessively high or low temperatures.
‫ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺳﻄﻮح ﻛﻨﺎري از دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﺧﻴﻠﻲ زﻳﺎد ﻳﺎ‬2-7-4-5
5.4.7.3 To regulate the temperature of an area of
plant to prevent deterioration.
‫ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ دﻣﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ از واﺣﺪ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از‬3-7-4-5
.‫ﻛﻢ‬
.‫ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ‬
.‫ ﺑﺮاي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻛﺎرﻛﻨﺎن‬4-7-4-5
5.4.7.4 To protect personnel.
5.4.8 Clearance between insulation and the
surrounding surfaces
‫ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺠﺎز ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ و ﺳﻄﻮح ﻫﻤﺠﻮار‬8-4-5
5.4.8.1 One of the chief problems when insulating
complex plant is to provide for adequate access,
and it is of prime importance that this shall be
taken into account when designing the plant and
pipe layout.
‫ ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻋﻤﺪه ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻼت در ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﺮدن واﺣﺪ‬1-8-4-5
5.4.8.2 A minimum clearance of 50 mm beyond
the full extent of thermal movement shall be
allowed between insulated plant and structural or
other insulated surfaces, except where the shielded
depth is greater than 300 mm. In such cases, or
where pipe banks against walls or ceilings are
involved, the designer shall envisage the sequence
of the fixing of the insulating material and its
finish and shall make all necessary provision.
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮي ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﺶ از‬50 ‫ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻣﺠﺎز‬2-8-4-5
5.4.9 Provision
movement
for
differential
‫ و اوﻟﻴﻦ ﻗﺪم ﻣﻬﻢ اﻳﻦ‬،‫ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ دﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻮده‬،‫ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬
‫اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ واﺣﺪ و ﭼﻴﺪﻣﺎن ﻟﻮﻟﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮارد‬
.‫در ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ دﻳﺪه ﺷﻮد‬
‫داﻣﻨﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺣﺮارت ﺑﻴﻦ واﺣﺪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺷﺪه و‬
‫ ﻣﮕﺮ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ‬،‫ﺳﺎزه ﻳﺎ دﻳﮕﺮ ﺳﻄﻮح ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ در ﺟﺎﻳﻲ‬،‫ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻳﻦ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬.‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ‬300 ‫ﺣﻔﺎظ ﺑﻴﺶ از‬
،‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﺮﻫﺎي ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ دﻳﻮارﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻘﻒ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
‫ﻃﺮاح ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﺎري و ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‬
.‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ و ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻮارد ﻻزم را ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
thermal
‫ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﻲ‬9-4-5
‫ ﺳﻄﻮح ﮔﺮم‬1-9-4-5
5.4.9.1 Hot surfaces
Due to the difference in expansion coefficients of
metals and insulating materials it is necessary to
make allowance for the differential movements
between the hot surface, the insulant and the
finish.
،‫ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﺗﻔﺎوت ﺑﻴﻦ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ اﻧﺒﺴﺎط ﻓﻠﺰات و ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻜﺎري‬
،‫ﻻزم اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺠﺎزي ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻞ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ داغ‬
.‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ و ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻗﺎﻳﻞ ﺷﺪ‬
As a guide it is recommended that such
allowances or expansion joints be inserted at the
following intervals:
‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺣﺪ‬،‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ راﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ‬
.‫ﻣﺠﺎز ﻳﺎ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻧﺒﺴﺎﻃﻲ در ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ زﻳﺮ ﮔﻨﺠﺎﻧﺪه ﺷﻮد‬
26
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
TEMPERATURE (°C)
SPACING INTERVALS (m)
(°C) ‫دﻣﺎ‬
(‫ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ ﻓﻀﺎ )ﻣﺘﺮ‬
Up to 200
200 ‫ﺗﺎ‬
5
200 to 300
300 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬200
4
300 to 400
400 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬300
3
Over 400
400 ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ از‬
2
Above 250°C preformed sections or flexible
insulation shall be applied in multi layers and that
joints in individual layers shall be staggered.
250 ‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﺶ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ اﻧﻌﻄﺎف ﭘﺬﻳﺮ در ﺑﺎﻻي‬
‫درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﭼﻨﺪ ﻻﻳﻪ و اﺗﺼﺎﻻت در‬
.‫ﻻﻳﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻳﻚ در ﻣﻴﺎن اﻋﻤﺎل ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
At the junction between preformed insulating
materials and fixed steel work, the joint area shall
be packed with mineral fiber to accommodate
differential thermal movement. With a metal
finish it is customary to fit sliding joints. When a
plaster-type finish is applied, and expansion joint
shall be provided by cutting at a circumferential
joint in single layer or in the outer layer of a
double-layer system. These joints shall be covered
with mineral-fiber cloth, secured in place, or as a
muff in the same way as at a flange. As a rough
approximation, radial expansion of pipes and
vessels covered with plaster-type finishes is
acceptable without longitudinal expansion joints if
the value of D × t is less than 250 for pipes or
vessels up to 1.5 m in diameter over insulation or
500 if over 1.5 m. (D is diameter in meters and t is
temperature in °C.)
‫در اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﺎري ﭘﻴﺶ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ و ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺎري‬
‫ ﻣﺤﻞ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻴﺎف ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﭘﺮ ﺷﺪه ﺗﺎ ﺧﻮد را‬،‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
‫ در ﺻﻮرت اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از‬.‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻞ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﺣﺮارت ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ دﻫﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﻌﻤﻮل از اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﻛﺸﻮﻳﻲ‬،‫ﻓﻠﺰ در ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬
،‫ در ﺻﻮرت اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﭘﻼﺳﺘﺮ در ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬.‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻬﻴﻪ اﺗﺼﺎل اﻧﺒﺴﺎﻃﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮش ﺑﺮ اﺗﺼﺎل ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺗﻚ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ‬.‫ﻻﻳﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮ روي ﻻﻳﻪ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دو ﻻﻳﻪ اﻳﺠﺎد ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ‬،‫اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻴﺎف ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ و ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺷﻮد‬
،‫ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ‬.‫ﺷﻜﻠﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻓﻠﻨﺠﻲ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﻮد‬
‫اﻧﺒﺴﺎط ﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎ و ﻇﺮوف ﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪه ﺷﺪه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﻼﺳﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺻﻮرت ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺪون اﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻧﺒﺴﺎط ﻃﻮﻟﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮل‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻇﺮوف‬250 ‫ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از‬D × t ‫ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار‬،‫ﺑﻮده‬
.‫ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬1/5 ‫ اﮔﺮ ﺑﻴﺶ از‬500 ‫ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻗﻄﺮ روي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻳﺎ‬1/5 ‫ﺗﺎ‬
‫ دﻣﺎ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬t ‫ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ و‬D)
.(‫ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻛﺸﻮﻳﻲ و آﻛﺎردﺋﻮﻧﻲ‬،‫ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻧﺒﺴﺎﻃﻲ‬2-9-4-5
5.4.9.2 Sliding and bellows expansion joints
‫ ﺑﻪ‬.‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ در ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد اﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻧﺒﺴﺎﻃﻲ ﺗﺪاﺧﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ دﻟﻴﻞ آﻛﺎردﺋﻮﻧﻲ ﻳﺎ اﺗﺼﺎل ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻗﻔﺲ ﻓﻠﺰي ﻣﻬﺎر و‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮري ﻛﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﺪ‬،‫ﻓﻘﻂ از ﻳﻚ اﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ در ﺿﻤﻦ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ دﻗﺖ ﻧﻤﻮد ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﻣﻬﺎر ﻓﻮﻻد ﻧﺮم و‬.‫ﻣﺤﻜﻢ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ زﻳﺮا ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﮔﺮم‬،‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ دﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻧﺰدﻳﻚ ﻧﺒﻮده‬
.‫ﺷﺪه ﻳﺎ ﻧﺘﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
The insulation shall not interfere with the
operation of the expansion joints. For this reason,
the bellows or joint is usually fitted with a metal
cage, fastened at one end only, on which the
insulation can be secured. Care shall be taken to
see that mild-steel tie rods, etc., are not enclosed
within the insulation where they may attain too
high a temperature or cannot be adjusted.
27
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
‫ ﺳﻄﻮح ﺳﺮد‬3-9-4-5
5.4.9.3 Cold surfaces
‫ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻜﺎري ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﻧﺰدﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ دﻣﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻣﻮرد‬
‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﻣﻴﮕﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ داراي ﺿﺮاﻳﺐ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ ﺑــﻠﻜﻪ ﺑﺎ‬،‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮاد ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
‫ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻳﺎ اﻗﻼﻣﻲ از ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺪه‬
‫ در ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻣﻮارد ﻣﺎده ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻜﺎري ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازه ﻛﺎﻓﻲ‬.‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺿﺮﺑﻪ ﮔﻴﺮي و ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي دارﻧﺪ وﻟﻲ در ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ و در درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارتﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ و ﻳﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از‬
‫ اﻳﻦ‬.‫ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻧﻘﺒﺎض ﺑﻜﺎر ﻣﻴﺮود‬
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ درز داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ‬10 ‫اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺣﺪود‬
‫ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﻣﺬﻛﻮر ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﻣﺤﻞ زﻳﺮ‬.‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ارﺗﺠﺎع ﭘﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ﺗﻜﻴﻪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎي ﺣﻠﻘﻮي در ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﻮدي و در ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ ﻣﺬﻛﻮر ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ‬.‫روي ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎي اﻓﻘﻲ ﺑﻼﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻫﺎ و درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت‬،‫در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎ‬
‫ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﺨﺎرﺑﻨﺪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬.‫ﺑﻬﺮه ﺑﺮداري ﺻﻮرت ﭘﺬﻳﺮد‬
‫ﭘﻴﺶ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺷﻮد ﺗﺎ ﺧﻮد را ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات اﻳﻦ اﺗﺼﺎل‬
.‫ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
Insulating materials for use at sub-ambient
temperatures may have coefficients of thermal
movement that not only vary with different
materials, but also differ appreciably from the
corresponding movements of the pipe or item of
equipment to which they are fitted. In some cases
the insulating material will be sufficiently
compressible to accommodate this differential
movement but, with long straight lengths at
extreme temperatures or with non-compressible
insulation, contraction joints will be required.
These may take the form of a 10 mm gap in the
insulation that is packed with a flexible insulation.
Contraction joints shall be provided immediately
below insulation support rings on vertical pipes
and at suitable intervals on horizontal pipes. Joint
intervals shall be chosen with due regard to the
pipe and insulation materials and the operating
temperature. The joints shall be covered with a
preformed
insulation
vapor
seal
shall
accommodate movement of this joint.
‫ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ‬4-9-4-5
5.4.9.4 Plastics pipe
In the unlikely event that plastics pipe requires
thermal insulation attention is drawn to the fact
that the thermal expansion coefficients are
generally much higher than those of metals.
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻼف ﻣﻌﻤﻮل ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎي ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ دارﻧﺪ‬
‫و ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ اﻳﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ اﻧﺒﺴﺎط ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻛﻠﻲ‬
.‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻓﻠﺰي ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
5.4.10 Provision for preventing settlement and
cracking
‫ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﻧﺸﺴﺖ و ﺗﺮك‬10-4-5
On vertical surfaces provision shall be made for
insulation supports to take the dead weight of the
insulation. These shall project halfway through the
insulation thickness or in the case of multilayer
work to a line halfway through the thickness of
the outer layer. These supports may take the form
of flat bars, angles or studs, as appropriate (see
7.2.3.3.). Preferably, provision should be made for
tying back any reinforcement for the finishing
cement.
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت در ﺳﻄﻮح ﻋﻤﻮدي ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ ﻧﺤﻮه‬.‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪارﻧﺪه ﻫﺎي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ وزن ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ را ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ آﻧﻬﺎ در ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﻮده ﻳﺎ در ﺻﻮرت‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻻﻳﻪ ﺑﻴﺮوﻧﻲ ﻗﺮار‬،‫ﺑﻜﺎرﮔﻴﺮي ﭼﻨﺪ ﻻﻳﻪ‬
‫ ﻧﺒﺸﻲ و ﻳﺎ‬،‫ اﻳﻦ ﻧﮕﻬﺪارﻧﺪه ﻫﺎ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺗﺴﻤﻪ‬.‫ﮔﻴﺮد‬
3-3-2-7 ‫ﻣﻴﻞ ﭘﻴﭻ و ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ )ﺑﻪ‬
‫ آﻣﺎده ﺳﺎزي ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ ﺑﺴﺘﻦ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻮع‬،ً‫ ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺤﺎ‬.(‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
.‫ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ از ﭘﺸﺖ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺳﻴﻤﺎن ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
Clay-based compositions, bitumen emulsions and
other similar finishes shall only be applied to
"hot" plant when heat is available for drying out
the whole insulation from inside.
‫ اﻣﻮﻟﺴﻴﻮن ﻗﻴﺮ و ﻣﻮاد ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ دﻳﮕﺮ‬،‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﮔﻞ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﮔﺮﻣﺎي‬،‫ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮاي واﺣﺪﻫﺎي داغ ﺑﻜﺎر رود‬
.‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﺗﻤﺎم ﻋﺎﻳﻖ را از داﺧﻞ ﺧﺸﻚ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺧﻮردن‬
28
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
‫ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﺎري ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎ در ﻛﺎﻧﺎل ﻫﺎ و ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎي‬11-4-5
5.4.11 Insulation of pipes in ducts and subways
‫ﻓﺮﻋﻲ‬
5.4.11.1 Pipes in internal ducts and trenches are
normally insulated after hydraulic testing and, in
the case of pipes for heating services, before
heating is commenced; therefore plastic insulation
is not normally used.
‫ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎي داﺧﻞ ﻛﺎﻧﺎﻟﻬﺎ و ﮔﻮداﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﻌﺪ از‬1-11-4-5
5.4.11.2 Insulation is recommended for steam,
condensate, heating and hot-water supply mains,
in order to conserve heat and to avoid high
ambient temperatures. It is not usually necessary
to insulate cold water pipes, fire mains, etc.,
against frost when they are enclosed in a duct,
unless insulation is required to prevent surface
condensation. The formulae given in Appendix B
are applicable for heat-transfer calculations.
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺣﻔﻆ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ و ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﺑﺎﻻ رﻓﺘﻦ‬2-11-4-5
‫آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻫﻴﺪرواﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻚ و ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ در ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ از ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬.‫ ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻜﺎري ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ‬،‫ ﻗﺒﻞ از ﮔﺮم ﺷﺪن‬،‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
.‫ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻧﻤﻴﺸﻮد‬
، ‫ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ‬،‫ ﺑﺨﺎر‬،‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻴﺸﻮد ﻛﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎي‬،‫دﻣﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
‫ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻻزم‬.‫ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬،‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﻲ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ و آب داغ‬
‫ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﻲ آﺗﺶ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻲ و‬،‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛـــﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎي آب ﺳﺮد‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮه ﻛﻪ داﺧﻞ ﻛﺎﻧﺎل ﻗﺮار دارﻧﺪ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻳﺦ زدﮔﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﺎري‬
‫ ﻣﮕﺮ اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻻزم ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ‬.‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﻓﺮﻣﻮلﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ )ب( ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺑﺮاي‬.‫ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺷﻮد‬
.‫اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺣﺮارت ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي آب‬،‫ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬3-11-4-5
5.4.11.3 To prevent condensation of moisture,
chilled-water and refrigeration pipes will
generally require insulation and adequate vapor
seal.
‫ﺳﺮد و ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻛﻠﻲ ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﺎري و ﺑﺨﺎرﺑﻨﺪ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ‬
.‫دارﻧﺪ‬
5.4.11.4 For hot-water heating, and for steam, hotwater and cold-water services, effective insulation
can be provided by using preformed or flexible
insulating materials.
‫ ﺳﺮوﻳﺲ ﻫﺎي آب‬،‫ ﺑﺮاي دﻳﮕﻬﺎي آب داغ و ﺑﺨﺎر‬4-11-4-5
5.4.11.5 For internal ducts where the pipes are
hidden from sight, it may not be necessary to
apply further finish; where a neater appearance is
required it may be advisable to finish with textile
fabric or with a thin sheet material. Painting of the
finished surface may be necessary, and
identification can be provided in accordance with
IPS-E-TP-100.
‫ در ﻛﺎﻧﺎلﻫﺎي داﺧﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎ در ﻣﻌﺮض دﻳﺪ‬5-11-4-5
‫ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ را ﻣﻴﺘﻮان ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻳﺎ‬،‫ﺳﺮد و داغ‬
.‫اﻧﻌﻄﺎف ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻧﻤﻮد‬
‫ در‬.‫ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﺿﺮورت ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ‬،‫ﺟﺎﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻇﺎﻫﺮي ﺗﻤﻴﺰﺗﺮي ﻻزم ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ در ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ از ﭘﺎرﭼﻪ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﻳــﺎ‬
‫ رﻧﮓ آﻣﻴــﺰي ﺳﻄﺢ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬،‫ورق ﻧﺎزك اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد‬
‫اﺳﺖ ﻻزم ﺷﻮد و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳــﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻃﺒﻖ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
.‫ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮدد‬IPS-E-TP-100
:‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
Note:
‫ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎ در زﻳﺮ زﻣﻴﻦ و ﺧﺎرج از ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن ﻗﺮار دارﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ‬،‫ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﺎري ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻻزم اﺳﺖ از ﻧﻔﻮذ آب زﻳﺮزﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﺎري‬
.‫و ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﺷﻮد‬
Where pipes are to run underground external to
buildings consideration shall be given not only to
the insulation required but also to the protection
necessary to prevent the penetration of ground
water to the insulating material and the pipe.
29
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻻزم در ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﺎ ﮔﺴﺘﺮش ﻧﻔﻮذ آب ﭘﻴﮕﻴﺮي ﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻃﻮري ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ روﺷﻬﺎي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده را ﺑﺘﻮان‬
.‫ﺑﺮاي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ از ﻋﺎﻳﻖ اراﻳﻪ ﻧﻤﻮد‬
Advice should be sought on the extent of water
penetration so that consideration can be given to
the protection methods to be used for protecting
the insulation.
‫ ﺧﻄﺮات آﺗﺶ ﺳﻮزي‬12-4-5
5.4.12 Fire hazards
Not all the thermal insulating materials in
common use are non-flammable. Some of them,
often used for refrigeration systems, are entirely of
organic composition and thus may constitute a fire
hazard, or they may emit smoke and toxic fumes.
‫اﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﻌﻤﻮل ﺑﻜﺎر ﻣﻲروﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ از آﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﻪ اﻏﻠﺐ در ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺳﺮﻣﺎ‬.‫آﺗﺶﮔﻴﺮ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻛﺎﻣﻞ از ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت آﻟﻲ ﺑﻮده و ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‬،‫ﺳﺎز ﺑﻜﺎر ﻣﻴﺮوﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﻳﺎ دود و ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي‬،‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ اﻳﺠﺎد ﺧﻄﺮ آﺗﺶ ﺳﻮزي ﻛﺮده‬
.‫ﺳﻤﻲ ﻣﺘﺼﺎﻋﺪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬
Designers of thermal insulation systems shall
therefore consider the process conditions and the
plant arrangement before deciding whether or not
the proposed thermal insulating material might
contribute to the spread of fire, however initiated,
and they shall vary their choice of material
accordingly.
‫ﻃﺮاﺣﺎن ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻗﺒﻞ از ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﻴﺮي در‬
‫ﻣﻮرد آﺗﺶ ﮔﻴﺮ ﺑﻮدن ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ و‬
‫ﭼﻴﺪﻣﺎن دﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ اﻃﻼع ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ و ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
.‫ﺧﻮد را ﺑﺮ اﻳﻦ اﺳﺎس اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺿﺪ ﻳﺦ‬13-4-5
5.4.13 Insulation against freezing
5.4.13.1 There is no known insulation that will
prevent freezing of liquid in pipes and vessels
under all conditions. If the outside temperature
remains low enough for long enough, and the
movement of liquid through the pipe or vessel is
slow, then no insulation, however thick, will
prevent internal freezing.
‫ ﺗﺎﻛﻨﻮن ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﺪ از ﻳﺦ زدن ﺳﻴﺎل در‬1-13-4-5
5.4.13.2 Insulation will retard the onset of
freezing and if the intervals during which the
liquid is static are short enough freezing may be
avoided. If more heat is supplied from the liquid
passing through the system than is lost through the
insulation together with the associated losses
through supports and hangers, freezing can be
avoided.
‫ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﺎري ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺷﺮوع ﻳﺦ زدن را ﺑﻪ‬2-13-4-5
.‫ﺗﻌﻮﻳﻖ اﻧﺪازد و اﮔﺮ وﻗﻔﻪ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﻴﺎل در داﺧﻞ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺣﺎل اﮔﺮ ﺣﺮارت اﻳﺠﺎد ﺷﺪه‬.‫ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ از ﻳﺦ زدن ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﺒﻮر ﻣﺎﻳﻊ در ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮارت از دﺳﺖ رﻓﺘﻪ از‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ و ﻫﺪر رﻓﺘﻦ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﺘﺮك از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻫﺎ و‬
.‫ ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ از ﻳﺦ زدن ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬،‫ﻗﻼبﻫﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
5.4.13.3 When fluids are static in pipes or vessels
and the ambient temperate is below the freezing
point of the contained fluid, the only sure way to
prevent freezing is to supply heat to the system,
e.g., by means of tracer pipes or electric heating
elements, which should be fitted before the
particular item of plant is insulated. The amount
of heat thus supplied per unit period of time shall
be sufficient to replace that lost from the system
during the same period. Each problem of
‫ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﻻت در ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻇﺮوف ﺳﺎﻛﻦ‬3-13-4-5
‫ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬،‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ و ﻇﺮوف ﺗﺤﺖ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ دﻣﺎي ﺑﻴﺮون ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازه ﻛﺎﻓﻲ در دراز ﻣﺪت‬.‫ﻧﺸﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ و ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺳﻴﺎل در درون ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻇﺮف آﻫﺴﺘﻪ‬،‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﻗﺎدر ﺑﻪ‬،‫ ﻫﺮ ﻗﺪر ﻫﻢ ﺿﺨﻴﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ ﺳﭙﺲ ﻫﻴﭽﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻲ‬،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﻳﺦ زدن داﺧﻠﻲ ﻧﺨﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‬
‫ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ راه‬،‫ﺑﻮده و دﻣﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ در زﻳﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ اﻧﺠﻤﺎد ﺳﻴﺎل ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
،‫ ﮔﺮم ﻛﺮدن ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ اﺳﺖ‬،‫ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﻳﺦ زدن‬
‫ ﻳﺎ اﻟﻤﺎن ﻫﺎي ﮔﺮﻣﻜﻦ‬، ‫ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﻗﺒﻞ از ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﺎري اﻗﻼم ﺧﺎﺻﻲ از واﺣﺪ‬
‫ﻧﺼﺐ ﮔﺮدد ﻣﻴﺰان ﮔﺮﻣﺎي داده ﺷﺪه در واﺣﺪ زﻣﺎن ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻧﺪازه‬
‫ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﻮده ﺗﺎ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﮔﺮﻣﺎي ﻫﺪر رﻓﺘﻪ از ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ در ﻫﻤﺎن‬
30
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
insulation against frost conditions shall receive
individual consideration, and due regard shall be
paid to the climatic conditions of the area
concerned.
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
‫ ﻫﺮ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اﻧﺠﻤﺎد ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ دﻗﺖ‬.‫زﻣﺎن ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺷﻮد و ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ آب و ﻫﻮاي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
.‫در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ ﺑﺮ روي ﺳﻄﻮح‬14-4-5
5.4.14 Protection against surface condensation
5.4.14.1 Condensation takes place on piping and
equipment held at temperatures below the dew
point of the ambient air.
‫ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ در دﻣﺎﻫﺎي زﻳﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺷﺒﻨﻢ ﻫﻮاي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬1-14-4-5
.‫روي ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ و ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات اﺗﻔﺎق ﻣﻲاﻓﺘﺪ‬
5.4.14.2 Although the application of the insulation
can prevent condensation at the surface, it will not
necessarily prevent the moisture being drawn
through the insulation itself, and frequently the
dew point will be reached at some distance inside
the layer of insulation. It is therefore imperative
that a vapor barrier be applied on the warm side
on the insulation layer. If an insulating material is
applied to a cold surface in humid conditions
without a vapor barrier, the insulation can become
saturated, its heat-insulating properties impaired
and also, probably, its mechanical strength. If the
cold surface is at a temperature lower than
freezing point, the moisture will freeze and tend to
rupture and break away the insulation.
‫ ﮔﺮﭼﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از اﻳﺠﺎد‬2-14-4-5
5.4.14.3 The object of the vapor barrier is to
prevent ingress of moisture. It may be desirable
that the thickness of insulation be chosen so that
the outside surface temperature of the insulation
remains above the dew point. This requirement
tends to increase the thickness above the range
normally considered for hot insulation work. An
adequate space shall be provided for the extra
thickness, and due regard should therefore be
given to the spacing of pipes and equipment to
allow room for insulation.
‫ ﻫﺪف از ﺑﻜﺎرﮔﻴﺮي ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﻋﺒﻮر ﺑﺨﺎر ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از‬3-14-4-5
‫ اﻣﺎ ﻟﺰوﻣﺎً از ﻧﻔﻮذ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﺑﻪ داﺧﻞ‬،‫ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ در ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﻧﻤﻴﻜﻨﺪ و اﻏﻠﺐ دﻣﺎ در ﺑﻌﻀﻲ از‬
‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‬.‫ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ درون ﻻﻳﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺷﺒﻨﻢ ﻣﻲرﺳﺪ‬
‫ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﻨﺪ اﻋﻤﺎل‬،‫ﺿﺮوري اﺳﺖ روي ﺳﻤﺖ ﮔﺮم ﻻﻳﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
‫ ﭼﻨﺎﭼﻪ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺮ روي ﺳﻄﺢ ﺳﺮد در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬.‫ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ اﺷﺒﺎع‬،‫ﻣﺮﻃﻮب و ﺑﺪون ﺑﺨﺎرﺑﻨﺪ ﺑﻜﺎر ﺑﺮده ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮاص ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻً ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم‬،‫ﺷﺪه‬
‫ ﺣﺎل اﮔﺮ دﻣﺎي ﺳﻄﺢ ﺳﺮد ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ‬.‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ آن آﺳﻴﺐ وارد ﺷﻮد‬
‫ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻣﻨﺠﻤﺪ ﺷﺪه و ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﮔﺴﻴﺨﺘﻦ‬،‫ﺗﺮ از ﻧﻘﻄﻪ اﻧﺠﻤﺎد ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫و ﺷﻜﺴﺘﻦ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﻴﮕﺮدد‬
‫ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﻪ‬.‫ورود رﻃﻮﺑﺖ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪاي اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ دﻣﺎي ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﻴﺮوﻧﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ از ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ اﻟﺰام ﺑﺎﻋﺚ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ از‬.‫ﺷﺒﻨﻢ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
‫ ﻟﺬا ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬.‫ﻣﻴﺰان ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز در ﻋﺎﻳﻖﻛﺎري داغ ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬
‫ﻓﻀﺎي ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﺿﺎﻓﻲ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد و ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ در ﻣﻮرد ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎ و ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺑﺮاي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬
.‫ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺳﺮد ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ‬4-14-4-5
5.4.14.4 Certain cold-insulation materials have in
themselves a high resistance to the passage of
water vapor, even so they will require a vapor
seal, and all joints have to be adequately sealed.
‫ ﺑـﺎ وﺟـﻮد اﻳـﻦ ﺑـﻪ‬،‫ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ در ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﻋﺒﻮر ﺑﺨﺎر آب دارﻧﺪ‬
‫آبﺑﻨﺪ ﺑﺨﺎر ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻮده و ﻛﻠﻴـﻪ اﺗـﺼﺎﻻت ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺑـﻪ ﻃـﻮر ﻣﻄﻠـﻮب‬
.‫آﺑﺒﻨﺪي ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي اﺟﺘﻨﺎب از اﻳﺠﺎد ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ ﺑﺮ روي‬5-14-4-5
5.4.14.5 To avoid condensation on plant situated
out of doors, the finish has to be vapor proof as
well as weatherproof and it shall be remembered
that watertight coatings are not necessarily vapor
tight.
‫دﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎي ﺑﻴﺮوﻧﻲ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺿﺪ ﺑﺨﺎر و ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺎن‬
‫ ﻛﻪ‬،‫ﺧﻮﺑﻲ ﺿﺪ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺟﻮي ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺨﺎﻃﺮ داﺷﺖ‬
‫ ﻟﺰوﻣﺎً در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺨﺎر ﻧﻔﻮذ‬،‫ﭘﻮﺷﺸﻬﺎي ﻧﻔﻮذ ﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ آب‬
.‫ﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
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‫ ﻣﻮاﻧﻊ ﻋﺒﻮر ﺑﺨﺎر‬15-4-5
5.4.15 Vapor barriers
Information and recommendations on vapor
barriers are given in 5.4.15.1 to 5.4.15.15 but,
because of lack of precise knowledge and because
of variations in practical application, any
quantities recommendations are to be taken as
approximate guidance only. Care needs to be
taken to ensure that the vapor barrier does not add
seriously to the fire hazard of the complete
system.
‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت و ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻫـــﺎي ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑـﻪ ﻣﻮاﻧﻊ ﻋﺒﻮر ﺑﺨﺎر در‬
‫ اﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ‬،‫ آورده ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ‬15-15-4-5 ‫ اﻟﻲ‬1-15-4-5 ‫ﺑﻨﺪﻫـــﺎي‬
‫ ﻫﺮ ﻣﻘﺪار از‬،‫دﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﺪم اﻃﻼع دﻗﻴﻖ و ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻫﺎ را ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان رﻫﻨﻤﻮدي ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ در ﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫ در ﺿﻤﻦ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ دﻗﺖ ﻧﻤﻮد و ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮاﻧﻊ ﻋﺒﻮر‬.‫ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‬
‫ ﺧﻄﺮي ﺟﺪي در اﻳﺠﺎد آﺗﺶ ﺳﻮزي در ﻛﻞ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ را‬،‫ﺑﺨﺎر‬
.‫ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻧﻜﻨﺪ‬
5.4.15.1 The ability of air to hold water in the
vapor phase is reduced as the temperature
decreases, the vapor condensing when the
temperature falls to the dew point; the saturation
vapor pressure of water in the atmosphere increase
with increase in temperature.
‫ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ دﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻫﻮا در ﻧﮕﻬﺪاﺷﺘﻦ آب ﺑﻪ‬1-15-4-5
‫ و زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ دﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺷﺒﻨﻢ‬،‫ﺻﻮرت ﺑﺨﺎر ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬
‫ و ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺨﺎر اﺷﺒﺎع آب‬،‫ﻣﻴﺮﺳﺪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻴﻌﺎن ﺷﺪن ﺑﺨﺎر ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬
.‫در ﺟﻮ ﺑﺎ زﻳﺎد ﺷﺪن دﻣﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬
‫ﺟﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻪ دﻣﺎي ﺳﻄﺢ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ واﺣﺪي ﻛﻪ در روي آن‬
‫ و ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ از ﻋﺎﻳﻖ در زﻳﺮ دﻣﺎي ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬،‫ﺑﻜﺎر رﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻮده‬
‫ در اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ در ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ اﺧﺘﻼف‬،‫ﺷﺒﻨﻢ ﻗﺮار داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ اﺧﺘﻼف ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ دارد ﺑﺨﺎر را ﺑﺎ‬.‫ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺨﺎر آب وﺟﻮد دارد‬
،‫ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‬،‫ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮف ﺳﻄﺢ ﺳﺮد واﺣﺪ‬
‫ آب ﺳﺮد ﺷﺪه ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ‬،‫ و اﮔﺮ دﻣﺎ زﻳﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ اﻧﺠﻤﺎد ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ﺑﺮاﻧﺪ‬
.‫ﻳﺦ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‬
Where the surface temperature of insulation is
higher than the plant on which it is used, and some
part of the insulation is at a temperature below the
dew point of the ambient air, there is a watervapor pressure differential across the insulation.
This differential will tend to force the vapor
towards the cold surface of the plant where it will
condense and, if the temperature is below freezing
point, the condensed water will turn into ice.
‫ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ‬،‫ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ رﻫﻨﻤﻮد ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ‬2-15-4-5
‫ و‬،‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ آب ﺣﺪود ﺳﻪ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎده ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺧﺸﻚ ﺧﻮب ﺑﻮده‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‬.‫در ﻣﻮرد ﻳﺦﺗﺮ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻴﺴﺖ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ آب ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ داﺧﻠﻲ و ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻳﺦ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ اي ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ‬
،‫ ﺑﻌﻼوه اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺣﺠﻢ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ در اﺛﺮ ﻣﻨﺠﻤﺪ ﺷﺪن‬.‫ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ‬
.‫ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﺎده را ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
5.4.15.2 As a rough guide, the thermal
conductivity of water is about three times that of a
typical good quality dry insulating material, and
that of wet ice may be up to twenty times that of
water. This means that internal condensation and
ice formation will appreciably reduce the
effectiveness of the thermal insulating material.
Additionally, the increase in volume of the
moisture on freezing can disrupt the physical
structure of the material.
‫ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻲ ﻛﻪ اﺻﻮﻻً داراي ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎي ﻓﺸﺮده‬3-15-4-5
5.4.15.3 Insulating materials that consist
substantially of closed cells possess an inherent
resistance to the passage of water vapor, but opencell insulants and loose fill porous materials are
readily permeable to water vapor.
‫ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻋﺒﻮر ﺑﺨﺎر آب داراي ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ‬،‫دروﻧﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ اﻣﺎ ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻬﺎي ﺑﺎ ﺳﻠﻮل ﺑﺎز و ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻨﻔﺬدار آزاد ﺑﻪ‬،‫ﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺑﻮده‬
.‫راﺣﺘﻲ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺨﺎر آب ﻧﻔﻮذﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
Even with materials that have good resistance to
the transmission of water vapor, differential
movement of plant and insulation can cause joints
in the latter to open, thus allowing moisture to
penetrate towards the underlying surface. Jointsealing compounds also may fail to exclude water
،‫ﺣﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮادي ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ در اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺑﺨﺎر آب دارﻧﺪ‬
‫اﺧﺘﻼف ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ دﺳﺘﮕﺎه و ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺑﺎزﺷﺪن‬
‫اﺗﺼﺎﻻت در ﻣﻮرد اﺧﻴﺮ ﺷﻮد و اﺟﺎزه دﻫﺪ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﺑﻪ زﻳﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت آبﺑﻨﺪي اﺗﺼﺎل ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻗﺎدر ﺑﻪ‬.‫ﻧﻔﻮذ ﻛﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﺑﺨﺎر آب ﺑﻄﻮر ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ در اﻳﻦ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ آب‬
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Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
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vapor completely, in which case the contained
water or ice may form strongly conducting paths
from the surface of the plant to the ambient air.
‫و ﻳﺎ ﻳﺦ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﻋﺎﻳﻖ اﻳﺠﺎد ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎي رﺳﺎﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ از‬
. ‫ﺳﻄﺢ دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮاي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
5.4.15.4 As a general rule, all insulation on plant
working at sub-ambient temperatures shall have a
"vapor barrier" layer over the outer (warm face)
surface. This barrier shall be resistant to the
passage of water vapor and it shall be applied to
the dry insulation immediately the latter has been
fitted and before the plant is cooled.
‫ ﺗﻤﺎم ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻫﺎي ﺑﻜﺎر‬،‫ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﻗﺎﻋﺪه ﻛﻠﻲ‬4-15-4-5
‫رﻓﺘﻪ در واﺣﺪ در دﻣﺎﻫﺎي زﻳﺮ ﻫﻮاي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ داراي ﻻﻳﻪ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ‬.‫"ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﻋﺒﻮر ﺑﺨﺎر" ﺑﺮ روي ﺳﻄﺢ )ﮔﺮم( ﺑﻴﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻋﺒﻮر ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﻮر ﺑﺨﺎر آب ﺑﻮده و ﺑﻼﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﺮ روي‬
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺧﺸﻚ اﻋﻤﺎل و ﻣﻮرد اﺧﻴﺮ ﻗﺒﻞ از ﺳﺮد ﺷﺪن واﺣﺪ‬
.‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﮔﺮدد‬
The effectiveness of the vapor barrier is expressed
in terms of the rate at which water vapor is
transmitted through it under defined conditions,
i.e., by a "permeability" figure or a "permeance"
figure. Permeability relates to the rate of
transmission through unit thickness (normally 1
m) of the material whereas permeance relates to
the total rate of transmission through the actual
thickness of a particular material, as applied. SI
Units are:
‫ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺑﻮدن ﻣﻮاﻧﻊ ﻋﺒﻮر ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﻧﺴﺒﺖ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺑﺨﺎر آب از‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﺪد‬،‫وﺳﻂ آن ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺪه‬
‫ ﻧﻔﻮذﭘﺬﻳﺮي‬.‫ ﺑﻴﺎن ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬،"‫"ﻧﻔﻮذﭘﺬﻳﺮي" ﻳﺎ ﻋﺪد "ﻧﻔﻮذﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻧﺮخ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس واﺣﺪ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ )ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻧﺮﻣﺎل‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﻣﺘﺮ( از ﻣﺎده ﺑﻮده در ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻔﻮذﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺟﻤﻊ‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﻧﺮخ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ واﻗﻌﻲ ﻣﺎده ﺧﺎص ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮر ﻛﻪ‬
:‫( ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ از‬SI) ‫ ﺑﺮﻣﺒﻨﺎي واﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ‬.‫اﻋﻤﺎل ﺷﺪه‬
Permeability:
:‫ﻧﻔﻮذ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي‬
Grams per second per meganewton vapor pressure
difference, for one meter thickness: g.m/(s.MN).
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻳﻚ‬،‫ﮔﺮم در ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻣﮕﺎﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ اﺧﺘﻼف ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺨﺎر‬
.g.m/(s.MN) :‫ﻣﺘﺮ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ‬
Permeance:
:‫ﻧﻔﻮذ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬
Grams per second per mega Newton vapor
pressure difference: g/(s.MN).
.g/(s.MN) :‫ﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻣﮕﺎﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ اﺧﺘﻼف ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺨﺎر‬
It shall be noted that whereas "permeability" is a
characteristic of a given material, "permeance"
relates only to a particular layer of known
thickness after application. Typical values for
some vapor-barrier layers are given in Table 1.
،‫ﻻزم ﺑﻪ ﺗﺬﻛﺮ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ "ﻧﻔﻮذﭘﺬﻳﺮي" ﻳﻚ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ از ﻣﺎده اﺳﺖ‬
‫در ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ "ﻧﻔﻮذﭘﺬﻳﺮ" ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻻﻳﻪ ﺧﺎص ﺑﺎ‬
‫ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ‬.‫ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻌﺪ از اﺟﺮا ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫( داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬1) ‫از ﻻﻳﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﻋﺒﻮر ﺑﺨﺎر در ﺟﺪول‬
33
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
TABLE 1 - TYPICAL VALUES FOR WATER VAPOR PERMEANCE
‫ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﻧﻔﻮذﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺑﺨﺎر آب‬-1 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
MATERIAL
THICKNESS
‫ﻣﻮاد‬
‫ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ‬
mm
PERMEANCE
(MAXIMUM)
(‫ﻧﻔﻮذﭘﺬﻳﺮ )ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‬
g/(s-MN)
(A) Liquid – applied
‫اﻟﻒ( ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻜﺎررﻓﺘﻪ‬
____
____
(1) Emulsion-based
‫( ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ اﻣﻮﻟﺴﻴﻮن‬1)
____
____
‫اﻣﻮﻟﺴﻴﻮن ﻗﻴﺮ‬
3.2
0.046
‫اﻣﻮﻟﺴﻴﻮن ﻗﻴﺮ‬/‫ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬
3.2
0.003
‫اﻣﻮﻟﺴﻴﻮن ﻫﻢ ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮ‬
0.4 to 1.6
0.057 to 0.029
0.8
0.008
Bitumen emulsion
Rubber / bitumen emulsion
Homopolymer emulsion
‫ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮ – اﻣﻮﻟﺴﻴﻮن ﭘﻠﻲ ﻣﺮي‬
Copolymer / polymeric emulsion
(2) Solvent-based
‫( ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺣﻼل‬2)
____
____
Bitumen mastic
‫ﻣﻼت آﺳﻔﺎﻟﺖ ﻗﻴﺮي‬
0.8 to 3.2
0.0002 to 0.0006
‫ﻣﻼت ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮي‬
0.5 to 3.2
0.017 to 0.0025
1.6
0.0035
____
____
0.5
0.003
‫ورق‬/‫ب( ﻏﺸﺎء ﺧﺸﻚ‬
____
____
‫( ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ورق ﻧﺎزك آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم‬1)
____
____
0.008 (foil)
0.024
0.008 (foil)
0.024
0.02 (foil)
0.0008
0.02 to 0.05 (foil)
0.0008
____
____
(PIB) ‫ﭘﻠﻲ اﻳﺰوﺑﻮﺗﻴﻠﻦ‬
0.8
0.0015
(UPVC) ‫ ﺳﺨﺖ‬PVC
0.35
0.002
‫اﻟﺴﺘﻮﻣﺮ – ﻣﻘﺎوم در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ آﺗﺶ‬
0.06
0.0015
‫( ورق ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮي ﺗﻚ‬3)
____
____
Polyethylene
‫ﭘﻠﻲ اﺗﻴﻠﻦ‬
0.05
0.004
Polyester
‫ﭘﻠﻲ اﺳﺘﺮ‬
0.025
0.004
Polymeric mastic
Elastomeric mastic
‫ﻣﻼت اﻟﺴﺘﻮﻣﺮي‬
(3) Non-solvented
‫( ﺑﺪون ﺣﻼل‬3)
Epoxide resin
‫رزﻳﻦ اﭘﻮﻛﺴﻴﺪ‬
(B) Dry membrane/sheet
(1) Aluminium foil-based
Foil/kraft (FK)
(FK) ‫ﻛﺎﻏﺬ‬/‫ورق ﻧﺎزك‬
‫ﺿﺨﻴﻢ‬
Foil – scrim- kraft (FSK)
(FSK) ‫ﻛﺎﻏﺬ‬-‫ﭘﺎرﭼﻪ آﺳﺘﺮي‬/‫ورق ﻧﺎزك‬
‫ﺿﺨﻴﻢ‬
Foil polyethylene – glass reinforcement
‫ورق ﻧﺎزك ﭘﻠﻲ اﺗﻴﻠﻦ – ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ‬
Foil
(2) Compounded sheeting
Polyisobutylene (PIB)
Rigid PVC (UPVC)
Elastomeric, fire resistive
(3) Single polymer sheeting
‫ورق ﻧﺎزك‬
‫( ورق ﻣﺮﻛﺐ‬2)
34
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
5.4.15.5 Essentially, the vapor pressure of the
ambient air will depend on the actual moisture
content, which may be related to the combined
effects of the dry bulb temperature and the
percentage relative humidity at the particular
barometric pressure. Thus, for example, air at
20°C (dry bulb) and 52.6% r.h. will exert
approximately the same pressure (1230 N/m²) as
air at 10°C and 100% r.h. (i.e., saturated); the dew
point in each case will be 10°C and the actual
moisture content will be approximately 0.00767
kg/kg dry air. These figures are for a barometric
pressure of 1013 m bar.
‫ ﺿﺮورﺗﺎً ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺨﺎر ﻫﻮاي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰان‬5-15-4-5
If now we assume the insulated cold metal surface
to be at a temperature of -17°C the vapor pressure
at that surface would be 125 N/m2 so that, for
ambient air as above, the vapor pressure
difference would be (1230-125)=1105 N/m²
approximately.
-17 ‫ﺣﺎل اﮔﺮ ﻓﺮض ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ دﻣﺎي ﺳﻄﺢ ﺳﺮد ﻓﻠﺰ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺷﺪه‬
(125 N/m2) ‫ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺨﺎر در آن ﺳﻄﺢ‬،‫درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ اﺧﺘﻼف ﻓﺸﺎر‬،‫ ﻟﺬا ﺑﺮاي ﻫﻮاي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎﻻ‬،‫ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‬
.‫(ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‬1230-125) = 1105 N/m² ‫ﺑﺨﺎر ﺣﺪوداً ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ‬
5.4.15.6 Even a good-quality vapor barrier is not
guaranted to exclude water vapor entirely,
although it will diminish the rate of water-vapor
penetration proportional to its permeance value. In
essence, only the time factor will be relevant;
ultimately the insulation will become wet if the
plant is maintained at a low temperature for long
enough.
‫ ﺣﺘﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﻋﺒﻮر ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﺎ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺧﻮب ﻗﺎدر‬6-15-4-5
‫ ﺑﺎ وﺟﻮد اﻳﻦ در‬،‫ﺑﻪ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺨﺎر آب ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻧﻔﻮذ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﺨﺎر آب ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﺰان ﻧﻔﻮذﭘﺬﻳﺮ آن اﺛﺮ‬
‫ و‬،‫ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ زﻣﺎن اﺛﺮﮔﺬار ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‬،‫ در اﺻﻞ‬.‫ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﮔﺬارد‬
‫در ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ واﺣﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪت ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ در دﻣﺎي ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻧﮕﻪ‬
.‫ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺧﻴﺲ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‬،‫داﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
It is necessary to distinguish between the behavior
of insulation and vapor barriers over porous
structures, e.g., nonmetallic walls, and the
corresponding behavior over non-porous surfaces,
e.g., metallic pipe work and vessels.
‫ﻻزم اﺳﺖ ﻓــﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ و ﻣﻮاﻧﻊ ﻋﺒﻮر ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﺮ روي‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل دﻳﻮاره ﻫﺎي ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻠﺰي و ﻣﻌﺎدل‬،‫ﺳﺎزه ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﺨﻠﺨﻞ‬
‫ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ روي ﺳﻄﻮح ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺨﻠﺨﻞ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬،‫آن‬
.‫ﻛﺸﻲ ﻓﻠﺰي و ﻇﺮوف ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ داده ﺷﻮد‬
It is important to remember that when moisture
penetrates into a porous structure it is probable
that it will re-evaporate through the colder surface,
especially if air movement can be arranged. On
the other hand, with insulated metal surfaces
condensed moisture tends to remain at the cold
surfaces unless it is possible to make provision for
it to be collected and drained away; more usually
it accumulates at the metallic surface and saturates
the insulating material, with consequent danger of
increase in thermal conductivity and the
possibility of corrosive or electrolytic attack on
the metal surface.
‫ﻻزم اﺳﺖ ﺑﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺳﭙﺮد وﻗﺘﻲ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ در ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﻣﺘﺨﻠﺨﻞ ﻧﻔﻮذ‬
ً‫ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ‬.‫ﻛﻨﺪ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل دارد ﻣﺠﺪداً در ﺳﻄﻮح ﺳﺮد ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮ‬،‫ ﺑﻌﻼوه‬.‫اﮔﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻫﻮا ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺮﻗﺮار ﺷﻮد‬
‫روي ﺳﻄﻮح ﻓﻠﺰي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﺎري ﺷﺪه ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﺪن ﺑﺮ روي‬
‫ ﻣﮕﺮ اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ اﻣﻜﺎن ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻧﻤﻮدن‬،‫ﺳﻄﻮح ﺳﺮد را داﺷﺘﻪ‬
ً‫ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ‬.‫وﺳﻴﻠﻪاي ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻤﻊ آوري و ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ آن در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
‫اﻳﻦ آب در ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺷﺪه و ﺑﺎﻋﺚ اﺷﺒﺎع ﺷﺪن و در‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺧﻄﺮ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ و اﻣﻜﺎن ﺧﻮرﻧﺪﮔﻲ و‬
.‫ﻳﺎ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻟﻴﺘﻲ روي ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻠﺰ را ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻣﻲﺳﺎزد‬
‫واﻗﻌﻲ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ دارد ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ اﺛﺮات ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬
‫دﻣﺎي ﺣﺒﺎب ﺧﺸﻚ و درﺻﺪ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ در ﻓﺸﺎر ﺧﺎص‬
‫ درﺟﻪ‬20 ‫ ﻫﻮا در دﻣﺎي‬،‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل‬،‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‬.‫ﺑﺎروﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
ً‫ درﺻﺪ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ‬52/6 ‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد )ﺣﺒﺎب ﺧﺸﻚ( و‬
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد و‬10 ‫( را ﻛﻪ ﻫﻮا در‬1230N/m²) ‫ﻫﻤﺎن ﻓﺸﺎر‬
‫ اﺷﺒﺎع ﺷﺪه( دارد وارد‬،‫ درﺻﺪ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ )ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل‬100
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد و ﻣﻴﺰان‬10 ‫ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺷﺒﻨﻢ در ﻫﺮ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬،‫ﻣﻴﻜﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻫﻮاي ﺧﺸﻚ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ‬0/00767 kg/kg ‫رﻃﻮﺑﺖ واﻗﻌﻲ ﺣﺪود‬
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﺎر‬1013 ‫ ارﻗﺎم اراﻳﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاي ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺎروﻣﺘﺮ در‬.‫ﺑﻮد‬
.‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
35
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
If the condensation is transient or periodic the
water may evaporate later, in which case it may be
satisfactory either to apply a "breather coat" to the
outer surface, or even to dispense with the vapor
barrier completely. If, however, the condensation
is likely to be of long duration it will be essential
to apply an efficient vapor barrier.
ً‫اﮔﺮ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ ﺑﻄﻮر ﻣﻮﻗﺖ ﻳﺎ دورهاي ﺑﺎﺷﺪ آب ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﻌﺪا‬
"‫ در ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ "ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻫﻮاﮔﻴﺮ‬،‫ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﺷﻮد‬
‫در ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﻴﺮون ﺑﻜﺎر ﺑﺮده ﺷﻮد ﻳﺎ ﺑﻄﻮر ﻛﺎﻣﻞ از ﻣﻮاﻧﻊ ﺑﺨﺎر‬
‫ اﮔﺮ ﻣﺪت دوام ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ‬،‫ در ﻫﺮ ﺣﺎل‬.‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ ﺿﺮوري اﺳﺖ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﻋﺒﻮر ﺑﺨﺎر ﻛﺎرآﻣﺪ ﺑﻜﺎر ﺑﺮده ﺷﻮد‬،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
As an example, based on a permeance of 0.001
g/(s MN) for the vapor barrier and assuming a
vapor pressure difference of 1105 N/m² as in
5.2.15.5 one could expect a rate of accumulation
of water within the insulation in total of 0.095
N/m² per 24 h, or approximately 34.7 g/m² per
year. With insulation of inherently low
permeance, it may be convenient to apply a vapor
barrier of higher permeance than would apply
otherwise if, by doing so, superior mechanical
resistance and easier application is achieved; in
correct methods of application can spoil otherwise
good-quality vapor-barrier materials. For very low
temperatures, the use of multiple vapor barriers
may be justified.
‫ ﺑﺮاي‬0/001 g/(s MN) ‫ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻋﺪد ﻧﻔﻮذﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬،‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺜﺎل‬
‫ ﻃﺒﻖ‬1105 N/m² ‫ﻣﻮاﻧﻊ ﺑﺨﺎر و ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮض اﺧﺘﻼف ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺨﺎر‬
‫ ﻣﻴﺘﻮان اﻧﺘﻈﺎر داﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺟﻤﻊ ﺷﺪن‬،5-15-2-5 ‫ﺑﻨـــﺪ‬
ً‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ‬24 ‫ در‬0/095 N/m² ً‫آب در ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺟﻤﻌﺎ‬
‫ ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺪد ﻧﻔﻮذﭘﺬﻳﺮ آن‬.‫ در ﺳﺎل ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‬34/7g/m²
‫ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺗﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ از ﻣﻮاﻧﻊ ﺑﺨﺎر‬،‫اﺳﺎﺳﺎً ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ‬،‫ﺑﺎ ﻋﺪد ﻧﻔﻮذﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ اﻧﻮاع دﻳﮕﺮ اﻋﻤﺎل ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻓﻮق اﻟﻌﺎده و اﻋﻤﺎل آن‬،‫اﻧﺠﺎم اﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ‬
‫ زﻳﺮا اﻋﻤﺎل ﻏﻴﺮﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ‬،‫راﺣﺖﺗﺮ اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬
‫ در دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﺧﻴﻠﻲ‬.‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺧﻮب ﻣﻮاد ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﻋﺒﻮر ﺑﺨﺎر ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﻮاﻧﻊ ﻋﺒﻮر ﺑﺨﺎر ﭼﻨﺪ ﺗﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬
.‫ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
5.4.15.7 For refrigeration work it is preferable that
the vapor-barrier layer shall not be exposed to
mechanical damage if it is susceptible to easy
perforation. Frequently it is possible to use a
tough outer finish, e.g., sheet metal or vinlyacrylic
copolymer, as a protective layer over a more
vulnerable barrier material. This outer finish
conveniently could be suitable for the final
application of a high-gloss white paint to reduce
solar absorption. Alternatively, polished metal
sheet may be applied as protection over a
vulnerable vapor-barrier coat or film. Care shall
be taken to ensure that the vapor-barrier does not
add seriously to the fire hazard of the complete
system.
‫ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﻋﺒﻮر ﺑﺨﺎر‬،‫ ﺑﺮاي اﻣﻮر ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ‬7-15-4-5
‫ ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺤﺎً ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ در ﻣﻌﺮض‬،‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮراخ ﺷﺪن ﺣﺴﺎس ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً اﻳﻦ اﻣﻜﺎن وﺟﻮد دارد ﻛﻪ از‬.‫ﺻﺪﻣﺎت ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل ورق ﻓﻠﺰي ﻳﺎ وﻳﻨﻴﻞ‬
‫ ﺑــﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻻﻳــﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﺑﺮ روي ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﻋﺒﻮر‬،‫آﻛﺮﻳﻠﻴﻚ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮ‬
‫ رﻧﮓ اﻳﻦ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ‬.‫ﺑﺨﺎر آﺳﻴﺐ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻧﻤﻮد‬
،‫ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ دﻳﮕﺮ‬.‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺟﺬب ﻧﻮر ﻓﺮاﺑﻨﻔﺶ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ از ورق ﻓﻠﺰ ﺑﺮاق ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ روي ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ ﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻋﺒﻮر ﺑﺨﺎر و ﻳﺎ ﻻﻳﻪ آﺳﻴﺐ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ اﻋﻤﺎل ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﺧﻄﺮ آﺗﺶ ﺳﻮزي ﻛﻞ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ را ﺑﻄﻮر ﺟﺪي‬،‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﻋﺒﻮر ﺑﺨﺎر‬
.‫اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻧﻤﻲ دﻫﺪ‬
‫ ﺳﺎزﮔﺎري ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﻋﺒﻮر ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﺎ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب‬8-15-4-5
5.4.15.8 The compatibility of the vapor-barrier
material with the chosen insulation shall be
established, e.g., solvent based materials shall not
be used directly over polystyrene.
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﻮادي ﻛﻪ داراي‬،‫ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺣﻼل ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎً ﺑﺮ روي ﭘﻠﻲ اﺳﺘﺎﻳﺮن اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬
.‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﺑﺨﺎر اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ‬9-15-4-5
5.4.15.9 Materials suitable for use as vapor
barriers are as follows.
:‫ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ از‬
36
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
‫ ﻣﻮاﻧﻊ ﻋﺒﻮر ﺑﺨﺎري ﻛﻪ ﺑﺼﻮرت ﺗﺮ اﺟﺮا ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬1-9-15-4-5
5.4.15.9.1 Wet-applied vapor-barriers comprise
cut-back bitumens, bitumen emulsions with or
without elastomer latex, vinyl emulsions, and
solvent-based polymers. Frequently these are
reinforced by means of cotton scrim cloth or openmesh glass fabric.
‫ اﻣﻮﻟﺴﻴﻮﻧﻬﺎي ﻗﻴﺮ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﻳﺎ ﺑﺪون ﻻﺗﻜﺲ‬،‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺮش ﻗﻴﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫ اﻣﻮﻟﺴﻴﻮﻧﻬﺎي وﻳﻨﻴﻞ و ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺣﻼل‬،‫اﻟﺴﺘﻮﻣﺮ‬
‫ اﻏﻠﺐ آﻧﻬﺎ را ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎرﭼﻪ ﭘﻨﺒﻪ اي ﻳﺎ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺑﺎز ﺷﻴﺸﻪاي‬.‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
..‫ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬
5.4.15.9.2 Glass fabric or hessian sheet or tape,
impregnated with lanolin or petroleum jelly, can
be used, especially where removable insulation
and finish is required.
‫ اﻟﻴﺎف ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺷﻴﺸﻪاي ﻳﺎ ﭘﺎرﭼﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻮاري‬2-9-15-4-5
5.4.15.9.3 Elastomer sheets provide for
contraction and other movements whilst
maintaining good resistance to the transmission of
water vapor; joints shall be sealed with an
appropriate adhesive and the overlaps shall be of
at least 40 mm dimensions.
‫ ورﻗﻬﺎي اﻻﺳﺘﻮﻣﺮ اﻧﻘﺒﺎض و دﻳﮕﺮ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﺋﻲﻫﺎ‬3-9-15-4-5
‫آﻏﺸﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻻﻧﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﻳﺎ ژﻟﻪﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺘﻲ را ﻣﻴﺘﻮان ﺑﺨﺼﻮص ﺟﺎﺋﻴﻜﻪ‬
.‫ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮداﺷﺘﻦ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ و ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ اﺳﺖ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻧﻤﻮد‬
‫ در ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺧﻮﺑﻲ در اﻧﺘﻘﺎل‬،‫را ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬
‫ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﭼﺴﺐ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ آﺑﺒﻨﺪي ﺷﺪه و‬،‫ﺑﺨﺎر آب دارﻧﺪ‬
.‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬40 ‫اﺑﻌﺎد ﻫﻤﭙﻮﺷﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬
،‫ ﭘﻠﻲ اﻳﺰوﺑﻮﺗﻴﻠﻦ‬،‫ ﭘﻠﻲ اﺗﻴﻠﻦ‬،‫ ﭘﻠﻲ وﻳﻨﻴﻞ ﻛﻠﺮاﻳﺪ‬4-9-15-4-5
5.4.15.9.4 Polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene,
polyisobutylene, or other plastics tapes or sheets
are of special value for wrapping bends on
insulated pipes, or where a colored descriptive
finish is required.
‫ﻳﺎدﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﻮارﻫﺎي ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﻳﺎ ورق ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮﻏﻮﺑﻴﺖ ﺧﺎص ﺑﺮاي‬
‫ ﻳﺎ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‬،‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺧﻢ ﻫﺎي روي ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺷﺪه‬
.‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ رﻧﮓ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﺋﻲ دارد ﺑﻜﺎر ﻣﻲروﻧﺪ‬
5.4.15.9.5 Epoxy and polyester resins give good
resistance against mechanical damage, together
with protection against the weather and against
chemical spillage.
‫ رزﻳﻦ ﻫﺎي اﭘﻮﻛﺴﻲ و ﭘﻠﻲ اﺳﺘﺮ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬5-9-15-4-5
5.4.15.9.6 Sheet metal can give good protection,
provided that the joints are overlapped and sealed,
with additional securing devices to maintain the
system in vapor tight condition.
‫ در‬،‫ ورق ﻓﻠﺰي ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬6-9-15-4-5
5.4.15.9.7 Metal foils, if used alone, shall be
sufficiently thick to exclude penetration by "pin
holes", or they shall be laminated to building
paper, building sheet or plastics film. The joints
should have an overlap of at least 40mm and they
shall be sealed by a suitable waterproof adhesive
or mastic.
‫اﮔﺮ از ورقﻫﺎي ﻧﺎزك ﻓﻠﺰي ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬
5.4.15.10 It is important to note that under certain
conditions trapped moisture in a construction, e.g.,
in a cavity, may be allowed to vent or disperse by
the use of a so-called "breather material". This is a
‫ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬،‫ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ داﺷﺖ‬10-15-4-5
‫ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺟﻮي و‬،‫ﺧﺴﺎرت ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬
.‫ﻧﺸﺘﻲﻫﺎي ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ داراي ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺻﻮرﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ ﻫﻤﭙﻮﺷﺎﻧﻲ و آﺑﺒﻨﺪي ﺷﻮﻧﺪ و ﺑﺎ‬
‫اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ اﺑﺰار اﻳﻤﻦ ﺳﺎزي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ را در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺿﺪﺑﺨﺎر ﻗﺮار‬
.‫دﻫﻨﺪ‬
7-9-15-4-5
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازه ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺿﺨﻴﻢ ﺑﻮده ﺗـــﺎ از ﻧﻔﻮذ‬،‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ "ﺳﻮراخ ﻫﺎي رﻳﺰ" ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﺷﻮد ﻳﺎ اﻳﻦ ﺣﻔﺮه ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از‬
‫ ﻳﺎ ﻻﻳﻪ ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‬،‫ ورق ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻲ‬،‫ﻛﺎﻏﺬ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﻫﻤﭙﻮﺷﺎﻧﻲ داﺷﺘﻪ و ﺑﻪ‬40 ‫ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬.‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
.‫وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﭼﺴﺐ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻼت ﺿﺪآب ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ آﺑﺒﻨﺪي ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﻛﻪ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ در ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎزه ﺣﺒﺲ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﺣﻔﺮه ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ اﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺻﺖ را داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺧﺎرج‬
37
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
material that will permit the passage of water
vapor but not of liquid water. There are two
essential types: the first an aqueous emulsion
coating and the second a breather paper. Cut-back
dispersions, elastomer sheets and metal sheet do
not permit "breathing".
.‫ﺷﺪه و ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻣﻮادي ﺑﻪ اﺻﻄﻼح ﻣﻮاد ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﭘﺨﺶ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ دو ﻧﻮع‬،‫اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮاد اﺟﺎزه ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ ﺑﺨﺎر آب و ﻧﻪ آب ﺧﺎرج ﺷﻮد‬
‫ اوﻟﻲ ﻳﻚ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ اﻣﻮﻟﺴﻴﻮن آﺑﻲ و دوﻣﻲ‬،‫اﺳﺎﺳﻲ وﺟﻮد دارد‬
‫ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ دﻫﻨﺪه ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺪﮔﻲ ورﻗﻬﺎي‬.‫ﻳﻚ ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﻛﺎﻏﺬي اﺳﺖ‬
.‫ارﺗﺠﺎﻋﻲ و ورق ﻓﻠﺰي اﺟﺎزه ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﻧﻤﻴﺪﻫﻨﺪ‬
5.4.15.11 Frequently, circumstances will arise
when a flame-resisting finish is required over
insulation for "cold work". The choice shall be
made from sheet metal, a fire-resistant mastic, and
a normal type of vapor barrier super coated with a
self-setting mineral-fibred cement, reinforced as
may be necessary. Under certain conditions, an
outer finish of sheet metal may cause hazard by
preventing easy access for fire suppression if
ignition should occur in the main layer of
insulating material.
‫ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬،ً‫ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ‬11-15-4-5
‫ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺑﻪ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎرﻫﺎي ﺳﺮد روي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز‬
‫ و‬،‫ ﻣﻼت ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺑﻪ آﺗﺶ‬،‫ ﻧﻮع اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از ورق ﻓﻠﺰي‬.‫ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﻧﻮع ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﻋﺒﻮر ﺑﺨﺎر ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺷﺪه ﻓﻮق اﻟﻌﺎده ﻫﻤﺮاه‬
‫ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻫﻢ‬،‫ﺑﺎ ﺳﻴﻤﺎن اﻟﻴﺎف ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﺧﻮدﮔﻴﺮ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ از ورق ﺗﻬﻴﻪ‬،‫ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺧﺎص‬.‫ﻻزم ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺷﺪه و از دﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ راﺣﺖ ﺑﺮاي‬
‫ﺧﺎﻣﻮش ﻛﺮدن آﺗﺶ در ﻻﻳﻪ داﺧﻠﻲ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﻪ در اﺛﺮ ﺟﺮﻗﻪ‬
.‫ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬،‫اﻳﺠﺎد ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺻﺎف و‬،‫ ﻗﺒﻞ از ﺑﻜﺎر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺑﺨﺎر‬12-15-4-5
5.4.15.12 Before the vapor is applied, the insulant
shall be smooth and regular with all joints tightly
butted together so that there are no gaps.
Adhesives and joint sealants shall be fully cured.
If the vapor barrier is a wet-applied coating or
mastic. All corners on the insulant should be
radiused.
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻤﺎم اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﺑﻄﻮر ﻣﺤﻜﻢ وﺻﻞ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮري ﻛﻪ‬
‫ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﻋﺒﻮر ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﻪ‬.‫ﻫﻴﭽﮕﻮﻧﻪ درزي وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺻﻮرت ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺗﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻼت اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﻮد ﭼﺴﺐ ﻫﺎ و آﺑﺒﻨﺪي‬
‫ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﮔﻮﺷﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬.‫اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
.‫ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﮔﻮﺷﻪ و ﻟﺒﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
5.4.15.13 Where possible, supports for pipes and
vessels shall be external to the insulation and the
vapor barrier. Where this is not possible the vapor
barrier shall be returned to the support and
effectively sealed. Where insulation is required to
be removable, e.g., at flanged joints, manholes,
etc., the main insulation shall be cut short of the
fitting and the vapor barrier shall be sealed
directly to the pipe work or shell of the vessel.
The removable portion of the insulation shall then
be fitted as a separate item, with its vapor barrier
overlapping and being sealed to the main vapor
barrier.
‫ ﻧﮕﻬﺪارﻧﺪهﻫﺎي ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ و‬،‫ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛــﻪ اﻣﻜﺎن دارد‬13-15-4-5
5.4.15.14 Where the operating temperature of the
plant may cycle above and below that of the
ambient air, it is more difficult to design an
effective vapor barrier. If the period of operation
below ambient temperature is short, or if the
difference in temperature is small, it may be
advisable to omit the vapor barrier and to use a
porous coating that will permit evaporation of the
condensed water when the temperature is raised;
‫ ﺟﺎﻳﻴﻜﻪ دﻣﺎي ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ واﺣﺪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ‬14-15-4-5
‫ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ‬،‫ﻇﺮوف ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺧﺎرج از ﻋﺎﻳﻖ و ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﻋﺒﻮر ﺑﺨﺎر ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﻋﺒﻮر ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮف ﭘﺎﻳﻪﻫﺎ‬،‫ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ اﻣﻜﺎن وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪارد‬
‫ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻻزم اﺳﺖ‬.‫ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ داده و ﺑﻄﻮر ﻣﻮﺛﺮ آﺑﺒﻨﺪي ﺷﻮد‬
‫ آدم روﻫﺎ و‬،‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﻳﻚ ﻓﻠﻨﺞ‬،‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ اﺻﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﺟﺪا ﺷﺪه و ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﻋﺒﻮر ﺑﺨﺎر‬،‫ﻏﻴﺮه‬
‫ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از‬.‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎً ﺑﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﻇﺮوف آﺑﺒﻨﺪي ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺟﺪاﺷﺪن ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻌﺪاً ﺑﺼﻮرت ﻳﻚ ﻗﻠﻢ ﺟﺪاﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﻋﺒﻮر ﺑﺨﺎر ﺧﻮد ﻫﻢ ﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﻲ و ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺷﺪه و ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﻋﺒﻮر‬
.‫ﺑﺨﺎر اﺻﻠﻲ آﺑﺒﻨﺪي ﺷﻮد‬
،‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ دﻣﺎي ﻫﻮاي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻳﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ در ﻧﻮﺳﺎن ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ‬.‫ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﻋﺒﻮر ﺑﺨﺎر ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻣﺸﻜﻞ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﻳﺎ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ اﺧﺘﻼف‬،‫زﻣﺎن ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت زﻳﺮ دﻣﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻋﺎﻗﻼﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺨﺎرﺑﻨﺪ را ﺣﺬف‬،‫دﻣﺎ ﺟﺰﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮده و از ﻳﻚ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻣﺘﺨﻠﺨﻞ ﻛﻪ اﻣﻜﺎن ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ آب ﻣﻴﻌﺎن در‬
38
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
but this type of arrangement will result in low
efficiency when the plant is working under cold
conditions.
‫ اﻣﺎ ﻳﻚ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ‬.‫زﻣﺎن اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ دﻣﺎ را ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﺳﺎزد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻧﻤﻮد‬
‫آراﻳﺸﻲ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ راﻧﺪﻣﺎن ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت واﺣﺪ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺳﺮد‬
.‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
For operating conditions where the temperatures
of cycling involve wide fluctuations it may be
advantageous to use multilayer insulation with a
vapor barrier over each layer. Each vapor barrier
shall be returned over the edges of the insulating
material to the metal surface of the pipe or vessel,
and sealed to each other at regular intervals so that
the individual layers of insulation are enclosed in
separate compartments. With this type of
arrangement the correct selection of material for
the various vapor barriers may be critical on
account of possible restriction by limiting
temperatures.
‫ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬،‫در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻧﺎت ﺳﻴﻜﻞ دﻣﺎﻫﺎ زﻳﺎد اﺳﺖ‬
‫اﺳﺖ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ از ﭼﻨﺪ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﻋﺒﻮر ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﺮ روي‬
‫ ﻫﺮ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﻋﺒﻮر ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮ روي ﻟﺒﻪ ﻫﺎي‬.‫ﻫﺮ ﻻﻳﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﻣﺎده ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻇﺮف ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ داده ﺷﻮد و در ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮري ﻛـــﻪ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻫﺎي‬،‫ﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ آﺑﺒﻨﺪي ﺷﺪه‬
‫ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ‬.‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ را در ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﺪاﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮر ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻣﺎده ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻮاﻧﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﺒﻮر ﺑﺨﺎر‬،‫ﻧﻮع آراﻳﺶ‬
.‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ از ﻟﺤﺎظ ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖ داﻣﻨﻪ دﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﻋﺒﻮر ﺑﺨﺎر‬،‫ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﻗﺎﻋﺪه ﻛﻠﻲ‬15-15-4-5
5.4.15.15 As a general rule, a vapor barrier will be
required over the insulation on all plant working
at temperatures below the relevant "dew point" of
the ambient air. (See Appendix D, Fig. D.1.)
‫ﺑﺮ روي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ دﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎي در ﺣﺎل ﻛﺎر در دﻣﺎﻫﺎي زﻳﺮ‬
‫ )ﺑﻪ‬.‫ ﺿﺮوري ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‬،‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺷﺒﻨﻢ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮاي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
. (‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬1-‫ ﺷﻜﻞ د‬،‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ د‬
‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ و ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺿﺮورﺗﺎً ﻳﻚ ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻧﻔﻮذ‬
‫ اﮔﺮ ﻻزم ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ از اﻧﺒﺎﺷﺘﮕﻲ اﺿﺎﻓﻲ آب‬،‫اﻳﺠﺎد ﻣﻴﻨﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬
‫ از ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﺌﻮري ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻲ اﺳﺖ‬،‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ وﺟﻮد‬،‫ﻛﻪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ اﻣﻜﺎن ﻧﻔﻮذﭘﺬﻳﺮي را داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ دوام و ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬،‫ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل‬
‫ﻣﻮاد ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً از اﻧﺘﺨﺎب اﺟﺰاء ﺑﺎ ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻔﻮذﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﺑﺨﺎر‬
‫ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴﺎت ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ اﻏﻠﺐ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ‬.‫آب ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﻧﻤﻮد‬
‫ در راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ‬،‫ﻛﻪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﻣﻼت ﻗﻴﺮي و ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‬
‫ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد‬،‫ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻧﻔﻮذﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻛﻢ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮط اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ روش ﻫﺎي ﻓﻨﻲ ﺧﻮب‬،‫ﺧﻮب اراﺋﻪ دﻫﺪ‬
‫آﺑﺒﻨﺪي و ﺑﺮاي دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻛﻢ از آﺑﺒﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﺎي ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ‬.‫ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮاﻧﻊ ﻋﺒﻮر ﺑﺨﺎر اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ورق ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮاد ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﻋﺒﻮر ﺑﺨﺎر ﻻﻳﻪ‬،‫ﺳﺎﻳﻪدار ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻏﺸﺎء‬
‫ﻻﻳﻪاي ﻧﺼﺐ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه اﻧﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎً داراي‬
‫ در راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ‬.‫ﻧﻔﻮذﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‬
‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻻزم اﺳﺖ ﺑﺮاي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن از آﺑﺒﻨﺪي ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫و ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺻﺪﻣﺎت ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ از‬
.‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد‬
Pipe work and equipment essentially provides a
non-permeable base surface that, if excessive
accumulation of water is to be avoided,
theoretically will require the lowest possible
permeance for an insulation system. However,
constraints such as flammability, durability and
chemical resistance will often preclude the
selection of components with the lowest watervapor permeance. Field experience often shows
that a suitable selection of mastics and coating
compounds, in conjunction with insulating
materials of adequately low permeance rating, can
give good practical service, provided that they are
associated with good joint-sealing technique and,
especially for very low temperatures, with the use
of mild layer sealants or vapor barriers. The lower
portions of the shaded zone will be appropriate
where membrane, sheet or laminated vapor-barrier
materials are installed, or where the insulating
material is of relatively high permeability. With
systems of this type it is necessary to ensure that
there is adequate sealing and protection against
mechanical damage under service conditions, with
ample allowance of safety factors.
‫ در ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﺎري ﺑﺮاي‬16-4-5
5.4.16 Mechanical design must incorporate
insulation requirements for preventing water
ingress such as: (See BS 2654, Appendix B for
‫ )ﺑــﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬:‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ورود آب ﻟﺤﺎظ ﮔﺮدد ﻧﻈﻴﺮ‬
39
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
recommendations for the design and application
on insulation.)
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
‫ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ )ب( ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ و ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد‬BS 2654
.(‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻫﺎ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻃﻮق ﻳﻜﭙﺎرﭼﻪ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪهاي ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در اﻃﺮاف‬‫ﺑﺨﺸﻬﺎي ﺑﺮآﻣﺪه ﻇﺮوف و ﺳﺘﻮﻧﻬــﺎ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻃﻮق ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﻫﺎي‬.‫ﺗﺠﻤﻊ آب ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﻮد‬
.‫ﺳﺎزﻧﺪه ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻟﺒﻪ ﺳﻘﻒ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻔﺎظ آب ﺑﺎران ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ‬.‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
- A continuous welded water-retaining collar
shall be installed around all protruding parts of
vessels and columns. These collars shall be
included in the manufacturer’s drawings.
- Edges of tank roofs shall be provided with
rainwater shields.
‫ دﺳﺘﮕﻴﺮه ﻫﺎي روي ﺳﻘﻒ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در‬.‫ﺳﻤﺖ ﻟﺒﻪ ﺳﻘﻒ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎي ﺑﺎﻻي آن ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
- Hand-railings on insulated tank roofs shall be
installed at the side of the roof edge instead of
on top of it.
- The number of supports and fixings
penetrating the insulation shall be reduced to
an absolute minimum.
‫ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻫﺎ و اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﻧﻔﻮذ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه در ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ‬.‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ واﻗﻌﻲ ﺑﺮﺳﻨﺪ‬
- Fixings to walls and roofs shall be of round
shape (pipe) instead of an angle steel and shall
be installed with a slight outward slope.
،‫ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت دﻳﻮارﻫﺎ و ﺳﻘﻒﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎي ﻧﺒﺸﻲ ﻓﻮﻻدي‬.‫ﮔﺮد و ﺑﺎ ﺷﻴﺐ ﻛﻤﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮف ﺑﻴﺮون ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
- Angle steel used as vacuum/compression
rings of columns shall be installed with the
vertical part downwards.
‫ ﻓﺸﺎر‬/‫ ﻧﺒﺸﻲ ﻓﻮﻻدي ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺣﻠﻘﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﻼء‬‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻋﻤﻮدي آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮف‬،‫ﺳﺘﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻜﺎر ﺑﺮده ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ‬
.‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﻮد‬
- Valves and flanges shall be located in the
horizontal part of pipelines instead of the
vertical.
‫ ﺷﻴﺮ ﻓﻠﻜﻪ ﻫﺎ و ﻓﻠﻨﺞ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﺑﺨﺶ اﻓﻘﻲ ﺧﻄﻮط ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬.‫ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎي ﻋﻤﻮدي ﻧﺼﺐ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬
- Nameplates shall not interfere with insulation
and shall be relocated.
‫ ﭘﻼك ﻫﺎي روي دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﻫﺎ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺰاﺣﻢ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﺎري‬.‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
- Installation of gratings on top of columns,
vessels, tanks and over piping, where
applicable, to avoid damage to insulation.
،‫ ﻇﺮوف‬،‫ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻓﻠﺰي در ﺑﺎﻻي ﺳﺘﻮﻧﻬﺎ‬‫ ﺗﺎ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ اﻣﻜﺎن ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺮاي از‬،‫ﻣﺨﺎزن و روي ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎ‬
.‫ﺻﺪﻣﻪ زدن ﺑﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻜﺎري ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ دﻗﺖ ﺑﻌﻤﻞ آﻳﺪ ﺗﺎ از ﺗﻤﺎس ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻮاد ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬17-4-5
5.4.17 Care shall be taken to avoid contact
between dissimilar materials which might cause
galvanic corrosion.
.‫ ﭘﺮﻫﻴﺰ ﺷﻮد‬،‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﮔﺎﻟﻮاﻧﻴﻚ ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ ﮔﻴﺮه ﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت‬،‫ ﺧﺎرﻫﺎ‬،‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻪﻫﺎي دو ﺳﺮﭘﻴﭻ‬18-4-5
5.4.18 Studs, pins, clips, or other attachments
shall not be field welded to the post weld heat
treated vessels (including tanks) or piping without
written authorization by employer.
‫ﺟﻨﺒﻲ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ در ﻣﺤﻞ ﻛﺎر ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺗﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﺨﺎزن و ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻣﻮرد ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮد ﺑﺪون‬
.‫ﻣﺠﻮز ﻛﺘﺒﻲ ﻛﺎرﻓﺮﻣﺎ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﻮد‬
‫ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻧﻘﺒﺎﺿﻲ و اﻧﺒﺴﺎﻃﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در زﻳﺮ ﺣﻠﻘﻪﻫﺎي‬19-4-5
5.4.19 Expansion and contraction joints shall be
provided below vessel insulation support rings
.‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪارﻧﺪه ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻇﺮف و در ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ در ﺻﻮرت ﻧﻴﺎز ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
40
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
and in piping as required. Contraction joints on
cold piping shall be at flanged joints if possible.
‫اﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻧﻘﺒﺎﺿﻲ روي ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ ﺳﺮد ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﺻﻮرت اﻣﻜﺎن در‬
.‫ﻣﺤﻞ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﻓﻠﻨﺠﻲ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﻮد‬
5.4.20 A summary of the insulation requirements
for equipment on hot service and cold service are
given in Tables 2 and 3 respectively.
‫ ﺧﻼﺻﻪ اي از اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات در ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد‬20-4-5
.‫ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ اراﺋﻪ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه اﺳﺖ‬3 ‫ و‬2 ‫ﺳﺮد و داغ در ﺟﺪاول‬
TABLE 2 - SUMMARY OF INSULATION REQUIREMENTS FOR EQUIPMENT ON HOT
SERVICE
‫ ﺧﻼﺻﻪ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات در ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد داغ‬-2 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
TYPE OF
EQUIPMENT
FORM OF
INSULATION
‫ﻧﻮع ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
Storage tanks shells only
‫ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﻣﺨﺎزن ذﺧﻴﺮه‬
Spheres
‫ﻛﺮوي هﺎ‬
FINISH
‫ﻻﻳﻪ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪارﻧﺪه ﻫﺎي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
Corrugated or plain metal Sheet
Slab, mattress or foamed in
situ plastics
‫ورق ﻓﻠﺰ ﻛﻨﮕﺮه دار ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎده‬
‫ ﺗﺸﻚ ﻳﺎ ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻬﺎي ﻓﻮم ﺷﺪه‬،‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻞ‬
"
Vessels, vertical
‫ ﻋﻤﻮدي‬،‫ﻇﺮوف‬
Slab or mattress
Plain metal sheets, or hard setting
compound
Vessel, sheltered
‫ اﻓﻘﻲ‬،‫ﻇﺮف‬
‫ داراي ﺳﺎﻳﺒﺎن‬،‫ﻇﺮف‬
Manhole covers ‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶﻫﺎي درﻳﭽﻪ آدمرو‬
‫اﻧﺘﻬﺎي ﻣﺒﺪﻟﻬﺎ‬
Exchanger ends
Welding studs, pins, or self
support cage
‫ ﺧﺎرﻫـﺎي‬،‫ﻣﻴﻞ دو ﺳـﺮ ﭘـﻴﭻ ﺟﻮﺷـﻜﺎري‬
.‫ﺣﻔﺎظ ﺧﻮد ﻧﮕﻬﺪار‬
"
‫ورقﻫﺎي ﻓﻠﺰي ﺳﺎده ﻳﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺳﺨﺖ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪه‬
‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺸﻚ‬
Corrugated metal sheet
‫ورق ﻓﻠﺰي ﻛﻨﮕﺮه دار‬
Vessel, horizontal
INSULATION
SUPPORTS
"
Plain or reed metal sheet
‫ورق ﻓﻠﺰي ﺳﺎده ﻳﺎ آﺟﺪار‬
"
Insulation slab or blanket
completely enclosed in a
metal skin
Hard setting compound or metal
sheet
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻗﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻳﻜﭙﺎرﭼﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻄﻮر ﻛﻞ در‬
.‫ﻳﻚ ورق ﻓﻠﺰ ﻣﺤﺼﻮر ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
Support rings 12" max. vertical
pitch, studs, lugs, cage Studs,
cage if required
.‫ اﻳﻨﭻ‬12 ‫ﺣﻠﻘﻪﻫﺎي ﻧﮕﻬﺪارﻧﺪه ﻣﺎﻛﺰﻳﻤﻢ‬
، ‫ ﻣﻴﻞ ﻫﺎي دوﺳﺮ ﭘﻴﭻ‬،‫ﭘﻴﭻ ﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﻮدي‬
،‫ ﻣﻴﻞﻫﺎي دوﺳﺮ ﭘﻴﭻ ﺣﻔﺎظ دار‬،‫آوﻳﺰﻫﺎ‬
.‫ﺣﻔﺎظ در ﺻﻮرت ﻧﻴﺎز‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺧﻮدﮔﻴﺮ ﺳﺨﺖ ﻳﺎ ورق ﻓﻠﺰي‬
"
Lugs if required ‫آوﻳﺰﻫﺎ اﮔﺮ ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
Piping, vertical
‫ ﻋﻤﻮدي‬،‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ‬
Rigid sections, lags, or Mattress
Plain or reed metal sheet
‫ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺸﻚ‬،‫ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬،‫ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺳﺨﺖ‬
Piping, horizontal
‫ اﻓﻘﻲ‬،‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ‬
"
Piping, sheltered ‫ داراي ﺳﺎﻳﺒﺎن‬،‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ‬
"
Bends
‫ﺧﻢ ﻫﺎ‬
‫ورق ﻓﻠﺰي ﺳﺎده ﻳﺎ آﺟﺪار‬
"
Rigid sections and lags
‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺳﺨﺖ و ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻫﺎي ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
Hard setting compound or sheet
metal ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺧﻮدﮔﻴﺮ ﺳﺨﺖ ﻳﺎ ورق‬
Rings or lugs, 12" max. vertical
spacing Nil for rigid sections,
rings or lugs for mattress
‫ اﻳﻨﭻ‬12 ‫ﺣﻠﻘﻪ ﻫــﺎ ﻳﺎ آوﻳﺰﻫﺎ ﻣﺎﻛﺰﻳﻤﻢ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺳﺨﺖ‬،‫ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ ﻋﻤﻮدي‬
‫ ﺣﻠﻘﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ آوﻳﺰﻫﺎي‬،.‫ﭼﻴﺰي ﻻزم ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻚ‬
"
‫ﻓﻠﺰي‬
Metal sheet or hard setting
Compound ‫ورق ﻓﻠﺰي ﻳﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺧﻮدﮔﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺳﺨﺖ‬
Steam valves and flanges, External
‫ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ‬،‫ﺷﻴﺮﻓﻠﻜﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺨﺎر و ﻓﻠﻨﺞﻫﺎ‬
Steam valves and flanges, Sheltered
Box packed with insulation,
strip wrap, blanket
Fabricated removable box,
moulded box or sewed canvas
،‫ ﻧﻮارﭘﻴﭻ‬،‫ﺟﻌﺒﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻳﻜﭙﺎرﭼﻪ‬
‫ ﺟﻌﺒﻪ‬،‫ﺟﻌﺒﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻟﺒﮕﻴﺮي ﺷﺪه ﻳﺎ ﻛﺮﺑﺎس دوﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه‬
"
"
Rings and lugs
‫ﺣﻠﻘﻪ ﻫﺎ و آوﻳﺰ ﻫﺎ‬
Self fixing
‫ﺧﻮد ﻧﮕﻬﺪار‬
"
‫ داراي ﺳﺎﻳﺒﺎن‬،‫ﺷﻴﺮﻓﻠﻜﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺨﺎر و ﻓﻠﻨﺞ ﻫﺎ‬
Valves, oil
‫ ﻣﻮاد ﻧﻔﺘﻲ‬،‫ﺷﻴﺮﻓﻠﻜﻪ ﻫﺎي‬
Nil
Nil
Nil
‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬
‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬
‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬
41
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
TABLE 3 - SUMMARY OF INSULATION REQUIREMENTS FOR EQUIPMENT ON COLD
SERVICE
‫ ﺧﻼﺻﻪ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات در ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﺳﺮد‬-3 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
TYPE OF
EQUIPMENT
FORM OF
INSULATION
‫ﻧﻮع ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
Storage tanks
‫ﻣﺨﺎزن ذﺧﻴﺮه‬
FINISH
‫ﻻﻳﻪ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪارﻧﺪه ﻫﺎي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
Slab, block or foamed in situ plastics
‫ ﺑﻠﻮك ﻳﺎ ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚﻫﺎي ﻓﻮم ﺷﺪه در‬،‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻞ‬
Spheres
‫ﻛﺮوي ﻫﺎ‬
Spheres (LPG)
Block
Storage tanks (double walled)
(‫ﻣﺨﺎزن ذﺧﻴﺮه )دو دﻳﻮاره‬
Corrugated or plain metal sheet or
mastic
Self support cage, bands
‫ ﻧﻮارﻫﺎ‬،‫ﺣﻔﺎظ ﺧﻮدﻧﮕﻬﺪار‬
‫ورق ﻓﻠﺰ ﻛﻨﮕﺮه دار ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎده ﻳﺎ ﻣﻼت‬
Plain metal sheets, or mastic
‫ورق ﻫﺎي ﻓﻠﺰي ﺳﺎده ﻳﺎ ﻣﻼت‬
Reinforced mastic
‫ﻣﻼت ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﺷﺪه‬
"
(‫ﻛﺮوي ﻫﺎ )ﮔﺎز ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‬
INSULATION
SUPPORTS
"
Adhesive and bands
‫ﭼﺴﺐ و ﻧﻮارﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻠﻮك‬
Loose fill (dry inert gas
pressurized)
"
"
‫ﻣﻮاد ﭘـــﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه آزاد )ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر ﮔﺎز ﺧﺸﻚ‬
(‫ﺑﻲ اﺛﺮ‬
Vessels, vertical
Vessel, horizontal
Vessel, sheltered
Manhole covers,
valves & fittings
‫ ﻋﻤﻮدي‬،‫ﻇﺮوف‬
‫ اﻓﻘﻲ‬،‫ﻇﺮف‬
‫ﻇﺮف داراي ﺳﺎﻳﺒﺎن‬
exchanger
Slab block or foamed in situ plastics
‫ﺑﻠﻮك ﻗﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﻳﺎ ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚﻫﺎي ﻓﻮم ﺷﺪه در‬
‫ﻣﺤﻞ‬
"
"
ends,
Slab, loose fill or foamed in situ in
removable or Mould able box
‫ ﺷﻴﺮ ﻓﻠﻜﻪﻫﺎ‬،‫ دو ﺳﺮ ﻣﺒﺪل‬،‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ درﻳﭽﻪ آدمرو‬
‫و اﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬
‫ ﻣﻮاد ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه آزاد ﻳﺎ ﻓﻮم ﺷﺪه در ﻣﺤﻞ‬،‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺟﺪاﺷﺪن ﻳﺎ ﺟﻌﺒﻪ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﮔﻴﺮي‬
Piping, vertical
Slab sections, pre-insulated
in situ
‫ ﻋﻤﻮدي‬،‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ‬
foamed
Plain or reed metal sheets, mastic
‫ ﻣﻼت‬،‫ورقﻫﺎي ﻓﻠﺰي ﺳﺎده ﻳﺎ آﺟﺪار‬
Self support cage or bands
‫ﺣﻔﺎظ ﺧﻮدﻧﮕﻬﺪار ﻳﺎ ﻧﻮارﻫﺎ‬
"
"
"
"
Metal sheet or mastic
‫ورق ﻓﻠﺰي ﻳﺎ ﻣﻼت‬
Plain metal sheets; mastic
‫ ﻣﻼت‬،‫ورق ﻫﺎي ﻓﻠﺰي ﺳﺎده‬
Rings 12" max.
‫ اﻳﻨﭻ‬12 ‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺣﻠﻘﻪ ﻫﺎي‬
‫ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ اوﻟﻴﻪ ﻓﻮم ﺷﺪه در ﻣﺤﻞ‬،‫ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻗﺎﻟﺒﻲ‬
Piping, horizontal
"
"
‫ اﻓﻘﻲ‬،‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ‬
vertical spacing; Bands
"
Piping, sheltered
Hard setting compound
‫ داراي ﺳﺎﻳﺒﺎن‬،‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ‬
‫ ﻧﻮارﻫﺎ‬،‫ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ ﻋﻤﻮدي‬
"
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺷﻮﻧﺪه‬
‫در ﺗﻤﺎم ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻻزم اﺳﺖ ﺑﺮ روي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ از ﺑﺨﺎرﺑﻨﺪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬
.‫ﺷﻮد‬
In all cases a vapor seal is required over the
insulation.
5.5 Thickness of Insulation
‫ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬5-5
‫ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺮاي ﻫﺮ ﻧﻮع ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدي ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ‬1-5-5
5.5.1 The required thickness of insulation for any
specific
application
depends
upon
the
characteristics of the insulating material and the
purpose of the equipment. When the sole object is
to achieve the minimum total cost, the appropriate
thickness is known as the economic thickness. If
the economic thickness is required to be
calculated the following additional information
will be necessary:
‫وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﺎري و اﻫﺪاف در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاي‬
ً‫ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺗﺎ‬،‫ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات دارد‬
‫ اﮔﺮ‬.‫ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎم ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬
‫ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت اﺿﺎﻓﻲ زﻳﺮ‬،‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
:‫ﻻزم ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‬
42
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
،‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل‬،‫اﻟﻒ( ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﮔﺮﻣﺎي ﺑﻜﺎر رﻓﺘﻪ در ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت‬
a) Cost of heat to be used for calculation
purposes e.g., US Dollars per useful
megajoule;
‫دﻻر آﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻣﮕﺎژول ﻣﻔﻴﺪ؛‬
‫ب( ﻣﺪت ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ )ﺳﺎﻋﺎت ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد(؛‬
b) Evaluation period (working hours);
‫ج( در ﻫﺮ ﺣﺎل ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر‬
c) Whether or not the cost of finish is to be
included in the calculation.
.‫ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖﻫﺎي اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺑﺮاي ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ و‬
5.5.2 Economic thicknesses for process pipe work
and equipment of hot insulation for various ranges
of operating temperature and varieties of thermal
conductivity are given in Table 4. The method
used to derive Table 4 was the algebraic solution
method A.3 of Appendix A and for the
assumption of calculation. See BS 5422, Section
7.
2-5-5
‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﻋﺎﻳﻖ داغ در دﻣﺎي ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ و اﻧﻮاع ﺿﺮاﻳﺐ‬
‫ روش‬.‫ ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬4 ‫ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ در ﺟﺪول‬
‫ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ‬3-‫ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي روش ﺣﻞ ﺟﺒﺮي اﻟﻒ‬4 ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج ﺟﺪول‬
BS 5422 ‫)اﻟﻒ( و ﺑﺮاي ﻓﺮﺿﻴﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻴﺘﻮان ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
.‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﻮد‬7 ‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬
5.5.3 If the designer requires that the economic
thickness be determined for the conditions other
than those used in Table 4, the calculation shall be
in accordance with Appendix A.
‫ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﻃﺮاح ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺑﻪ‬3-5-5
5.5.4 When the base of insulation is conservation
of energy the generally accepted insulation
thicknesses given in Tables 5a for calcium silicate
and 5b for mineral wool shall be used.
،‫ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛــﻪ ﻫﺪف از ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﺎري ﺣﻔﻆ اﻧﺮژي ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬4-5-5
‫ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬،‫ ﻧﻴﺎز داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬4 ‫دادهﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ از داده ﻫﺎي ﺟﺪول‬
.‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻃﺒﻖ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ )اﻟﻒ( اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﺑﻄﻮر ﻛﻠﻲ از ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖﻫﺎي ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﻪ در ﺟﺪاول‬
‫ب ﺑﺮاي ﭘﺸﻢ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ آﻣﺪه‬-5 ‫اﻟﻒ ﺑﺮاي ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎت ﻛﻠﺴﻴﻢ و‬-5
.‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد‬،‫اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ )ب( ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺣﺮارت از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬5-5-5
5.5.5 Appendix B gives the equations for heat
transfer through flat and cylindrical insulation
which relates heat flow to the insulation thickness.
If the designer wishes the insulation thickness for
energy conservation to be calculated for a specific
conditions or different insulation materials these
equations may be used.
‫ﻣﺴﻄﺢ و اﺳﺘﻮاﻧﻪاي ﻛﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺣﺮارت از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
‫ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﻃﺮاح ﻣﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ‬.‫ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ را ﺑﺮاي ﺣﻔﻆ اﻧﺮژي در ﻳﻚ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺧﺎص ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮاد ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
.‫ از اﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد‬،‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻛﻨﺪ‬
personnel
:‫ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺮاي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ از ﻛﺎرﻛﻨﺎن‬6-5-5
If economic thickness is used for hot insulation,
the thicknesses given in Table 4 is sufficient for
personnel protection. When the base of insulation
is energy conservation, the thicknesses given in
Tables 6a for calcium silicate and 6b for mineral
wool shall be used.
،‫ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﻋﺎﻳﻖ داغ ﻣﺼﺮف ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ از‬4 ‫ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه در ﺟﺪول‬
‫ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺣﻔﻆ اﻧﺮژي‬.‫ﻛﺎرﻛﻨﺎن ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻒ ﺑﺮاي ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎت‬-6 ‫ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻫﺎي اراﺋﻪ ﺷﺪه در ﺟﺪاول‬،‫اﺳﺖ‬
.‫ب ﺑﺮاي ﭘﺸﻢ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬-6 ‫ﻛﻠﺴﻴﻢ و‬
5.5.7 The required thickness of insulation for cold
services to prevent condensation on the outer
surface of Insulating material shall be as given in
‫ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﺳﺮد ﺟﻬﺖ‬7-5-5
5.5.6 Insulation
protection:
thickness
for
‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ ﺑﺮ روي ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﻴﺮوﻧﻲ ﻣﺎده ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
‫ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﺑﺮاي ﺷﻴﺸﻪ اﺳﻔﻨﺠﻲ و ﭘﻠﻲ‬8 ‫ و‬7 ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺪاول‬
43
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
Tables 7 and 8 for foam glass and polyurethane
respectively under the stated condition of ambient
temperature, relative humidity and emissivity of
external surface. If the ambient conditions are
different from those stated in Tables 7 and 8 the
thicknesses shall be calculated in accordance with
Appendix C.
،‫اورﺗﺎن ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺪه دﻣﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
.‫رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ و اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﻴﺮوﻧﻲ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺷﻮد‬
8 ‫ و‬7 ‫ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺷﺪه در ﺟﺪاول‬
‫ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ )ج( ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬،‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫ﺷﻮد‬
5.5.8 Piping which are heat traced shall be
insulated with oversize pipe insulation to include
the tracer lines (see IPS-C-TP- 701). Valves,
flanges union and tracer line loops shall not be
insulated, unless specified on the piping spool
drawings. The thickness of insulation shall be in
accordance with Table 9.
‫ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ ﻛﻪ داراي ﮔﺮم ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬8-5-5
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ آﻧﻬﺎ از اﻧﺪازه ﻣﻌﻤﻮل ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮ ﺑﻮده ﺗﺎ ﺧﻄﻮط ﮔﺮم ﻛﻨﻨﺪه را‬
.(‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬IPS-C-TP-701 ‫ )ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬.‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﻓﻠﻨﺞ ﻫﺎ و ﻟﻮﭘﻬﺎي ﺧﻂ ﮔﺮم ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ‬،‫ﺷﻴﺮ ﻓﻠﻜﻪ ﻫﺎ‬
‫ ﻣﮕﺮ اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ روي ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﻫﺎي اﻧﺸﻌﺎﺑﺎت ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ‬،‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
.‫ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬9 ‫ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺪول‬.‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
5.5.9 The thicknesses given in the Tables do not
include the cleading or finishing, the insulation of
which is neglected.
‫ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻫﺎي اراﺋﻪ ﺷﺪه در ﺟﺪاول ﺷﺎﻣﻞ روﻛﺶ‬9-5-5
5.5.10 Where proved to be more economical, the
insulation should consist of two or more layers of
dissimilar approved materials provided their
respective service temperature limits are
appropriate for the duty. Multi layer insulation
shall have the inner layers banded or taped to the
pipe or equipment.
‫ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬،‫ در ﺻﻮرت ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺑﺮاي اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺑﻮدن ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬10-5-5
.‫ﻓﻠﺰي ﻳﺎ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺻﺮﻓﻨﻈﺮ ﺷﺪه ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮد‬
،‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ دو ﻳﺎ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮي از ﻣﻮاد ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺷﺪه ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻃﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺠﺎم وﻇﻴﻔﻪ در ﻣﺤﺪوده دﻣﺎي ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺗﻲ آﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻻﻳﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ داراي ﻻﻳﻪ ﻫﺎي داﺧﻠﻲ ﺑﻮده‬.‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫و ﺑﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ و ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﭼﺴﺒﺎﻧﺪه و ﻧﻮار ﭘﻴﭽﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
44
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
45
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
46
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
Key:
t= hot temperature (°C)
λ= thermal conductivity at mean temperature of
insulation [W/m.K)]
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
:‫راﻫﻨﻤﺎ‬
(‫ = ﮔﺮﻣﺎي ﺳﻄﺢ داغ )درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬t
[W (m.K)] ‫ = ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﺋﻲ در دﻣﺎي ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬λ
Notes:
:‫ﻳﺎدآوريﻫﺎ‬
1- the heat losses applicable to pipe diameters
of above 610.0 mm and flat surfaces should be
calculated on the basis of a 610.0 mm diameter
surface.
610 ‫ ﺗﻠﻔﺎت ﮔﺮﻣﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻋﻤﺎل ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎي ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻻي‬-1
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻲﻣﺘﺮ‬610 ‫ﻣﻴﻠﻲﻣﺘﺮ و ﺳﻄﻮح ﺗﺨﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻗﻄﺮ‬
2- heat loss measured in watts per metre (W/m)
relates to the specified thickness and
temperature.
‫ اﺗﻼف ﮔﺮﻣﺎي اﻧﺪازهﮔﻴﺮي ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ وات ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮ‬-2
. ‫( ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪه و دﻣﺎ اﺳﺖ‬W/m)
3- the thermal conductivity of insulation
materials increases with mean temperature and
for any given material. the use of a different
thermal conductivity can be required for each
operating temperature.
‫ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ دﻣﺎ و ﺑﺮاي ﻫﺮ‬-3
‫ ﺑﻜﺎرﮔﻴﺮي ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ‬.‫ﻣﺎده داده ﺷﺪه اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬
.‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﻫﺮ دﻣﺎي ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
4- to simplify the use of this table, the values
shaded have been adjusted to avoid the
specification of apparently anomalous results
given by the calculation method in BS EN ISO
12241, due to the transition from turbulent to
laminar flow.
‫ ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﺳﺎﻳﻪ دار ﺷﺪه‬،‫ ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺎده ﻛﺮدن ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد اﻳﻦ ﺟﺪول‬-4
‫ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻓﻨﻲ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻇﺎﻫﺮاً ﺑﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺪه ﻛﻪ از‬
‫ اراﺋﻪ‬BS EN ISO 12241 ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ روش ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ در اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
‫ﺷﺪه در اﺛﺮ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل از ﺟﺮﻳﺎن آﺷﻔﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻻﻳﻪاي ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬
.‫ﮔﺮدﻳﺪهاﻧﺪ‬
5- these thicknesses may not satisfy other
design requirements, in particular those for
personal protection.
‫ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ اﻳﻦ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖﻫﺎ دﻳﮕﺮ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ را ﺑﺮآورده‬-5
.‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
.‫ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺨﺼﻮص آﻧﻬﺎﺋﻴﻜﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻛﺎرﻛﻨﺎن اﺳﺖ‬،‫ﻧﻜﻨﺪ‬
47
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
TABLE 5a – HOT INSULATION THICKNESS FOR HEAT CONSERVATION CALCIUM
SILICATE CENTIMETERS
‫ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﮔﺮم ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎت ﻛﻠﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﺮاي ﺣﻔﻆ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬-‫اﻟﻒ‬- 5 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
TEMPERATURE °C
NOMINAL
PIPE SIZE
‫اﻧﺪازه اﺳﻤﻲ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬
4 cm & under
‫ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮ و ﻛﻤﺘﺮ‬4
5 cm
8 cm
10 cm
15 cm
20 cm
25 cm
30 cm
36 cm & over
‫ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮ و ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬36
Equipment
‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات‬
‫دﻣﺎ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
66
to
149
150
to
204
205
to
260
261
to
315
316
to
371
372
to
427
428
to
482
483
to
538
539
to
593
3.0
3.0
4.3
4.4
4.7
6.4
6.7
6.8
8.7
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.0
3.0
3.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
6.0
4.3
4.3
4.3
5.5
5.5
6.5
7.7
4.4
4.4
5.6
6.7
6.7
7.9
8.8
4.7
6.0
6.0
7.1
7.1
9.3
9.3
6.4
6.4
7.6
10.0
10.0
11.4
11.4
6.7
7.9
7.9
10.4
10.4
11.9
13.2
6.8
8.1
8.1
10.7
12.2
13.6
13.6
8.7
10.3
10.3
13
13
14.5
16
5.8
6.0
7.7
8.8
10.6
12.7
14.7
15
17.3
3.8
4.0
6.5
7.9
8.4
10.0
10.4
12.2
13
TABLE 5b - HOT INSULATION THICKNESS FOR HEAT CONSERVATION MINERAL WOOL
SLAB CENTIMETERS
‫ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﮔﺮم ورق ﭘﺸﻢ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺑﺮاي ﺣﻔﻆ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬-‫ب‬- 5 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
NOMINAL
PIPE SIZE
TEMPERATURE °C
‫دﻣﺎ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
66
to
149
150
to
204
205
to
260
261
to
315
316
to
371
372
to
427
428
to
482
483
to
538
539
to
593
‫ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮ و ﻛﻤﺘﺮ‬4
3.0
3.0
4.3
4.4
4.7
6.4
6.7
6.8
8.7
5 cm
8 cm
10 cm
15 cm
20 cm
25 cm
30 cm
36 cm & over ‫ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮ و ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬36
Equipment
‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات‬
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.0
3.0
3.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
6.0
6.0
4.0
4.3
4.3
4.3
5.5
5.5
6.5
7.7
7.7
4.4
4.4
5.6
6.7
6.7
7.9
8.8
8.8
7.9
4.7
6.0
6.0
7.1
7.1
9.3
9.3
10.6
8.4
6.4
6.4
7.6
10.0
10.0
11.4
11.4
12.7
10.0
6.7
7.9
7.9
10.4
10.4
11.9
13.2
14.7
10.4
6.8
8.1
8.1
10.7
12.2
13.6
13.6
15
12.2
8.7
10.3
10.3
13
13
14.5
16
17.3
13
‫اﻧﺪازه اﺳﻤﻲ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬
4 cm & under
3.8
6.5
51
‫آذر ‪Nov. 2009 / 1388‬‬
‫)‪IPS-E-TP-700(1‬‬
‫‪TABLE 6a - HOT INSULATION THICKNESS FOR PERSONNEL PROTECTION‬‬
‫ﺟﺪول ‪- 6‬اﻟﻒ‪ -‬ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﮔﺮم ﺑﺮاي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻛﺎرﻛﻨﺎن‬
‫‪INSULATION THICKNESS, mm‬‬
‫ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ )ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ(‬
‫‪PIPE SIZE‬‬
‫اﻧﺪازه ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬
‫‪OVER 300°C‬‬
‫‪TO 300°C‬‬
‫‪mm OD‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از ‪ 300‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫ﺗﺎ ‪ 300‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫)ﻗﻄﺮ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ(‬
‫‪38‬‬
‫‪50‬‬
‫‪50‬‬
‫‪50‬‬
‫‪50‬‬
‫‪50‬‬
‫‪50‬‬
‫‪50‬‬
‫‪50‬‬
‫‪25‬‬
‫‪48.3‬‬
‫‪60.3‬‬
‫‪88.9‬‬
‫‪114.3‬‬
‫‪168.3‬‬
‫‪219.1‬‬
‫‪273.1‬‬
‫‪323.9‬‬
‫‪355.6 & over‬‬
‫‪25‬‬
‫‪25‬‬
‫‪25‬‬
‫‪25‬‬
‫‪38‬‬
‫‪38‬‬
‫‪38‬‬
‫‪50‬‬
‫‪50‬‬
‫ﺗﺎ ‪To‬‬
‫‪ 355/6‬و ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬
‫‪Vessels, pumps, exchangers,‬‬
‫ﻇﺮوف‪ ،‬ﭘﻤﭗ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺒﺪﻟﻬﺎ وﻏﻴﺮه‪etc.‬‬
‫‪38‬‬
‫ﻳﺎدآوريﻫﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪Notes:‬‬
‫‪ (1‬ﺟﺪول ﻓﻮق ﺑﺮﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎت ﻛﻠﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ‪ 0/061 W/mk‬در دﻣﺎي ‪93‬‬
‫درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪1) The above Table is based on calcium silicate‬‬
‫‪insulating material, with mean thermal‬‬
‫@ ‪conductivity of approximately 0.061 W/mK‬‬
‫‪93°C.‬‬
‫‪ (2‬ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺑﻴﺎن ﺷﺪه ﻋﺎﻳﻖ در اﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮاد ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‬
‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻘﺎوم در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺟﻮي ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫‪2) Insulation thicknesses stated here do not‬‬
‫‪include the finishing or weatherproofing materials.‬‬
‫‪TABLE 6b - HOT INSULATION THICKNESS FOR PERSONNEL PROTECTION‬‬
‫ﺟﺪول ‪ 6‬ب‪ -‬ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﮔﺮم ﺑﺮاي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻛﺎرﻛﻨﺎن‬
‫‪INSULATION THICKNESS, mm‬‬
‫ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ )ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ(‬
‫‪PIPE SIZE‬‬
‫اﻧﺪازه ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬
‫‪OVER 300°C‬‬
‫‪TO 300°C‬‬
‫‪mm OD‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از ‪ 300‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫ﺗﺎ ‪ 300‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫)ﻗﻄﺮ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ(‬
‫‪43‬‬
‫‪22‬‬
‫‪48.3‬‬
‫‪57‬‬
‫‪22‬‬
‫‪60.3‬‬
‫‪57‬‬
‫‪22‬‬
‫‪88.9‬‬
‫‪57‬‬
‫‪22‬‬
‫‪114.3‬‬
‫‪57‬‬
‫‪22‬‬
‫‪168.3‬‬
‫‪57‬‬
‫‪33‬‬
‫‪219.1‬‬
‫‪57‬‬
‫‪33‬‬
‫‪273.1‬‬
‫‪57‬‬
‫‪33‬‬
‫‪323.9‬‬
‫‪57‬‬
‫‪44‬‬
‫‪57‬‬
‫‪33‬‬
‫و ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬
‫‪355.6 & over‬‬
‫‪355/6‬‬
‫‪Vessels, pumps,‬‬
‫ﻇﺮوف‪exchangers, etc. ،‬‬
‫ﭘﻤﭗ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺒﺪﻟﻬﺎ وﻏﻴﺮه‬
‫‪52‬‬
‫ﺗﺎ ‪To‬‬
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
:‫ﻳﺎدآوريﻫﺎ‬
Notes:
‫( ﺟﺪول ﻓﻮق ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﭘﺸﻢ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه‬1
1) The above Table is based on Mineral Wool
Insulating material.
2) Insulation thicknesses stated here do not
include the finishing or weatherproofing
materials.
.‫اﺳﺖ‬
‫( ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺑﻴﺎن ﺷﺪه ﻋﺎﻳﻖ در اﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮاد ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‬2
.‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻘﺎوم در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺟﻮي ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮد‬
TABLE 7 - COLD INSULATION THICKNESS FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION /
CONDENSATION PREVENTION
‫ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ‬/‫ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺳﺮد ﺑﺮاي ﺣﻔﻆ اﻧﺮژي‬-7 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
Pipe or
Equipment
m m O.D.
‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻳﺎ‬
Normal Insulation Thickness , mm
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬،‫ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﻌﻤﻮل ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
25
38
50
(‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ )ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬
64
75
89
Minimum Temperature ˚C
100
114
125
140
150
‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ دﻣﺎ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
TO ‫ ﺗﺎ‬33.4
48.3
60.3
88.9
114.3
5
7
7
10
10
-12
-7
-7
-1
-1
-32
-34
-21
-15
-12
-54
-54
-37
-22
-22
-79
-73
-57
-46
-40
-107
-98
-79
-67
-57
-137
-129
-104
-84
-73
-176
-159
-129
-104
-98
-223
-198
-159
-134
-121
-259
-204
-162
-143
-251
-196
-171
168.3
219.1
273.1
323.9
355.6
13
13
13
13
16
4
4
4
4
7
-9
-7
-7
-4
-1
-21
-21
-15
-15
-12
-32
-32
-26
-23
-21
-48
-43
-37
-34
-32
-65
-57
-51
-48
-43
-82
-71
-65
-59
-54
-98
-87
-73
-73
-68
-118
-104
-93
-87
-82
-137
-123
-109
-104
-96
406.4
457
508
610
711
16
16
16
16
16
7
7
7
7
7
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-12
-9
-9
-9
-9
-21
-18
-18
-18
-18
-29
-29
-29
-26
-26
-40
-40
-37
-37
-34
-54
-51
-48
-48
-46
-65
-62
-62
-59
-57
-79
-76
-73
-71
-68
-93
-90
-87
-82
-79
813
914
1067
1219
1524
16
16
16
16
16
7
7
7
7
7
-1
-1
-2
-2
-2
-9
-7
-7
-7
-7
-18
-15
-15
-15
-15
-26
-23
-23
-23
-23
-34
-34
-32
-32
-32
-46
-43
-43
-43
-40
-54
-54
-51
-51
-48
-65
-65
-62
-62
-59
-76
-76
-73
-71
-71
1829
2438
3048
3658
FLAT ‫ﻣﺴﻄﺢ‬
16
16
16
16
16
7
7
7
7
10
2
2
2
2
2
-7
-7
-7
-7
-7
-15
-15
-15
-15
-12
-23
-21
-21
-21
-21
-32
-29
-29
-29
-26
-40
-37
-37
-37
-34
-48
-48
-46
-46
-43
-57
-57
-57
-54
-51
-68
-65
-65
-65
-59
:‫ﻳﺎدآوريﻫﺎ‬
Notes:
‫( اﻳﻦ ﺟﺪول ﺑﺮ ﭘـﺎﻳﻪ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﺳﻠﻮلدار )ﺷﻴﺸﻪ‬1
ً‫اﺳﻔﻨﺠﻲ( ﺑﺎ ﺿـــﺮﻳﺐ ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﮔــــﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﻘــﺮﻳﺒﺎ‬
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد و‬10 ‫ در دﻣﺎي‬0/052 W/mK
.‫ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬0/9 ‫ﻋﺒﻮردﻫﻲ‬
1) The table is based on cellular glass (foamglass)
insulating material with a thermal conductivity
of approximately 0.052 W/mK @ 10°C and 0.9
emittance.
53
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
2) The Table is based on 32°C ambient, still air,
80% relative humidity.
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
،‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬32 ‫( اﻳﻦ ﺟﺪول ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ دﻣﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬2
.‫ درﺻﺪ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬80 ‫ﻫﻮاي ﺳﺎﻛﻦ و رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬
‫( ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺑﻴﺎن ﺷﺪه ﻋﺎﻳﻖ در اﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮاد ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‬3
.‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻘﺎوم در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺟﻮي ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮد‬
3) Insulation thicknesses stated here do not
include the finishing or weatherproofing
materials.
TABLE 8 - THICKNESS OF INSULATION FOR COLD SERVICES
‫ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﻫﺎي ﺳﺮد‬-8 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
+21
TO
-18˚C
NORMAL
OPERATING TEMP.
˚C
-19
TO
-29 ˚ C
-30
TO
-40 ˚C
-40
TO
-51 ˚C
-52
TO
-73˚C
-74
TO
-101 ˚ C
-102
TO
-129 ˚ C
40
50
50
50
50
65
65
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
90
40
50
50
65
65
65
65
75
75
75
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
100
‫دﻣﺎي ﻣﻌﻤﻮل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬
‫درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
OUTSIDE
DIAMETER
OF PIPE
(mm)
INSULATION THICKNESS
(mm)
(‫ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ )ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬
‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬
(‫)ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬
12.5
19
25.4
38
51
76
102
152
203
254
305
356
406
457
508
610
762
914
OVER 914
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
50
25
25
25
25
25
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
50
50
65
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
50
50
50
50
50
65
65
65
40
40
40
40
40
40
50
50
50
50
50
50
65
65
65
65
65
65
75
40
40
40
40
40
50
50
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
75
914 ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از‬
:‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬
Conditions:
Relative humidity:
%80
:‫رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬
32 ˚C
:‫دﻣﺎي ﻫﻮاي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
‫ ﺻﻔﺮ) ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻫﻮا‬:‫ ﻣﺎﻳﻞ در ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬،‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎد‬
(0/61
28/9°C
:‫ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬،‫دﻣﺎي ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫ در‬0/019 W/M°C ‫ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬K ‫ ﭘﻠﻲ اورﺗﺎن – ﺿﺮﻳﺐ‬:‫ﺟﻨﺲ‬
23/9°C ‫دﻣﺎي ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
80%
Ambient air temperature: 32°C
Wind velocity MPH: Zero (air film resistance
0.61)
Surface temperature, min: 28.9°C
Material:Polyurethane - K factor 0.019 W/M°C
mean temperature 23.9°C
54
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
TABLE 9 - HEAT TRACED PIPE - INSULATION THICKNESS (mm)
(‫ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺮاي ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﮔﺮم ﺷﻮﻧﺪه ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ )ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬-9 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
Pipe
.O.D
(mm)
‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﺑﻴﺮوﻧﻲ‬
9.5 mm Tubing
6 Electric Cable
12.5 mm Tubing
19 mm Tubing
& 21.3 mm pipe
25 mm Tubing &
26.5 mm pipe
33.4 mm pipe
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﻛﺎﺑﻞ‬9/5 ‫ﺗﻴﻮب‬
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬12/5 ‫ﺗﻴﻮب‬
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ و ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬19 ‫ﺗﻴﻮب‬
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ و ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬25 ‫ﺗﻴﻮب‬
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬33/4 ‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬
6 ‫ﺑﺮق ﻧﻤﺮه‬
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬21/3
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬25/5
‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬
One
Tracer
Two
Tracer
One
Tracer
Two
Tracer
One
Tracer
Two
Tracer
One
Tracer
Two
Tracer
One
Tracer
Two
Tracer
(‫)ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﮔﺮم‬
‫دو ﮔﺮم‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﮔﺮم‬
‫دو ﮔﺮم‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﮔﺮم‬
‫دو ﮔﺮم‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﮔﺮم‬
‫دو ﮔﺮم‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﮔﺮم‬
‫دو ﮔﺮم‬
‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
25
31.75
38
50
63.5
75
90
127
178
229
279
356
380
432
483
533
584
635
31.75
31.75
38
50
63.5
75
90
127
178
229
279
356
380
432
483
533
584
635
31.75
38
50
63.5
75
90
101.5
127
178
229
279
356
380
432
483
533
584
635
50
50
50
63.5
75
90
101.5
127
178
229
279
356
380
432
483
533
584
635
75
90
101.5
127
203
255
305
356
380
432
483
533
584
635
90
101.5
127
152
203
255
305
356
406
457
508
559
610
660
90
101.5
127
152
203
255
356
380
406
457
508
559
610
660
101.5
127
127
152
203
255
356
380
406
457
508
559
610
660
21.3
26.7
33.4
48.3
60.3
73.0
88.9
114.3
168.3
219.1
273.1
323.9
355.9
406.4
457.0
508.0
560.0
610.0
31.75
31.75
38
63.5
75
75
90
127
178
229
279
356
380
432
483
533
584
635
31.75
38
50
63.5
75
90
101.5
127
178
229
279
356
380
432
483
533
584
635
:‫ﻳﺎدآوريﻫﺎ‬
Notes:
‫ درﺟﻪ‬90 ‫( ﺧﻄﻮط ﮔﺮم ﻛﻨﻨﺪه دوﺗﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬1
.‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ اﺷﺎره ﺑﻪ ﺗﻴﻮب ﮔﺬاري ﻳﻚ اﻳﻨﭻ‬25 ‫( ﺗﻴﻮب ﮔﺬاري‬2
‫دارد‬
1) Double traced lines calculated on 90° spacing.
2) 25 mm tubing refers to l" tubing.
5.6
Relation of System Requirements to
the Design of Insulation System and to the
Properties of Materials Used
‫ راﺑﻄﻪ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ و‬6-5
‫ﺧﻮاص ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬
5.6.1 For any specific set of installation
requirements, the properties of a material
determine its suitability. If there were only one, or
a limited number of sets of installation
requirements, selection of material would be
simple, and the need for all the various types of
insulations
and
weather-barriers
reduced.
However, this is not the case. Each installation
must be considered, and its requirements
evaluated to allow the selection of the best suited
material (or materials) for the individual
installation under consideration.
‫ ﺧﻮاص ﻫﺮ ﻣﺎده‬،‫ در اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﻧﺼﺐ ﺑﺮاي ﻫﺮ ﮔﺮوه ﺧﺎص‬1-6-5
‫ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﻧﺼﺐ‬.‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻮدن آن اﺳﺖ‬
‫ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب‬،‫ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻣﺤﺪودي از ﮔﺮوه ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻧﻮع ﻣﻮاد ﺳﺎده ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد و ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ اﻧﻮاع ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮن ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻫﺎ و‬
‫ اﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً اﻳﻨﻄﻮر‬.‫ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﻫﺎي ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺟﻮي ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬
‫ در ﻫﺮ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎت ﻧﻴﺎزﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺷﺪه و ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺎده‬.‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬
.‫)ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮاد( ﺑﺮاي ﻫﺮ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎت ﺑﻄﻮر ﻣﺠﺰا در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
55
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
‫ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ‬،‫ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﻧﺼﺐ ﺑﺮاي ﻫﺮ ﻣﻮرد ﺧﺎص ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻴﻜﻨﺪ‬
Not only do the installation requirements change
with the individual case, but the relative
importance of the requirements also vary. Some of
the possible variations of the properties required
of individual materials, as the installation
requirements change, will be treated in the short
discussion following.
‫ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ از ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات‬.‫اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻴﻜﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ در ﺧﻮاص ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ از ﻣﻮاد ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ در‬
.‫ ﺑﺼﻮرت ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ در زﻳﺮ اراﺋﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬،‫اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﻧﺼﺐ اﺳﺖ‬
.‫ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً وزن ﻳﻚ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻬﻢ اﺳﺖ‬،‫ در ﻓﺎز اﻧﺘﻘﺎل‬1-1-6-5
5.6.1.1 In the transportation phase, weight is
always an important factor. Although light density
material is desirable, light weight insulation is of
greater importance in air craft than in ships,
trucks, or railroad cars. Conversely, when
insulation is used in chemical and petroleum
processing plants, where fire protection is
required, a higher density insulation is essential to
obtain the low diffusivity necessary for fire
protection.
‫ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺎ وزن ﻛﻢ ﻧﻘﺶ‬،‫ﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﻣﻮاد ﺑﺎ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻢ ﻣﻄﻠﻮب اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﻛﺎﻣﻴﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﻳﺎ‬،‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻣﻬﻤﻲ در ﻫﻮاﭘﻴﻤﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺸﺘﻲ ﻫﺎ‬
‫ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ در واﺣﺪﻫﺎي‬،‫ ﺑﺮﻋﻜﺲ‬.‫واﮔﻦﻫﺎي راه آﻫﻦ دارد‬
‫ و ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‬،‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﻧﻔﺖ و ﻣﻮاد ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬
‫ ﻟﺰوﻣﺎً ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺎ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ زﻳﺎد‬،‫ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ آﺗﺶ ﻣﻄﺮح اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺮاي ﺣﺼﻮل ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻧﻔﻮذ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻻزم ﺑﺮاي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬
.‫آﺗﺶ ﺿﺮوري اﺳﺖ‬
‫ در ﻣﻮاردي ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮاد ﺳﻤﻲ ﻳﺎ‬2-1-6-5
5.6.1.2 Where insulation may be contaminated by
toxic or highly combustible chemicals, the most
important single requirement is that it is
completely non-absorbent.
‫ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ اﻟﺰام‬،‫ﻣﻮاد ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺣﺘﺮاق ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪت آﻟﻮده ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮد اﻳﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻏﻴﺮﺟﺎذب‬
.‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
،‫ در ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﻛﻪ اﻋﻤﺎل دورهاي ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز اﺳﺖ‬3-1-6-5
5.6.1.3 In a process where cyclic application is
required, the single most important requirement is
that the insulation be such that it can be quickly
and economically removed and reapplied.
‫ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻴﺎز ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮد اﻳﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ را ﺑﺘﻮان ﺑﻄﻮر‬
.‫ﺳﺮﻳﻊ و اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺑﺮداﺷﺘﻪ و ﻣﺠﺪداً اﻋﻤﺎل ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت دوره اي ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺎ‬4-1-6-5
5.6.1.4 Other cyclic operations may require that
the insulation have low mass and specific heat so
that the operating temperature can be changed
without an excessive amount of heat and time
being lost in "heating up" the insulation.
‫ﺟﺮم ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦ ﺗﺮ و ﮔﺮﻣﺎي وﻳﮋه ﻛﻢ ﺗﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮري ﻛﻪ دﻣﺎي‬
‫ در‬،‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺪون از دﺳﺖ دادن ﺣﺮارت و زﻣﺎن زﻳﺎد‬
.‫ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﭘﻴﺪا ﻛﻨﺪ‬،‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎم ﮔﺮم ﺷﺪن ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
‫ در اﻧﺒﺎﺷﺖ ﺳﺮد و اﻧﺒﺎﺷﺖ ﻣﻮادي ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در‬5-1-6-5
5.6.1.5 Just the opposite property is desirable on
cold storage and storage of materials which must
be held at relatively constant temperatures. In
these installations, in case of power failure, the
insulation’s’ retention of the existing temperature
is of utmost importance.
‫ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﻣﺘﻀﺎد )ﻣﻮارد‬،‫دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎً ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻧﮕﻬﺪاﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮق‬،‫ در اﻳﻦ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎت‬.‫ﻗﺒﻠﻲ( ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﺣﻔﻆ دﻣﺎي ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ از اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ‬،‫ﻗﻄﻊ ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬
.‫ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ وﻳﮋه ﻳﻚ‬،‫ ﺣﺘﻲ در ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎت ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬6-1-6-5
5.6.1.6 Even on the same installation, the specific
end use of an insulation may dictate its properties.
A high temperature pipe may require very rigid,
strong insulation to resist the mechanical stresses
imposed upon it, but the insulation used in the
expansion joint should be soft, fluffy, and resilient
‫ در ﻣﻮرد ﻳﻚ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬.‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺧﻮاص آن ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺎ دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻗﻮي ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮاﻛﻢ ﻧﻴﺎز‬
،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﺪ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺗﻨﺶ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ وارده ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫اﻣﺎ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻫﺎي ﺑﻜﺎر رﻓﺘﻪ در اﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻧﺒﺴﺎﻃﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﺮم و ﭘﻒ‬
56
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
to cushion the movements of the adjacent rigid
insulation.
‫ﻛﺮده و داراي ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ارﺗﺠﺎﻋﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﻴﺮا ﻛﺮدن و ﺣﺮﻛﺎت ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
.‫ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﺮاﻛﻢ ﻣﺠﺎور ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
5.6.1.7 On low temperature installations, the
single most important property is resistance to the
passage of water vapor, or ability to construct the
insulation system to be as near vapor-proof as
possible.
‫ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ‬،‫ در ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎت ﺑﺎ دﻣﺎي ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ‬7-1-6-5
5.6.1.8 Economics always enters into the selection
process. If a process is critical, the most important
single consideration may be reliability. If
conservation of heat or power is the deciding
factor, the savings per year as compared to the
installed cost is the most important factor. Again,
and almost opposite, when insulation is used for a
temporary function such as holding the heat in
while a lining is being heat cured, then the lowest
possible installed cost would be decisive.
‫ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ در اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ اﺛﺮﮔﺬار‬8-1-6-5
‫ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ‬،‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻋﺒﻮر ﺑﺨﺎر آب اﺳﺖ‬،‫ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮد‬
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮي ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪ اﻣﻜﺎن ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﻧﺰدﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺎوم‬
.‫در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ‬،‫ اﮔﺮ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺣﺴﺎس اﺳﺖ‬.‫اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬.‫ﻓﺮد ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺻﺮﻓﻪ ﺟﻮﻳﻲ ﺳﺎﻟﻴﺎﻧﻪ در‬،‫ﮔﻴﺮي ﺣﻔﻆ ﺣﺮارت ﻳﺎ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ در ﻫﻤﻴﻦ راﺑﻄﻪ‬.‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻣﻬﻤﻲ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻣﻮﻗﺖ‬،‫و ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً در ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺣﻔﻆ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺧﺸﻚ ﻧﻤﻮدن ﭘﻮﺷﺶ داﺧﻠﻲ ﺑﻜﺎر‬
.‫ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻧﺼﺐ‬،‫ﻣﻴﺮود‬
5.6.1.9 Thus, because of conflicting requirements,
there can be no "all purpose" insulation. Nor is
there a "perfect" insulation for each set of
requirements. It is essential that the engineer
evaluate the installation and determine which
requirements must be fulfilled, and which are of
lesser importance.
‫ ﻳﻚ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻫﻤﻪ‬،‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﻐﺎﻳﺮت ﻧﻴﺎزﻫﺎ‬9-1-6-5
5.6.2 A list of installation requirements as related
to properties of materials is presented in outline
form as following to assist the engineer in his
calculation.
‫ ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺘﻲ از وﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﻧﺼﺐ در راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮاص‬2-6-5
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮره و ﻳﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺮاي ﻫﺮ ﮔﺮوه از ﻧﻴﺎزﻫﺎ وﺟﻮد‬
‫ ﻻزم اﺳﺖ ﻣﻬﻨﺪس ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎت را ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻧﻤﻮده و ﻧﻮع‬.‫ﻧﺪارد‬
‫اﻟﺰاﻣﺎﺗﻲ را ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮآورده ﺷﻮد و ﻣﻮاردي را ﻛﻪ از اﻫﻤﻴﺖ‬
.‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮي ﺑﺮﺧﻮردارﻧﺪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻮاد ﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻬﻨﺪس در ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺗﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻓﺮم ﻫﺎي‬
.‫ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﺷﺪه زﻳﺮ اراﺋﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
57
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
APPLICATION PHASE
‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد‬
REQUIREMENTS
INSULATION
PROPERTIES
ADHESIVE OR BONDING
CEMENT PROPERTIES
‫ﺧﻮاص ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
‫ﺧﻮاص ﭼﺴﺐ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻴﻤﺎن ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
Fabrication or Operation:
To be able to be cut , or ground
To desired shape.
Rigid Insulations:
Dimensional properties Size and shapes, straightness
and smoothness of surfaces, square ness And trueness.
Pre – use Properties :
Shelf life freeze – thaw resistance Mixing or storing
time.
:‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬
‫ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﺮاش‬،‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺑﺮش داﺷﺘﻪ‬
.‫داده ﺷﻮد‬
:‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﺮاﻛﻢ‬
‫ راﺳﺘﻲ و ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﺳﻄﻮح درﺳﺘﻲ و‬،‫ﺧﻮاص اﺑﻌﺎدي اﻧﺪازه و ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﺎ‬
.‫ﮔﻮﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﻮدن‬
To be able to maintain true Surface
and surface suitable For application
and retention Together with adhesive
or Cements.
Cutting Properties:
Hardness delamination characteristics , ease of cutting .
Smoothness and trueness of cut surface With adhesive
or cement.
‫ﻗﺎدر ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺳﻄﺢ واﻗﻌﻲ و ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮاي اﻋﻤﺎل و‬
‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺎ ﭼﺴﺐ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻴﻤﺎن را ﺣﻔﻆ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
:‫ﺧﻮاص ﺑﺮش‬
‫ ﺻﺎﻓﻲ‬.‫ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺖ ﺑﺮش‬،‫از وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﺳﺨﺘﻲ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻧﺸﺪن‬
.‫و درﺳﺘﻲ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺮش ﺑﺎ ﭼﺴﺐ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻴﻤﺎن‬
Pieces able to be handled without
Handling Properties:
Tensile strength, flexural strength , Compressive
strength.
‫اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت‬
excessive breakage Dusting or wear.
‫ﻗﻄﻌﺎت را ﺑﺘﻮان ﺑﺪون اﻳﺠﺎد ﮔﺮد و ﻏﺒﺎر اﺿﺎﻓﻲ‬
.‫ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺷﻜﺴﺘﻦ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺶ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎ ﻧﻤﻮد‬
To be able to be assembled and
bonded together replied accurately ,
and tightly.
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻧﺼﺐ و اﺗﺼﺎل دﻗﻴﻖ و ﻣﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ‬
.‫داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
To be able to be handled in a short
time after bonding Assembly.
:‫ﺧﻮاص ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ‬
.‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻓﺸﺎري‬،‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺧﻤﺸﻲ‬،‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻛﺸﺸﻲ‬
Assembly properties:
Surface suitability to spreading or brushing of cement or
adhesive Surface compatibility to adhesive Or cement ,
resistance to surface Shear on drying of cement or
adhesive , original track of surface to bond to surface
, absorbency.
:‫ﺧﻮاص ﻧﺼﺐ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ در ﻣﺪت ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﻧﺼﺐ‬
.‫ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ و ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
.‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻮدن ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺮاي ﭘﻬﻦ ﻛﺮدن ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮس زدن ﺳﻴﻤﺎن ﻳﺎ ﭼﺴﺐ‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺮش ﺳﻄﺢ در‬،‫ﺳﺎزﮔﺎري ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺎ ﭼﺴﺐ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻴﻤﺎن‬
، ‫ ﭼﺴﺒﻴﺪن ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ اﺻﻠﻲ‬،‫اﺛﺮ ﺧﺸﻚ ﺷﺪن ﻳﺎ ﺳﻴﻤﺎن ﭼﺴﺐ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺟﺬب‬
To have relatively short setting drying
, or curing time so that fabricate and
assembled pieces Can be used in a
short time .
Flexible material:
Cutting characteristics , tensile Strength , bonding
characteristics , Surface layer delamination.
‫ ﻳﺎ ﻋﻤﻞ آﻣﺪن ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎً ﻛﻮﺗﺎه‬،‫ ﺧﺸﻚ‬،‫زﻣﺎن ﮔﻴﺮش‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮري ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮان از ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ و‬،‫داﺷﺘﻪ‬
.‫ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺪه در ﻣﺪت ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻫﻲ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻧﻤﻮد‬
:‫ﻣﻮاد اﻧﻌﻄﺎف ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬
‫ ﺟﺪا ﻧﺸﺪن‬،‫ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي اﺗﺼﺎل‬،‫ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﻛﺸﺸﻲ‬،‫وﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎي ﺑﺮش‬
.‫ﻻﻳﻪ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ‬
58
:‫ﺧﻮاص ﻗﺒﻞ از ﻣﺼﺮف‬
‫ ﻣﺨﻠـﻮط ﻳـﺎ‬.‫زﻣﺎن ﻣﺠﺎز ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري– ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻳﺦ زدن وا رﻓﺘﻦ‬
.‫زﻣﺎن ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري‬
Use properties:
Trowelling or brushing
characteristics , surface
wetting and bonding characteristics wet adhesive
strength , compatibility With surface , drying time ,
curing time , Wet or dry shrinkage , toxicity (solvent ,
fumes , etc .) pore life .
:‫ﺧﻮاص ﻣﺼﺮف‬
‫ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺮ ﺷﺪن و ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ‬،‫وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺎﻟﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮس ﻛﺸﻴﺪن‬
‫ زﻣﺎن‬،‫ ﺳﺎزﮔﺎري ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ‬،‫ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺗﺮ‬،‫دادن ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫ ﺳﻤﻴﺖ‬،‫ اﻧﻘﺒﺎض ﺧﺸﻚ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺮ‬،‫ زﻣﺎن ﻋﻤﻞ آﻣﺪن‬،‫ﺧﺸﻚ ﺷﺪن‬
.‫ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻣﻨﻔﺬ‬،(‫ ﺑﺨﺎرات و ﻏﻴﺮه‬،‫)ﺣﻼل‬
Dried properties :
Adhesive strength , shear strength
Temperature
resistance (maximum and minimum ) , resistance to
moisture (vapor and liquid ) , resistance to solvent
acids , or caustics , flexibility and elasticity.
:‫ﺧﻮاص ﻣﺎده ﺧﺸﻚ ﺷﺪه‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ دﻣﺎ )ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬،‫ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﺑﺮش‬،‫اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪﮔﻲ‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬،(‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ )ﺑﺨﺎر و ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‬،(‫و ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‬
.‫ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ اﻧﻌﻄﺎف و ﻛﺸﺴﺎﻧﻲ‬،‫ ﻳﺎ ﻗﻠﻴﺎ ﻫﺎ‬،‫اﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎي ﺣﻼل‬
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
APPLICATION PHASE(to be continued)
(‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ اﺟﺮا )اداﻣﻪ دارد‬
REQUIREMENTS
INSULATION PROPERTIES
ACCESSORY PROPERTIES
‫اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت‬
‫ﺧﻮاص ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
‫ﺧﻮاص وﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬
Cutting and fitting.
.‫ﺑﺮش و آﻣﺎده ﺳﺎزي‬
Rigid insulations
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﺮاﻛﻢ‬
Adhesive Mastics, Bonding Cements, or Scalers
(Where required)
‫ ﺳﻴﻤﺎنﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪي ﻳﺎ‬،‫ ﻣﻼت ﻫﺎي ﻗﻴﺮي ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪه‬،‫ﭼﺴﺐ‬
.(‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻫﺎ )ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻻزم ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
To be able to field cut. fit. And place
into position efficiently and accurately.
‫ آﻣﺎده ﺳﺎزي و ﻗﺮار دادن ﻣﻮﺛﺮ و دﻗﻴﻖ‬،‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﺮش‬
.‫در ﻣﺤﻞ‬
Dimensional Properties
: ‫ﺧﻮاص اﺑﻌﺎد‬
Size and shape, straightness and smoothness of surfaces.
Squareness and trueness, Within dimensional tolerances.
Brushing
characteristics,
Trowelling
characteristics, Wet adhesion, surface wetting,
gap filling, bridging, sizing and sealing, drying
time, curing time, shrinkage, Compatibility with
insulation surface, solvent toxicity.
‫ در ﺣﺪ اﺑﻌﺎد‬،‫ ﺻﺎف و ﮔﻮﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﻮدن‬،‫ راﺳﺘﻲ و ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﺳﻄﻮح‬،‫اﻧﺪازه و ﺷﻜﻞ‬
.‫رواداري‬
‫ ﺗﺮ‬،‫ ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺗﺮ‬،‫ ﻣﺎﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻴﺪن‬،‫وﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎي ﺑﺮش زدن‬
‫ آﻫﺎر زدن و‬،‫ ﭘﻞ زدن‬،‫ ﭘﺮﻛﺮدن ﺷﻜﺎف‬،‫ﻧﻤﻮدن ﺳﻄﺢ‬
،‫ اﻧﻘﺒﺎض‬،‫ زﻣﺎن ﺑﺴﺘﻦ‬،‫ زﻣﺎن ﺧﺸﻚ ﺷﺪن‬،‫آﺑﺒﻨﺪي‬
.‫ ﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﺣﻼل‬،‫ﺳﺎزﮔﺎري ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
:‫ﺧﻮاص ﺑﺮﺷﻲ‬
Cutting Properties:
Ease of cutting, dusting, resistance to abrasion and cracking
‫ﺧﺎرﻫﺎ و ﮔﻴﺮه ﻫﺎ‬
Pins and Clips
Tensile strength, pull resistance, clamping
strength.
. ‫ ﻣﻘﺎوم در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺳﺎﻳﺶ و ﺗﺮك‬،‫ اﻳﺠﺎدﮔﺮد و ﻏﺒﺎر‬،‫راﺣﺘﻲ ﺑﺮش‬
‫ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم‬،‫ ﻣﻘﺎوم درﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻛﺸﻴﺪه ﺷﺪن‬،‫اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﻛﺸﺸﻲ‬
‫ ﺷﺪن‬.‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬
Handling Properties:
:‫ﺧﻮاص ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ‬
Tensile strength resistance to breakage due to load or impact,
flexural strength
‫ﭼﺴﺐ ﻫﺎ‬
Adhesives
Wet and dry adhesive strength, shear strength.
.‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﺮﺷﻲ‬،‫اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﭼﺴﺐ ﺗﺮ و ﺧﺸﻚ‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺎوم در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺷﻜﺴﺖ در اﺛﺮ ﻓﺸﺎر و ﺿﺮﺑﻪ و ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ‬،‫اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﻛﺸﺸﻲ‬
.‫اﻧﻌﻄﺎﻓﻲ‬
Surface Properties:
:‫ﺧﻮاص ﺳﻄﺤﻲ‬
Smoothness, trueness, compatibility with cements or sealers
which may be required.
.‫ ﺳﺎزﮔﺎري ﺑﺎ ﺳﻴﻤﺎن ﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ آﺑﺒﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ دﻗﺖ‬،‫ﺻﺎﻓﻲ‬
Non-rigid insulation:
:‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺘﺮاﻛﻢ‬
Dimensional properties trueness in width, length, and
thickness.
.‫ ﻃﻮل و ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ‬،‫ دﻗﺖ در ﻋﺮض‬،‫ﺧﻮاص اﺑﻌﺎدي‬
Cutting Properties:
Cutting characteristics, dusting.
.
:‫ﺧﻮاص ﺑﺮﺷﻲ‬
‫اﻳﺠﺎد ﮔﺮدو ﻏﺒﺎر‬،‫وﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎي ﺑﺮش‬
Strength Properties:
:‫ﺧﻮاص اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎﻣﻲ‬
Tear strength, resilience flexibility.
.‫ اﻧﻌﻄﺎف ﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﺟﻬﻨﺪﮔﻲ‬،‫اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﭘﺎره ﺷﺪن‬
Securement
‫ﻣﺤﻜﻢ ﺳﺎزي‬
To be able to be secured in position by
wires. Bands, pins, and clips, or
adhesives, as required by the installation
Rigid Insulation:
:‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﺘﺮاﻛﻢ‬
Compressive strength hardness shear resistance tensile
strength
.‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻛﺸﺸﻲ‬،‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﺮﺷﻲ‬،‫ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ‬،‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻓﺸﺎري‬
‫ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم‬،‫ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﭼﻜﺶ ﺧﻮاري‬،‫ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﻧﻮار ﻓﻠﺰي و ﺳﻴﻢ‬
.‫ اﻧﻌﻄﺎف ﭘﺬﻳﺮي‬،‫ﻛﺸﺸﻲ‬
‫ ﻳﺎ‬،‫ ﻧﻮارﻫﺎ و ﮔﻴﺮهﻫﺎ‬،‫ﺑﺘﻮان در ﻣﻜﺎن ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﻴﻤﻬﺎ‬
.‫ در راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻴﺎز ﻧﺼﺐ ﻣﺤﻜﻢ ﻧﻤﻮد‬،‫ﭼﺴﺐ ﻫﺎ‬
Trowel Application
‫ﻣﺎﻟﻪ ﻛﺎري‬
To be able to mix quickly and efficiently
trowel into position insulating cements
or mastics
‫ﺑﺘﻮان ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﺳﺎزي ﺳﺮﻳﻊ و ﻣﺎﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻴﺪن ﻣﻮﺛﺮ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﺷﻜﻞ دﻫﻲ ﺳﻴﻤﺎن ﻫﺎي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻼت‬
.‫ﻗﻴﺮي اﻧﺠﺎم داد‬
To obtain good attachment to surface
and obtain even thickness and
smoothness of surface required by
installation
‫ﺑﺘﻮان ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺧﻮب ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ و رﺳﻴﺪن ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ و ﺳﻄﺢ ﺻﺎف در راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻴﺎز ﻧﺼﺐ را ﺑﻪ‬
.‫دﺳﺖ آورد‬
Fastener Properties
‫ﺧﻮاص ﺑﺴﺖﻫﺎ‬
Wire and metal strap Hardness, ductility, tensile
strength, flexibility
Water Mix Cements:
Mixing Properties:
Mixing time, consistency
:‫ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﺳﻴﻤﺎن و آب‬
‫ﻧﻮارﭼﺴﺐ‬
Tape
Tensile strength, flexibility, elasticity, peel back
adhesive strength, shear strength
:‫ﺧﻮاص آﻣﻴﺨﺘﮕﻲ‬
‫ ﭘﻮﺳـﺖ‬،‫ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ارﺗﺠﺎﻋﻲ‬،‫ اﻧﻌﻄﺎف ﭘﺬﻳﺮي‬،‫اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﻛﺸﺸﻲ‬
.‫ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﺑﺮش‬،‫ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪﮔﻲ‬،‫اﻧﺪاﺧﺘﻦ‬
.‫ ﺛﺒﺎت‬،‫زﻣﺎن ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﺷﺪن‬
Application Properties:
:‫ﺧﻮاص اﺟﺮا‬
Wet adhesion, build, wet coverage, dry coverage, shrinkage
wet to dry, trowel ability, corrosiveness to substrate metal
,drying time.
‫ اﻧﻘﺒﺎض از ﺗﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺸﻚ‬،‫ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺧﺸﻚ‬،‫ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺗﺮ‬،‫ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬، ‫ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺗﺮ‬
.‫ زﻣﺎن ﺧﺸﻚ ﺷﺪن‬،‫ ﺧﻮرﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬،‫ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻣﺎﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻴﺪن‬،‫ﺷﺪن‬
59
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
APPLICATION PHASE (CONTINUED)
(‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ اﺟﺮا )اداﻣﻪ‬
REQUIREMENTS
INSULATION PROPERTIES
ACCESSORY PROPERTIES
‫اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت‬
‫ﺧﻮاص ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺧﻮاص وﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬
:‫ﺧﻮاص ﻣﺎده ﺧﺸﻚ ﺷﺪه‬
Dried Properties :
Compressive strength, tensile strength, flexibility.
‫ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ارﺗﺠﺎﻋﻲ‬، ‫ﻣﻔﺎوت ﻓﺸﺎري – ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻛﺸﺸﻲ‬
Note:
:‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
These same properties are of importance when the lrowelled
cements are applied over other insulation.
‫ اﻳﻦ ﺧﻮاص‬،‫زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﻤﺎنﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ روي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ دﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺎﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻴﺪه ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻣﻬﻢ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
Insulating Mastics
‫ﻣﺎﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻫﺎي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
Mixing Properties
Consistency in can
‫ﺧﻮاص ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﺷﺪن‬
‫ﺛﺒﺎت در ﻗﻮﻃﻲ‬
‫ﺧﻮاص اﺟﺮا‬
Application Properties
Trowellability ,wet adhesion, build, wet coverage, shrinkage
wet to dry, corrosiveness to substrate metal , drying time,
curing time.
‫ اﻧﻘﺒﺎض ﺗﺮ ﺑﻪ‬،‫ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻣﺮﻃﻮب‬،‫ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬،‫ ﭼﺴﺐ ﻣﺮﻃﻮب‬،‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻣﺎﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻴﺪن‬
.‫ زﻣﺎن ﺳﺨﺖ ﺷﺪن‬،‫ زﻣﺎن ﺧﺸﻚ ﺷﺪن‬،‫ ﺧﻮرﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬،‫ﺧﺸﻚ‬
Dried Properties
‫ﺧﻮاص ﻣﺎده ﺧﺸﻚ ﺷﺪه‬
Compressive strength , tensile strength, extensibility.
‫ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻃﻮل‬،‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻛﺸﺸﻲ‬،‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻓﺸﺎري‬
60
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
APPLICATION PHASE (CONTINUED)
(‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ اﺟﺮا )اداﻣﻪ‬
REQUIREMENTS
INSULATION PROPERTIES
ACCESSORY
PROPERTIES
‫اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت‬
‫ﺧﻮاص ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
‫ﺧﻮاص وﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬
Sprayed Application
Sprayed Mass Insulation During Spraying
‫اﺟﺮا ﺑﻪ روش ﭘﺎﺷﺶ‬
To be able to be applied to insulation
on a surface by spray equipment in a
fast , efficient manner , with good
adhesive to surface.
‫ﺑﺘﻮان ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﭘﺎﺷﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻠﻲ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‬
‫ روي‬،‫و ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺑﺎ ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺧﻮب ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ‬
.‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻋﻤﺎل ﻧﻤﻮد‬
To be able to obtain a reasonably
smooth, even surface without sags
Hills, and valleys, suitable for weather
barrier or coverings. To be able to
obtain density and related thermal
efficiency
‫ ﺑـﺪون‬،‫ﺑﺘﻮان ﺑﻪ ﺳـﻄﺤﻲ ﺻـﺎف و ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ ﻗﺒـﻮل‬
‫ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﺑـﺮاي ﻋﻮاﻣـﻞ‬،‫ﺑﺮآﻣﺪﮔﻲ و ﻓﺮورﻓﺘﮕـﻲ‬
‫ ﺑﺘﻮان ﺑﻪ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ و‬.‫ﺟﻮي و ﭘﻮﺷﺶ دﺳﺖ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‬
.‫ﻛﺎرآﻳﻲ ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ دﺳﺖ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‬
Wet adhesion , build rebound , overspray ,
compaction , corrosion to substrate metal ,
drying time , shrinkage wet to dry , toxic
dust or fibers.
‫ﺗﻮده ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﭘﺎﺷﺶ ﺷﺪه در ﺣﻴﻦ ﭘﺎﺷﺶ‬
‫ زﻣﺎن‬،‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬،‫ ﻓﺸﺮدﮔﻲ‬،‫ ﭘﺎﺷﺶ اﺿﺎﻓﻲ‬،‫ اﻳﺠﺎد ﻋﻜﺲ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬،‫ﺟﺴﺒﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺗﺮ‬
`Application Temperature Limits,
Ambient air
‫ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮي دﻣﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
‫ ﺳﻤﻲ ﺑﻮدن ﮔﺮد ﻳﺎ اﻟﻴﺎف‬،‫ اﻧﻘﺒﺎض ﺗﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺸﻚ‬،‫ﺧﺸﻚ ﺷﺪن‬
Dried Properties
Compressive strength , dimensional tolerance ,
surface evenness and smoothness
‫ﺧﻮاص ﻣﺎده ﺧﺸﻚ ﺷﺪه‬
‫ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺻﺎف و ﺗﺮاز‬،‫ رواداري اﺑﻌﺎدي‬،‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻓﺸﺎري‬
To be able to obtain desired strengths
for permanent installation
‫ﺑﺘﻮان ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﻣﻄﻠـﻮب ﺑـﺮاي ﻧـﺼﺐ داﻳـﻢ‬
.‫دﺳﺖ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‬
To be able to make spray application
with least amount of cost involved in
clean up or cleaning of spatter or
overspray
‫ﺑﺘﻮان ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻻزم ﻣﺮﺑـﻮط ﺑـﻪ ﺗﻤﻴـﺰ‬
‫ اﻋﻤـﺎل‬،‫ﻛﺮدن ﻳـﺎ ﭘﺮاﻛﻨـﺪه ﻳـﺎ ﭘﺎﺷـﺶ اﺿـﺎﻓﻲ‬
.‫ﭘﺎﺷﺶ را اﻧﺠﺎم داد‬
Sprayed Foam Insulations During spraying
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖﻫﺎي ﻓﻮم ﭘﺎﺷﺶ ﺷﺪه در ﺣﻴﻦ ﭘﺎﺷﺶ‬
Wet adhesion , spray ratio , build, reaction time
curing time , expansion ratio , density , sag ,
toxic fumes , corrosiveness to substrate metal
،‫ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬،‫ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﭘﺎﺷﺶ‬،‫ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺗﺮ‬
،‫ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ اﻧﺒﺴﺎط‬،‫ زﻣﺎن ﺳﺨﺖ ﺷﺪن‬،‫زﻣﺎن ﻓﻌﻞ و اﻧﻔﻌﺎل‬
‫ ﺧﻮرﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻠﺰ‬،‫ ﺑﺨﺎرات ﺳﻤﻲ‬،‫ ﺑﺮآﻣﺪﮔﻲ‬،‫ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ‬
Limits Of Application
Condition of surface, temperature of Surface ,
temperature of air , humid in air , wind , flash point ,
fire point.
‫ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖ ﻫﺎي اﺟﺮاﻳﻲ‬
‫ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ آﺗﺶ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ‬،‫ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل‬،‫ ﺑﺎد‬،‫ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻫﻮا‬،‫ دﻣﺎي ﻫﻮا‬،‫ دﻣﺎي ﺳﻄﺢ‬،‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺳﻄﺢ‬
After Application
‫ﺑﻌﺪ از اﺟﺮا‬
Dry adhesion , compressive strength. density ,
tensile strength , dimensional stability , surface
evenness and smoothness , bridging , elongation ,
flexibility.
،‫ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ اﺑﻌﺎد‬،‫ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﻛﺸﺸﻲ‬،‫ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ‬،‫ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﻓﺸﺮدﮔﻲ‬،‫ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺧﺸﻚ‬
‫ اﻧﻌﻄﺎف ﭘﺬﻳﺮي‬،‫ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻃﻮل‬،‫ ﭘﻞ زدن‬،‫ﺻﺎف و ﺗﺮاز ﺑﻮدن ﺳﻄﺢ‬
Poured Application
‫اﺟﺮا ﺑﻪ روش رﻳﺨﺘﻦ‬
To be efficient , pour or ram fibrous ,
granular , or powder insulation into
cavities , so that all voids are
complete filled.
Compaction , compressibility , resiliency , dusting , density , toxicity of dust
‫ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺳﻤﻲ ﺑﻮدن ﮔﺮد و ﻏﺒﺎر‬،‫ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ‬،‫ اﻳﺠﺎد ﮔﺮد و ﻏﺒﺎر‬،‫ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ارﺗﺠﺎﻋﻲ‬،‫ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻓﺸﺮدﮔﻲ‬،‫ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ‬
‫ ﻳﺎ ﭘﻮدر ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬،‫ داﻧﻪاي‬،‫ﺑﺎ رﻳﺰش ﻳﺎ اﻟﻴﺎف ﻓﺸﺮده‬
‫در ﺣﻔﺮهﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮرﻳﻜﻪ ﺗﻤﺎم ﺳﻮراخﻫﺎ را ﺑﻄﻮر‬
.‫ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﭘﺮ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
61
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
(To be continued)
(‫)اداﻣﻪ دارد‬
REQUIREMENTS
INSULATION PROPERTIES
ACCESSORY PROPERTIES
‫اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت‬
‫ﺧﻮاص ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
‫ﺧﻮاص وﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬
Note:
:‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
As poured insulation require some
receptacle, requirements in reference to
weather – vapor – barrier or covering
will not apply to this type of insulation
system.
‫ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت در‬،‫ﭼﻮن ﻋﺎﻳﻖ رﻳﺰﺷﻲ ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ ﻇﺮف دارد‬
‫ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﻋﺒﻮر ﺑﺨﺎر ﻳﺎ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‬،‫راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺟﻮي‬
.‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ اﻋﻤﺎل اﻳﻦ ﻧﻮع از ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻧﻤﻴﮕﺮدد‬
Application Of weather – barrier ,
Vapor – barrier , coverings
Jackets
To be able to cut, fit, form, seal and
apply jackets over flat surface Insulation
, vessel insulation , pipe and
fitting insulation
Jackets
‫روﻛﺶ ﻫﺎي ﺑﻴﺮوﻧﻲ‬
Cutting characteristics, tear
characteristics, handle ability
resistance,
forming
‫ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴـﺖ‬،‫ ﺧﻮاص ﺷﻜﻞ ﮔﻴﺮي‬،‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﭘﺎرﮔﻲ‬،‫ﺧﻮاص ﺑﺮش‬
.‫ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ‬
Jacket Accessories
،‫ ﻣـﺎﻧﻊ ﻋﺒـﻮر ﺑﺨـﺎر‬،‫اﺟﺮاي ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺟـﻮي‬
،‫ ﻧﻈـﻢ‬،‫ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴـﺖ اﻧﺠـﺎم ﺑـﺮش‬،‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻫﺎي ﺑﻴﺮوﻧﻲ‬
‫ آﺑﺒﻨﺪي و اﻋﻤﺎل ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺑﻴﺮوﻧﻲ روي ﻋـﺎﻳﻖ‬،‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
.‫ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ و اﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬،‫ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻇﺮف‬،‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺻﺎف‬
Lap Adhesive
‫وﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ روﻛﺶ ﺑﻴﺮوﻧﻲ‬
‫ﭼﺴﺐ ﻟﺒﻪ ﻫﺎي روﻳﻬﻢ‬
Adhesion, shear strength, shrinkage. flexibility
.‫ اﻧﻌﻄﺎف ﭘﺬﻳﺮي‬،‫ اﻧﻘﺒﺎض‬،‫ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﺑﺮﺷﻲ‬،‫ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪﮔﻲ‬
Circumferential Closures
‫ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ‬
Type and means of attachment, sealing compound
flexibility
.‫ اﻧﻌﻄﺎف ﭘﺬﻳﺮي اﺟﺰاء آﺑﺒﻨﺪي‬،‫ﻧﻮع و اﺑﺰار ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﮕﻲ‬
Longitudinal Laps
‫ﻟﺒﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻃﻮﻟﻲ روﻳﻬﻢ‬
Method of securing and sealing
.‫روش ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ و آﺑﺒﻨﺪي ﻛﺮدن‬
Mastic Weather Barriers
‫ﻣﺎﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺟﻮي‬
To be able to brush , trowel , palm , or
spray smooth, even water and weather.
Barrier mastic or interior coating to
obtain a smooth dried, film of even
texture & thickness over entire surface
‫ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻳﺎ ﭘﺎﺷﺶ‬،‫ ﻣﺎﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻴﺪن‬،‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺑﺮس زدن‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺎﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺟـﻮي و‬،‫ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺖ‬
‫آب ﻳــﺎ ﭘﻮﺷــﺶ داﺧﻠــﻲ ﺑــﺎ ﺑﺎﻓــﺖ و ﺿــﺨﺎﻣﺖ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺖ روي ﺗﻤﺎم ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺸﻚ ﺷﺪه‬
All Insulations
Surface compatibility
Surface suitability
Smoothness
Dryness
Dust free
Clean
‫ﺗﻤﺎم ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺳﺎزﮔﺎري ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻮدن ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫ﺧﺸﻜﻲ ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫ﻋﺎري از ﮔﺮدوﻏﺒﺎر‬
‫ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻮدن‬
Reinforcing fabrics which can be cut,
Fitted, and formed to fit contours, to
Reinforce gage and bridge gaps so as to
Be able to obtain maximum protection
And life of the mastic coating
Mastics or Coatings During Application
‫ﻣﺎﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻫﺎي در ﺣﻴﻦ اﺟﺮا‬
Mixing or stirring time, consistency, brushing
characteristics, troweling characteristics, palming
characteristics wet adhesion, wet covering capacity.
Surface wetting, gap filling, bridging
sizing and sealing , shrinkage wet to dry, drying time,
curing time, solvent toxicity
‫ ﺧﻮاص ﻣﺎﻟﻪ‬،‫ ﺧﻮاص ﺑﺮس زدن‬،‫ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ‬،‫زﻣﺎن ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ زدن‬
،‫ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺗﺮ‬،‫ ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺗﺮ‬،‫ ﺧﻮاص ﭘﻮﺷﺸﻲ‬،‫ﻛﺸﻴﺪن‬
‫ آﻫﺎر و آﺑﺒﻨﺪي‬،‫ ﭘﻞ زدن‬،‫ ﭘﺮﻛﺮدن ﺷﻜﺎف‬،‫ﻣﺮﻃﻮب ﻛﺮدن ﺳﻄﺢ‬
،‫ زﻣﺎن ﺳﺨﺖ ﺷﺪن‬،‫ زﻣﺎن ﺧﺸﻚ ﺷﺪن‬،‫ اﻧﻘﺒﺎض ﺗﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺸﻚ‬،‫ﻛﺮدن‬
.‫ﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﺣﻼل‬
Limits Of Application
‫ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖ ﻫﺎي اﺟﺮا‬
Material temperature, air temperature, humidity of air
،‫ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮش دادن‬،‫اﻟﻴﺎف ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﺤﻜﻢ‬،‫ ﺗﺮاز ﻧﻤﻮدن‬،‫ ﺷﻜﻞ دادن‬،‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻛﺮدن‬
‫ﻛﺮدن اﻧﺪازه و ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ ﭘﻞ را ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي درآورد ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ و ﻋﻤﺮ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻣﺎﺳﺘﻴﻚ را‬
.‫ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻫﻮا‬،‫ دﻣﺎي ﻫﻮا‬،‫دﻣﺎي ﻣﺎده‬
62
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
SERVICE PHASE
(‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد )اداﻣﻪ‬
REQUIREMENTS
INSULATION PROPERTIES
‫اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت‬
‫ﺧﻮاص ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
Physical
‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ‬
To withstand dead loads, wear, impact
And mechanical damage, forces of
Expansion and contraction, and
Vibration
‫ ﺿﺮﺑﻪ و‬،‫ ﺳﺎﻳﺶ‬،‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺎرﻫﺎي ﻣﺮده‬
‫ ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي اﻧﺒﺴﺎﻃﻲ و اﻧﻘﺒﺎﺿﻲ‬،‫ﺻﺪﻣﺎت ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬
.‫و ارﺗﻌﺎﺷﻲ‬
Chemical
‫ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
Compatibility with metal to which it
is Applied, resistance to atmospheric
and Spillage contamination
‫رﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬
Resistance to moisture in liquid or
Vapor form or both
‫ﺗﻤﺎم ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻫﺎ‬
Compressive strength, flexural strength,
Shear strength, tensile strength, flexibility,
Compaction resistance, abrasion resistance,
Vibration resistance
‫ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم‬،‫ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﺑﺮﺷﻲ‬،‫ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﺧﻤﺶ‬،‫اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﻓﺸﺮدﮔﻲ‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در‬،‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻓﺸﺮدﮔﻲ‬،‫ اﻧﻌﻄﺎف ﭘﺬﻳﺮي‬،‫ﻛﺸﺸﻲ‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ارﺗﻌﺎش‬،‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺳﺎﻳﺶ‬
Alkalinity, acidity, inhibitors to
‫ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ‬،‫ اﺳﻴﺪي‬،‫ﻗﻠﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
Absorptivity, adsorptivity,
‫ ﺟﺬب ﺳﻄﺤﻲ‬،‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺟﺬب‬
Hygroscopicity, capillarity, vapor
‫ ﻣﻮﻳﻴﻨﮕﻲ‬،‫آب ﭘﺬﻳﺮي‬
‫ﻧﻔﻮذﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﺑﺨﺎر‬
Dielectric constant (when wet)
(‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ )زﻣﺎن ﺗﺮﺑﻮدن‬
Note:
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺟﻮي‬
:‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
If property weather – protected this function is one Of
the weather – barrier
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه‬،‫اﮔﺮ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﻮا از اﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺟﻮي ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﻴﮕﺮدد‬
،‫ ﺑﺮف‬،‫ ﺗﮕﺮگ‬،‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ اﺷﻌﻪ ﻓﺮاﺑﻨﻔﺶ‬
‫ دﻣﺎي ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ و‬،‫ﺑﺎد و آﻻﻳﻨﺪه ﻫﺎي ﺟﻮي‬
.‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬
Safety
Acid resistance, caustic resistance.
Solvent resistance
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺣﻼل‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎنﻫﺎي ﮔﺎﻟﻮاﻧﻴﻚ‬
To resist solar radiation, rain sleet,
Snow,
wind,
and
atmospheric
Contamination,
maximum
and
minimum Temperature
‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ‬،‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﭘﺎرﮔﻲ‬،‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ دﻧﺪاﻧﻪ ﺷﺪن‬،‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺿﺮﺑﻪ‬
،‫ ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪﮔﻲ‬،‫ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﻛﺸﺸﻲ‬،‫ ازدﻳﺎد ﻃﻮل‬،‫ ﺧﻤﺶ‬،‫ﺳﺎﻳﺶ‬
.‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﺮﺷﻲ‬،‫ﻛﺸﺴﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺣﻼل‬،‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺳﻮدﺳﻮزآور‬،‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ اﺳﻴﺪ‬
Absorptivity, adsorptivity
To resist flow of galvanic currents
Weather Resistance
‫درﭘﻮش ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﻫﻮا ﻳﺎ ﺑﺨﺎر‬
Impact resistance, indentation resistance, tear
resistance, abrasion resistance, flexure, elongation,
tensile strength.
Adhesion, elasticity, shears strength.
.‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻗﻠﻴﺎ‬،‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ اﺳﻴﺪ‬،‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
permeability
‫اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬
Weather, Vapor – barrier, Covering
Corrosion, acid resistance, caustic
Resistance, solvent resistance
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺨﺎر ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮدو‬
Electrical
‫ﺧﻮاص وﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬
All Insulation
،‫ﺳﺎزﮔﺎري ﺑﺎ ﻓﻠﺰي ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ روي آن ﺑﻜﺎر رﻓﺘﻪ‬
.‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺟﻮ و رﻳﺨﺖ و ﭘﺎش آﻻﻳﻨﺪه‬
Moisture
ACCESSORY PROPERTIES
‫ ﺟﺬب ﺳﻄﺤﻲ‬،‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺟﺬب‬
hygroscopicity, capillarity, vapor permeability (These
properties relate to a system, rather than to a material,
and must inclued the joints and seals of jackets or
films) dissimilar metals in
jacket and substrate, producing a potential difference
which causes galvanic current to flow
water resistance, solar radiation resistance, temperature
stability , impact resistance, contamination resistance,
wind resistance, mold resistance, freeze – thaw
resistance
‫ ﻧﻔﻮذﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﺑﺨﺎر )اﻳﻦ ﺧﻮاص ﻣﺮﺑﻮط‬،‫ ﻣﻮﻳﻴﻨﮕﻲ‬،‫آب ﭘﺬﻳﺮي‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻮده ﺗﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎده و ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت و آﺑﺒﻨﺪﻫﺎي‬
‫ ﻓﻠﺰات ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ در ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺑﻴﺮوﻧﻲ‬.(‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺑﻴﺮوﻧﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫و ﺑﺪﻧﻪ اﺧﺘﻼف ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺑﻮﺟﻮد ﻣﻲآورد ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﮔﺎﻟﻮاﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬
.‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ‬،‫ ﭘﺎﻳﺪاري دﻣﺎ‬،‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺧﻮرﺷﻴﺪي‬،‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ آب‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ‬،‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﮔﻴﺮي‬،‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﺎد‬،‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ‬،‫ﺿﺮﺑﻪ‬
..‫ﻳﺦ ﺑﺴﺘﻦ و وارﻓﺘﻦ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
Note:
‫اﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬
To maintain standard of fire safety;
Personal protection from bombs (as
Controlled by insulation thickness vs.
Surface remittance )
:‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
Deterioration of a weather barrier system
caused by weather is a deterioration of the
properties of the system.
‫ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﺧﻮاص ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ‬،‫ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺟﻮي‬،‫ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻴﮕﺮدد‬
‫ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻛﺎرﻛﻨﺎن‬،‫ﺣﻔﻆ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺣﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﻤﺐ ﻫﺎ )ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ در‬
.(‫ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬،‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻋﺒﻮردﻫﻲ ﺳﻄﺢ‬
Hazard Properties
‫ﺧﻮاص ﺧﻄﺮآﻣﻴﺰ‬
Absorptivity (of combustible toxic liquids ),
Adsorptivity (of combustible or toxic
Vapor)
(‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺟﺬب )ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﺳﻤﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل‬
(‫ﺟﺬب ﺳﻄﺤﻲ )ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل ﻳﺎ ﺑﺨﺎرات ﺳﻤﻲ‬
63
Absorptivity the (same )
(‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺟﺬب )ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬
Adsorptivity the (same)
(‫ﺟﺬب ﺳﻄﺤﻲ )ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
SERVICE PHASE (CONTINUEDD)
( ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ) اداﻣﻪ‬
REQUIREMENTS
INSULATION PROPERTIES
ACCESSORY PROPERTIES
‫اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت‬
‫ﺧﻮاص ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
‫ﺧﻮاص وﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬
Combustibility
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ اﺣﺘﺮاق‬
Combustibility
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ اﺣﺘﺮاق‬
Flash point, flame spread, fire point, self ignition point,
fuel contribution, smoke density, smoke toxicity
Flash point, flame spread, fire point, self ignition point,
fuel contribution, smoke density, smoke toxicity
‫ ﺗﻮزﻳـﻊ‬،‫ ﻧﻘﻄـﻪ ﺧﻮداﺷـﺘﻌﺎل‬،‫ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ آﺗﺶ‬،‫ ﭘﺨﺶ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ‬،‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل‬
‫ ﺳﻤﻴﺖ دود‬،‫ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ دود‬،‫ﺳﻮﺧﺖ‬
‫ ﺗﻮزﻳـﻊ‬،‫ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺧﻮداﺷـﺘﻌﺎل‬،‫ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ آﺗﺶ‬،‫ ﭘﺨﺶ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ‬،‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل‬
.‫ ﺳﻤﻴﺖ دود‬،‫ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ دود‬،‫ﺳﻮﺧﺖ‬
Melting Point
‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ذوب‬
Melting point emittance
‫ﺷﺪت ﻧﺸﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ذوب‬
(surface temperature )
(‫)دﻣﺎي ﺳﻄﺢ‬
To protect from fire exposure
Protection Properties
‫ﺧﻮاص ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ‬
Resistance to flame
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ‬
‫ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ آﺗﺶ‬
Noncombustible
‫ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ رﺳﺎﻧﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ‬،‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﭘﺨﺶ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎي وﻳﮋه‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺑﻪ آﺗﺶ‬
Conductivity
Diffusivity, density,
Specific heat
Fire resistivity
Thermal Properties
Maximum Service Temperature
Maximum surface Temperature
‫ﺧﻮاص ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ‬
To resist service temperature
‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ دﻣﺎي ﺳﺮوﻳﺲ‬
Coefficient of expansion, shrinkage
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ دﻣﺎي ﺳﺮوﻳﺲ‬
Control of heat flow, control of
temperature flow, heat storage
‫ اﻧﻘﺒﺎض‬، ‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ اﻧﺒﺴﺎط‬
Control of surface temperature
‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮل دﻣﺎي ﺳﻄﺢ‬
Minimum service temperature
Coefficient of expansion
Warpage
Conductivity
Diffusivity
Density
Conductivity and thickness
‫ﻣﺘﻔﺮﻗﻪ‬
To resist rodents, insects, termites, etc.
(particularly in building and cold
storage insulation)
Vermin resistance
Mold resistance
Odor
‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ دﻣﺎي ﺳﺮوﻳﺲ‬
‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ اﻧﺒﺴﺎط‬
‫ﺑﺎدﻛﺮدن‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ رﺳﺎﻧﺎﻳﻲ‬
،‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﭘﺨﺶ‬
‫ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ رﺳﺎﻧﺎﻳﻲ و ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺣﺸﺮات ﻣﻮذي‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻛﭙﻚ‬
‫ﺑﻮ‬
Aesthetics
‫ﺗﺮدي‬
Maximum surface Temperature
‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ دﻣﺎي ﺳﻄﺢ‬
Reduction in elongation
‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ در ازدﻳﺎد ﻃﻮل‬
Emittance
Vermin resistance
‫ﺷﺪت ﻧﺸﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ درﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺣﺸﺮات ﻣﻮذي‬
Mold resistance
Odor
‫ ﻣﻮرﻳﺎﻧﻪ و‬،‫ ﺣﺸﺮات‬،‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺟﻮﻧﺪﮔﺎن‬
(‫ﻏﻴﺮه )ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎً در ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن و ﻋﺎﻳﻖ اﻧﺒﺎر ﺳﺮد‬
To be odor free
(‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ اﻧﺒﺴﺎط )ﻓﻠﺰات‬
Embrittlement
‫ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺟﺮﻳﺎن دﻣﺎ و‬،‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺣﺮارت‬
‫ذﺧﻴﺮه ﺣﺮارت‬
Miscellaneous
‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ دﻣﺎي ﺳﻄﺢ‬
Coefficient of expansion (metals)
Color, texture, smoothness
‫ﻋﺎري از ﺑﻮ‬
‫زﻳﺒﺎﻳﻲ در ﺳﺎزه ﻫﺎ‬
64
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻛﭙﻚ‬
‫ﺑﻮ‬
‫ ﻧﺮﻣﻲ‬،‫ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬،‫رﻧﮓ‬
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
SERVICE PHASE (CONTINUEDD)
( ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ) اداﻣﻪ‬
REQUIREMENTS
INSULATION PROPERTIES
ACCESSORY PROPERTIES
‫اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت‬
‫ﺧﻮاص ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
‫ﺧﻮاص وﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬
Maintenace phase
‫ﻓﺎز ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮات‬
To Resist damage in service
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺻﺪﻣﺎت ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﻛﺎر‬
‫اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ‬
Physical strength
Moisture resistance
(Above are general terms for individual
properties listed in each of above.)
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ )اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎت ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺧﻮاص ﻣﺠﺰا‬
(‫ﻫﺮﻳﻚ در ﺑﺎﻻ ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
To remove and replace
Remove ability
‫ﺧﺎر ج و ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﻛﺮدن‬
Ease of maintenance
‫ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺖ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮات‬
Replace ability
ability
Ease of patching
Permanence of patching
‫ﺗﻮان ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ ﺗﻮان ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﻧﻤﻮدن‬Reuse
‫ﺗﻮان ﻣﺼﺮف دوﺑﺎره‬
‫ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺖ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ‬
‫دوام ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ‬
Weather resistance
Abuse resistance
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺟﻮي‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺑﺪ‬
‫ﺳﺨﺘﻲ‬
Toughness
Temperature stability (same rate)
(‫ﺛﺒﺎت دﻣﺎ )ﺑﺎ ﻧﺮخ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬
Remove ability
‫ﺗﻮان ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ ﺗﻮان ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﻧﻤﻮدن‬Reuse
‫ﺗﻮان ﻣﺼﺮف دوﺑﺎره‬
Replace ability
ability
Ease of patching
Blending of patch
‫ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺖ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻳﻜﺪﺳﺖ ﺑﻮدن ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ‬
5.7 Corrosion Consideration in Design and
Application of Thermal Insulation (see Appendix
E)
‫ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ و ﺑﻜﺎرﮔﻴﺮي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬7-5
6. GENERAL APPLICATION OF THERMAL
INSULATION
‫ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬-6
6.1 Conditions in which Thermal Insulation
Shall be Applied
‫ ﺷﺮاﻳﻄﻲ ﻛﻪ در آن ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﺟﺮا ﺷﻮد‬1-6
Thermal insulation shall be applied to the pipings,
vessels and equipment with the following range of
application and conditions:
‫ ﻇﺮوف و‬،‫داﻣﻨﻪ اﺟﺮا و ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲﻫﺎ‬
:‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺮار زﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
6.1.1 Piping, vessels and equipment operating
over 5°C shall not be insulated unless required for
heat control or acoustical control.
‫ ﻇﺮوف و ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺑﺎدﻣﺎي ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﻻي‬، ‫ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ‬1-1-6
6.1.2 Piping, vessels and equipment operating
above 55°C shall be insulated if necessary for
personnel protection.
‫ ﻇﺮوف و ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺑﺎ دﻣﺎي ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﻴﺶ‬، ‫ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ‬2-1-6
6.1.3 All piping, vessels and equipment operating
below 5°C shall be insulated to control the fluid
temperature, the conservation of refrigeration or to
‫ ﻇﺮوف و ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺑﺎ دﻣﺎي ﻛﺎري‬،‫ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ ﻫﺎ‬3-1-6
.(‫)ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ )ﻫ( ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻣﮕﺮ آﻧﻜﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻛﻨﺘﺮل‬5
.‫ﺣﺮارت ﻳﺎ ﺻﺪا ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد در ﺻﻮرت ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺮاي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻛﺎرﻛﻨﺎن‬55 ‫از‬
.‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﺣﻔﻆ‬، ‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﻛﻨﺘﺮل دﻣﺎي ﺳﻴﺎل‬5 ‫زﻳﺮ‬
65
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
control surface condensation.
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
.‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
6.1.4 Operating temperatures of this specification
refers to the internal fluid or material temperature
of the process system.
‫ دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻓﻨﻲ اﺷﺎره ﺑﻪ دﻣﺎي‬4-1-6
6.1.5 Piping, vessels and equipment which are to
be insulated shall be indicated on flow diagrams,
pipeline list, piping and spool drawings and on the
equipment. These drawings shall also indicate the
insulation classification which appears following.
The specification of insulation such as thickness
and material shall be shown on drawings and also
by the table.
‫ ﻇﺮوف و ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰاﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬، ‫ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ‬5-1-6
.‫ﺳﻴﺎل ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮاد داﺧﻠﻲ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي دارد‬
‫ ﻧﻘﺸﻪﻫﺎي ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ‬،‫ ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﺧﻂ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬،‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ روي ﻧﻤﻮدار ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬
.‫و ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﭘﻴﺶ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ آﻧﻬﺎ و روي ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﻮد‬
‫اﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﺸﻪﻫﺎ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﻪ در زﻳﺮ آﻣﺪه اﺳﺖ را‬
‫ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺟﻨﺲ و ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬.‫ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲدﻫﻨﺪ‬
.‫روي ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﻫﺎ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺟﺪول ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ روي ﻧﻤﻮدارﻫﺎي‬6-1-6
6.1.6 The insulation classification which may
appear on flow diagrams and or drawings shall be
defined as following:
Ih
-for heat control for
temperature above 5°C.
ST
-for steam traced and insulated.
STT
-for steam traced with heat transfer
cement and insulated.
STS
-for steam traced with spacers and
insulated.
ET
-for electric traced and insulated.
ETT
-for electric traced with heat transfer
cement and insulated.
IS
-for personnel protection insulation.
Iac
-for acoustical insulation.
Ias
:‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن و ﻳﺎ ﻧﻘﺸﻪﻫﺎ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ زﻳﺮ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ درﺟﻪ‬5 ‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻛﻨﺘﺮل دﻣﺎي ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺑﻴﺶ از‬.‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﺧﻄﻮط داراي ﮔﺮم ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺨﺎر و ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬.‫ﺷﺪه‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﺧﻄﻮط ﺑﺎ ﮔﺮم ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺨﺎر و ﺑﺎ ﺳﻴﻤﺎن‬.‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎل دﻫﻨﺪه ﺣﺮارت و ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺷﺪه‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﺧﻄﻮط ﺑﺎ ﮔﺮم ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺨﺎر و ﺑﺎ‬.‫ﺟﺪاﻛﻨﻨﺪهﻫﺎ و ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺷﺪه‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﺧﻄﻮط ﺑﺎ ﮔﺮم ﻛﻨﻨﺪه اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ و ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬.‫آن‬
operating
Ih
ST
STT
STS
ET
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﺧﻄﻮط ﺑﺎ ﮔﺮم ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺮﻗﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻴﻤﺎن‬.‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎل دﻫﻨﺪه ﺣﺮارت و ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺷﺪه‬
ETT
.‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻛﺎرﻛﻨﺎن‬-
IS
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺻﺪا‬-
Iac
-for cycling or dual temperature service
where temperatures fluctuate from 15°C
to 320°C.
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﻳﺎ دﻣﺎي دوﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ‬.‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬320 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬15 ‫ﻧﻮﺳﺎن دﻣﺎ‬
Ias
IC - to conserve refrigeration, surface
condensation and control fluid temperatures for
operating temperatures 5°C and below.
‫ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ و ﻛﻨﺘﺮل دﻣﺎﻫﺎي‬،‫ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ‬‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬5 ‫ﺳﻴﺎل ﺑﺮاي دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ‬
.‫و ﻛﻤﺘﺮ‬
IC
‫ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ از ﻧﻮع ﺿﺪ ﺣﺮﻳﻖ‬-‫ﺿﺪ ﺣﺮﻳﻖ‬
Fireproof
- for all services requiring fire
proof type insulation.
.‫دارﻧﺪ‬
66
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
‫ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻛﺎرﻛﻨﺎن‬2-6
6.2 Personnel Protection
6.2.1 To avoid the possibility of accident caused
by the touching of either hot or cold surfaces by
personnel, who may be unprepared for a sudden
thermal shock, it is recommended that some
reasonable protection shall be given.
‫ ﺑﺮاي اﺟﺘﻨﺎب از اﻣﻜﺎن ﺣﺎدﺛﻪ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺗﻤﺎس ﻛﺎرﻛﻨﺎن‬1-2-6
6.2.2 Where operating temperature of piping,
vessels and equipment is above 55°C and
insulation is not required for heat conservation,
those portions of equipment or piping which
present a hazard to operating personnel and guard
rails or screens not provided shall be insulated for
personnel protection. These insulated surfaces
shall extend approximately 2 meters above
operating levels and 1 meter from edge of
platforms, walkways, and ladders. The extent of
personnel protection insulation shall be clearly
indicated on piping drawings. Valves, flanges and
unions shall not be insulated for personnel
protection.
‫ ﻇﺮوف و ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات‬،‫ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ دﻣﺎي ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ‬2-2-6
‫ ﻛﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ آﻣﺎدﮔﻲ ﺷﻮك‬،‫ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﻮح ﮔﺮم ﻳﺎ ﺳﺮد‬
‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ آﻧﻲ را ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬
.‫ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻫﺎي در ﺣﺪ ﻣﻌﻘﻮل ﺻﻮرت ﮔﻴﺮد‬
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد ﺑﻮده و ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﺮاي‬55 ‫ﺑﺎﻻي‬
‫ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎﻳﻲ از ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﻳﺎ‬،‫ﺻﺮﻓﻪﺟﻮﻳﻲ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻻزم ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎرﻛﻨﺎن اﻳﺠﺎد ﺧﻄﺮ ﻧﻤﻮده و ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺣﻔﺎظ و‬
.‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮاي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻛﺎرﻛﻨﺎن ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬،‫ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺗﻮري ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﻻي ﺳﻄﻮح ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت و‬2 ‫اﻳﻦ ﺳﻄﻮح ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﺪود‬
‫ ﻣﺤﺪوده‬.‫ راﻫﺮوﻫﺎ و ﻧﺮدﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎ اﻣﺘﺪاد ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬،‫ﻳﻚ ﻣﺘﺮ از ﻟﺒﻪ ﺳﻜﻮﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻛﺎرﻛﻨﺎن ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ روﺷﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ روي ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﻫﺎي‬
‫ ﻓﻠﻨﺞ ﻫﺎ و اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ‬،‫ ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎ‬.‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﻮد‬
.‫ﺑﺮاي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻛﺎرﻛﻨﺎن ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
6.2.3 Where insulation is not permitted for
economical purposes or where dissipation of heat
is desirable or there is the advantage of noninsulated surfaces remaining free and visible for
inspection, guards or shields shall be installed for
personnel protection in lieu of insulation.
‫ در ﺟﺎﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﺻﺪ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي اﺟﺎزه اﻧﺠﺎم ﻋﺎﻳﻖ را‬3-2-6
6.2.4 The extent of personnel protection,
acoustical control, or fire proofing required on
piping, vessels and equipment shall be indicated
on drawings.
‫ ﻳﺎ‬،‫ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺻﺪا‬،‫ ﻣﺤﺪوده ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻛﺎرﻛﻨﺎن‬4-2-6
6.2.5 Contact with very cold surfaces will also
result in thermal shock or skin damage and
personnel protection may be required for
temperatures of approximately -10°C and below.
‫ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻤﺎس ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﻮح ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺳﺮد ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺷﻮك‬5-2-6
7. CHARACTERISTICS OF INSULATING
AND ACCESSORY MATERIALS
‫ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ و وﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬-7
(See relevant
Specification.)
IPS-M-TP-710
Standards
‫ﻧﺪﻫﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻫﺪر دادن ﺣﺮارت ﻣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﻳﺎ ﻣﺰﻳﺖ اﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ‬،‫ﻛﻪ ﺳﻄﻮح ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻧﺸﻮﻧﺪ و ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ روﺑﺎز ﺑﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﻔﺎظ ﻳﺎ روﻛﺶ‬،‫ﺟﺎي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﺎري ﺑﺮاي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﭘﺮﺳﻨﻞ‬
.‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻇﺮوف و ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در‬،‫ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ از ﺣﺮﻳﻖ روي ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ‬
.‫ﻧﻘﺸﻪﻫﺎ ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻳﺎ آﺳﻴﺐ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻲ ﺷﺪه و ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻛﺎرﻛﻨﺎن ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد و ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻧﻴﺎز‬10 ‫ﺑﺮاي دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﻣﻨﻬﺎي‬
.‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫اﺳﺘــﺎﻧﺪاردﻫــــﺎي‬
for
67
‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫)ﺟﻬـﺖ ﻣﺸﺨﺼـﺎت ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃــﻪ‬
(‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬IPS-M-TP-710
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
7.1 Consideration
Insulating Materials
in
Characteristics
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
‫ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬1-7
of
‫ ﺧﻄﺮات ﺳﻼﻣﺘﻲ‬1-1-7
7.1.1 Health hazard
7.1.1.1 Every effort should be made to avoid the
use of asbestos or asbestos containing materials in
the insulation system. In those cases where the use
of such material, is unavoidable due to the lack of
technically acceptable substitute or any other
means the prior agreement of the user to their use
shall be obtained. Safety regulation on use and
application of asbestos or asbestos containing
materials shall be observed.
‫ از ﻫﺮ ﺗﻼﺷﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ اﺟﺘﻨﺎب از ﺑﻜﺎرﮔﻴﺮي ﭘﻨﺒﻪ ﻧﺴﻮز‬1-1-1-7
7.1.1.2 Reference shall be made to the appropriate
instructions from manufactures for health and
safety.
‫ دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻼﻣﺘﻲ و اﻳﻤﻨﻲ اراﺋﻪ‬2-1-1-7
7.1.1.3 Certain finishing cements are strongly
alkaline when wet and may cause skin irritation.
Gloves shall be worn when handling these
materials.
‫ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﭘﻮﺷﺶﻫﺎي ﺳﻴﻤﺎﻧﻲ وﻗﺘﻲ ﻣﺮﻃﻮب ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬3-1-1-7
‫و ﻣﻮادي ﻛﻪ ﺣﺎوي ﭘﻨﺒﻪ ﻧﺴﻮز در ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ ﻫﺮﮔﺎه اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮاد ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻋﺪم اﻣﻜﺎن‬.‫اﺟﺘﻨﺎب ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻣﻮاﻓﻘﺖ‬،‫ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻨﻲ ﻓﻨﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ دﻳﮕﺮي اﻣﻜﺎن ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺮرات اﻳﻤﻨﻲ در ﺑﻜﺎرﮔﻴﺮي ﭘﻨﺒﻪ‬.‫ﻗﺒﻠﻲ ﻛﺎرﻓﺮﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﺧﺬ ﺷﻮد‬
.‫ﻧﺴﻮز ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮاد ﺣﺎوي آن ﺑﺎﻳﺪ رﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺷﻮد‬
.‫ﺷﺪه از ﻃﺮف ﺳﺎزﻧﺪﮔﺎن ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻜﺎر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
.‫ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪت ﻗﻠﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻮده و ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺳﻮزش ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺷﻮد‬
.‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎم ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮاد ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از دﺳﺘﻜﺶ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ‬،‫ ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺪﺑﻮ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬4-1-1-7
7.1.1.4 Chemical fumes from the components of
some insulating materials, e.g., foamed ureaformaldehyde,
phenolformaldehyde
resins,
isocyanates and polyurethanes can be toxic or
cause bronchial irritation, sometimes with
persistent sensitization effects. When materials of
these types are sprayed, new hazards can arise
because non-volatile components are formed into
respirable aerosols. Suitable respiratory protective
equipment shall be provided and, particularly in
confined spaces, air-fed hoods or respirators are
required for many materials, especially
isocyanates and epoxy-resin compounds.
،‫ رزﻳﻦ ﻫﺎي ﻓﻨﻞ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪ‬،‫ ﻓﻮرﻣﺎﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪ اﺳﻔﻨﺠﻲ‬،‫اوره‬
‫اﻳﺰوﺳﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻫﺎ و ﭘﻠﻲ اورﺗﺎنﻫﺎ ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﺳﻤﻲ ﺑﻮده ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬
‫ وﻗﺘﻲ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮاد‬.‫ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﻧﺎﻳﮋهﻫﺎ و ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﻣﺰﻣﻦ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﺧﻄﺮات ﺟﺪﻳﺪي‬،‫ﭘﺎﺷﻴﺪه ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻏﻴﺮﻓﺮار ﺑﻮدن ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت‬
‫را ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد آورد ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ذرات ﻣﻌﻠﻖ و ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ‬
‫ دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻪ‬.‫در ﻫﻮا در ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ آﻣﺪ‬
‫ ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪﻫﺎي ﻫﻮا‬.‫ﺧﺼﻮص ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎي ﺳﺮﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﻳــﺎ دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﻫﺎي ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻮاد ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه‬
.‫اﻳﺰوﺳﻴﺎﻧﺎتﻫﺎ و ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت رزﻳﻨﻲ اﭘﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻻزم ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﭼﺴﺐ ﻫﺎ و‬،‫ ﺗﻤﺎس ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎص رزﻳﻨﻲ‬5-1-1-7
7.1.1.5 Contact with certain resinous coatings,
adhesives and epoxy-resin components can cause
dermatitis, which may occur after brief contact, or
long exposure leading to allergy. Associated
solvents may cause damage to the eyes and skin
irritation. Goggles and gloves shall be worn when
necessary. Barrier cream and the provision of
adequate washing facilities will be of assistance.
Special respiratory hazards can exist when these
materials are sprayed.
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت رزﻳﻦ اﭘﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ آﻣﺎس ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻲ ﺷﺪه ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬
.‫اﺳﺖ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺗﻤﺎس ﻛﻮﺗﺎه ﻳﺎ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ اﻳﺠﺎد ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺣﻼﻟﻬﺎي ﻫﻤﺮاه ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ آﺳﻴﺐ ﺑﻪ ﭼﺸﻤﻬﺎ و ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ‬
‫ ﻫﻨﮕﺎم ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از ﻋﻴﻨﻚﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ و دﺳﺘﻜﺶ‬.‫ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻛﺮم ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ و ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮ‬.‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻧﻤﻮد‬
‫ ﺧﻄﺮات وﻳﮋه ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎم ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺪه‬.‫ﻛﻤﻚ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﻛﺮد‬
.‫ﺷﺪن اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮاد وﺟﻮد داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
68
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
‫ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻲ اﻟﻴﺎف دار ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ‬6-1-1-7
7.1.1.6 Many fibrous insulating materials can
cause skin irritation. Normally this is associated
with the coarser fibers, so that the same materials
of smaller fiber diameter may not cause this type
of irritation, although they may then have other
undesirable effects. (See 7.1.1.7 and also BS EN
529).The use of barrier creams and the provision
of adequate washing facilities will help to reduce
the incidence of skin irritation, but tight clothing,
e.g., round the neck and at the wrists, may trap
fibers and thus increase local irritation.
‫ ﺑﻄﻮر ﻋﺎدي اﻳﻦ ﻧﺎراﺣﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ اﻟﻴﺎف ﺿﺨﻴﻢ ﺗﺮ ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد‬.‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻲآﻳﺪ ﺑﺮاي اﻳﻨﻜﻪ اﻟﻴﺎف ﻣﻮاد ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﮔﺮﭼﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ اﺛﺮات‬،‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﻧﺸﻮد‬
‫ و‬7-1-1-7 ‫ )ﺑﻪ ﺑﻨﺪ‬.‫ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮب دﻳﮕﺮي ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﻜﺎرﮔﻴﺮي‬.(‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬BS EN 529 ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
‫ﻛﺮﻣﻬﺎي ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ و ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮي ﻛﺎﻓﻲ در ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬
،‫ اﻣﺎ ﻟﺒﺎﺳﻬﺎي ﺗﻨﮓ‬،‫ﺷﻴﻮع ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻲ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﻛﺮد‬
‫ﻧﻈﻴﺮ دور ﮔﺮدن و ﻣﭽﻬﺎ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ اﻟﻴﺎف را ﺣﺒﺲ ﻛﺮده و‬
.‫ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻲ را اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ دﻫﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺎوي ﭘﻨﺒﻪ‬،‫ ذرات ﻏﺒﺎر ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ‬7-1-1-7
7.1.1.7 Respirable dust particles from insulating
material containing asbestos, silica, etc., may enter
the bronchial passages and cause persistent lung
disease. Because of this risk to health where these
materials are manipulated, e.g., mixed, handled or
removed, adequate protective equipment shall be
provided and used. Insulating materials
maintained in good order in quiescent use are
likely to present only a low degree of risk.
‫ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺲ و ﻏﻴﺮه ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ وارد ﻣﺠﺎري ﺑﺮوﻧﺸﻬﺎ ﺷﺪه و‬،‫ﻧﺴﻮز‬
‫ ﺑﻌﻠﺖ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺳﻼﻣﺘﻲ در‬.‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺑﻴﻤﺎرﻳﻬﺎي ﻣﺰﻣﻦ رﻳﻮي ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
،‫ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﻛﺮدن‬،‫ﻧﻘﺎﻃﻲ ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮاد ﺑﺎ دﺳﺖ درﺳﺖ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ‬
‫ دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ‬،‫ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﻞ دادن‬
‫ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﻪ در وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺧﻮب و آرام ﻗﺮار‬.‫و اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد‬
.‫دارﻧﺪ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺧﻄﺮ ﻛﻤﺘﺮي را ﺧﻮاﻫﻨﺪ داﺷﺖ‬
‫ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺪا ﻛﺮدن ﭘﻨﺒﻪﻫﺎي ﻧﺴﻮز ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺧﻄﺮات‬8-1-1-7
7.1.1.8 The risks to health associated with the
removal of thermal insulation containing asbestos
are particularly well-known, especially when
crocidolite (blue asbestos) is encountered (see
7.1.1.9).
‫ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮص زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ‬،‫ﺳﻼﻣﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
.(‫ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﻮد‬9-1-1-7 ‫)ﭘﻨﺒﻪ ﻧﺴﻮز آﺑﻲ( ﻣﻮاﺟﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻴﻢ )ﺑﻪ ﺑﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻗﺒﻞ از ﺟﺪاﻧﻤﻮدن ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻻزم اﺳﺖ ﻧﻮع ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬9-1-1-7
7.1.1.9 Before any stripping work is carried out it
is necessary to determine what type of insulating
material is involved (see IPS-C-TP-701).
Although the presence of crocidolite is sometimes
discernible by its rich lavender-blue color, it is not
correct to rely on this test alone. It is always
necessary to obtain positive analysis by a
responsible laboratory.
IPS-C-TP-701 ‫ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺤﺚ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﻮد )ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد( ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ ﻧﺴﻮز آﺑﻲ ﺑﺎ رﻧﮓ آﺑﻲ ارﻏﻮاﻧﻲ ﻏﻨﻲ‬
‫ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ‬،‫آن ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻻزم اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﻮدن آن از‬.‫آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ اﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﺷﻮد‬
.‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ اﺟﺮا ﺷﻮد و ﺟﺎﻳﻲ‬،‫ﻫﺮ ﻛﺠﺎ اﮔﺮ ﻣﻘﺮرات ﭘﻨﻪ ﻧﺴﻮز وﺟﻮد داﺷﺖ‬
‫ روز ﻗﺒﻞ از ﺷﺮوع‬28 ‫ﻛﻪ ﭘﻨﺒﻪ ﻧﺴﻮز آﺑﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﻮد ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬
‫ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮاﻓﻘﺖ ﺑﺎزرس‬،‫ﻛﺎر ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎزرس ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ اﻃﻼع ﻛﺘﺒﻲ داده ﺷﻮد‬
‫ )ﺑﺮاي دﻓﻊ ﻫﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ زاﺋﺪات‬.‫ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ زﻣﺎن اﻃﻼع ﻛﻮﺗﺎهﺗﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
(.‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬IPS-C-TP-701 ‫ﭘﻨﺒﻪ ﻧﺴﻮز ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
Where the Asbestos Regulations, if any, apply and
where crocidolite is identified written notice has
to be given to the inspector for the District at least
28 days prior to commencement of the work, or
such shorter notice as the inspector may agree to
accept. (For the disposal of any waste asbestos,
see IPS-C-TP-701.)
69
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
7.1.1.10 Suitability for removal and replacement
‫ ﺑﺮداﺷﺘﻦ و ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻨﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬10-1-1-7
When removal and replacement of insulation is to
be undertaken, reference shall be made to the
recommendations of IPS-C-TP-701.
‫وﻗﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺘﻌﻬﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮداﺷﺘﻦ و ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻨﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻳﻢ‬
.‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﻮد‬IPS-C-TP-701 ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻫﺎي اراﺋﻪ ﺷﺪه در‬
(MSDS) ‫ ﺑﺮگ دادهﻫﺎي اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻣﻮاد‬11-1-1-7
7.1.1.11 Material safety data sheet (MSDS)
‫ﺣﺎوي دادهﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮاص وﻳﮋه ﻳﻚ ﻧﻮع ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﻫﺪف اﻃﻼع رﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎرﮔﺮان و‬.‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﻛﺎرﻛﻨﺎن اورژاﻧﺲ ﺑﺎ دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎي ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻛﺎر ﺑﺎ آن ﻣﺎده‬
.‫در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اﻳﻤﻦ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
Containing data regarding the properties of a
particular insulation substances shall be
considered. It is intended to provide workers and
emergency personnel with procedures for
handling or working with that substance in a safe
manner.
‫ ﻣﺎده ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ‬2-1-7
7.1.2 Substitute material
The asbestos or any product containing asbestos
materials shall not be applied by means of a spray
process.
‫ﭘﻨﺒﻪ ﻧﺴﻮز ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺎوي ﻣﻮاد ﭘﻨﺒﻪ ﻧﺴﻮز ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ‬
.‫ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﭘﺎﺷﺶ اﺟﺮا ﺷﻮد‬
7.1.2.1 When required for use of an existing plant
or installation, the selection of material shall be
confirmed with the local management in order that
account may be taken of preferences for particular
materials.
‫ وﻗﺘﻲ ﻻزم ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ در واﺣﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺎﺳﻴﺴﺎت ﻣﻮﺟﻮد‬1-2-1-7
‫ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﺎده ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺑﺤﺴﺎب آوردن‬،‫ﺑﻜﺎر رود‬
‫ﺑﺮﺗﺮيﻫﺎي آن در ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮاد ﺧﺎص ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﻣﺪﻳﺮ‬
.‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺑﺮﺳﺪ‬
‫ ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ‬3-1-7
7.1.3 Thermal conductivity
A low thermal conductivity is desirable to achieve
a maximum resistance to heat transfer. Therefore,
for any given heat loss, a material of low thermal
conductivity will be thinner than an alternative
material of higher conductivity. This is of
particular advantage for pipes because thinner
layers of insulations reduce the surface area
emitting heat and also reduce the outer surface
that will require protection.
‫ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻢ ﺑﺮاي دﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﺣﺮارت ﻣﻄﻠﻮب ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ازاء ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﺰان‬
‫ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦ‬،‫ﺗﻠﻔﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ‬.‫ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‬،‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎده ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ‬
‫ زﻳﺮا ﻛﻪ ﻻﻳﻪﻫﺎي ﻧﺎزك ﺗﺮ‬،‫ﻣﺰﻳﺖ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖﻫﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﺣﺮارت و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻴﺎز‬
.‫ﺑﻪ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ دارد را ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ‬
The thermal conductivity of most insulating
materials varies with temperature and with bulk
density, so that both these factors shall be
considered. It is the normal practice of
manufacturers to provide tables or graphs showing
thermal conductivities for each of their standard
products at a range of hot-face temperatures
together with the relevant cold-face temperatures
used for the tests. The information shall also
‫ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ اﻏﻠﺐ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺎ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت و ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﺟﺴﻢ‬
‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﻫﺮ دو ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮار‬،‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬
‫ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎن ﺟﺪاول ﻳﺎ ﻧﻤﻮدارﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ‬،ً‫ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ‬.‫ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻴﺪﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
‫ﺧﻮد در داﻣﻨﻪ دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﺳﻄﺢ ﮔﺮم ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﺳﻄﺢ ﺳﺮد‬
‫ اﻳﻦ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬.‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺑﺮاي آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎت ﺑﻜﺎر ﻣﻴﺒﺮﻧﺪ‬
.‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﻫﺮ ﻣﺎده آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
70
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
include the bulk density for each material tested.
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
‫ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ در ﺗﻤﺎس ﻣﻮاد‬،‫ﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻲ در دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ دﻣﺎي ﺑﻴﺶ از آﻧﭽﻪ در‬
‫ ارﻗﺎم ﺑﺮاي ﻫﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬،‫آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ آﻣﺪه ﺑﺮﺳﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻄﻮر ﻣﻌﻤﻮل ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ارﻗﺎم ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺷﺪه از ﻃﺮف ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬
50 ‫ ﻣﺸﺮوط ﺑﻪ آﻧﻜﻪ دﻣﺎي ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از‬،‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ درﺻﺪ‬5 ‫درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد ﻧﺒﻮده و ﺑﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺧﻄﺎ اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻً ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از‬
.‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
Although, under service conditions for insulating
materials at elevated temperatures, the outer
exposed surface may reach a temperature above
that quoted for the test, the figures for any
calculation of heat flow can normally be based on
those published by the manufacturer. Provided
that the outer surface temperature does not exceed
about 50°C, the resultant error is likely to be less
than 5%.
‫ ﺑﺮاي‬،‫ﺑﺮاي دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺳﺮد ﻫﻢ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻜﺎر رود‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﺑﺎ ﻻﻳﻪ داﺧﻠﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮادي ﻛﻪ در ﻣﻌﺮض‬
‫ ﻻزم اﺳﺖ از روش ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت وﻳﮋه‬،‫دﻣﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ و ﺑﺮاي دﻣﺎي ﺳﻄﺢ‬BS 5970 ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮔﺮدد )ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ )ج( ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد( اﻳﻦ‬BS 5422 ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮك و‬
،‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ اﺷﺎره داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ دﻣﺎﻫﺎي آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺳﻄﺢ ﮔﺮم و ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫ در ﻫﺮ ﺣﺎل دﻣﺎي‬،‫ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از اﺷﺘﺒﺎه‬.‫ﺳﺮد‬
.‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﮔﺮم ﻳﺎ ﺳﺮد ﻣﻌﺎدل ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺷﻮد‬
For very high cold-face temperatures, which could
apply, for example, with the inner layer of
composite insulation or with materials exposed to
high ambient temperatures on the exposed surface,
special calculations are required (see BS 5970 for
interface temperature and BS 5422, Appendix C).
These may involve reference to mean
temperatures, i.e., the arithmetic mean between
the hot-face and cold-face temperatures of test; to
avoid confusion, either the corresponding hot-face
or cold-face temperature shall also be quoted.
‫ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ‬4-1-7
7.1.4 Physical forms
:‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﻲ از اﺷﻜﺎل زﻳﺮ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬
Insulation is usually supplied in one of the
following forms:
- Rigid boards, blocks, sheets, and pre-formed
shapes such as pipe covering, curved
segments, etc.
‫ و اﺷﻜﺎل ﭘﻴﺶ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬،‫ ورﻗﻬﺎ‬،‫ ﺑﻠﻮك ﻫﺎ‬،‫ ﻗﺎﻟﺐﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﺮاﻛﻢ‬.‫ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت اﻧﺤﻨﺎء دار و ﻏﻴﺮه‬،‫ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬
- Flexible boards, sheets.
.‫ ورﻗﻪﻫﺎ‬،‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻧﻌﻄﺎف‬
‫روﻛﺶ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ‬
‫ﺳﻴﻤﺎن‬
- Blanket.
- Plastic composition.
- Cement.
-
‫ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻫﺎي ﻏﻴﺮ ﭼﺴﺒﺎن‬-
- Loosefill.
‫ ﻣﻼت‬‫ ﭘﺎﺷﺸﻲ و دﻣﻴﺪه ﻳﺎ ﻓﻠﺰي ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل ﻓﻮﻳﻞ ﭼﻴﻦ دار‬-
- Mastic.
- Sprayed and blown or metallic, e.g., crimped
foil.
Each of these will be made up of granular, fibrous,
flake cellular or reflective material (or a
combination of these). For lists of typical
materials and some of their properties, see Tables
13 and 15.
‫ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻳﺎ‬،‫ اﻟﻴﺎف‬،‫ﻫﺮﻳﻚ از اﻳﻦ اﺷﻜﺎل از داﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي رﻳﺰ‬
‫ ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ‬.‫ﻣﺎده اﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﻲ )ﻳﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ از اﻳﻨﻬﺎ( ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
15 ‫ و‬13 ‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ اﺟﻨﺎس و ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﺧﻮاص آﻧﻬﺎ در ﺟﺪاول‬
.‫آﻣﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ اﺷﻜﺎل ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻫﺎ‬5-1-7
7.1.5 Forms of insulations
Forms of insulations for application on piping and
‫ﺷﻜﻞﻫﺎي ﻋﺎﻳﻖﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎرﺑﺮي روي ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ و ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات‬
71
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
equipment may be as followings:
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
:‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﻘﺮار زﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
a) For pipework on hot service, preformed
rigid sections are preferred.
‫ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻣﺘﺮاﻛﻢ ﭘﻴﺶ‬،‫اﻟﻒ( ﺑﺮاي ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ در ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﮔﺮم‬
b) On tanks and vessels, preformed slabs or
mattresses may be used on hot service, but on
cold duties slabs only should normally be used.
When slabs are used on vessels subject to
thermal movement the fixing arrangements
shall allow for this.
‫ ﺻﻔﺤﺎت ﺳﺨﺖ‬،‫ب( روي ﻣﺨﺎزن و ﻇﺮوف در ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﮔﺮم‬
.‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺑﺮﺗﺮي دارد‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﺗﺸﻚﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﺶ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮔﺮدد وﻟﻲ‬
.‫در ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺳﺮد ﺗﻨﻬﺎ از ﺻﻔﺤﺎت ﺳﺨﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد‬
‫زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺻﻔﺤﺎت ﺳﺨﺖ روي ﻇﺮوﻓﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﻣﻌﺮض‬
‫ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﻜﺎر ﻣﻲروﻧﺪ ﺗﺪاﺑﻴﺮي ﺟﻬﺖ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
.‫ﻛﺮدن آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﺗﺨﺎذ ﮔﺮدد‬
c) Loosefill, compatible with the insulation,
may be used for filling interstices or for double
skin removable cover and boxed items of
equipment.
‫ ﺳﺎزﮔﺎر ﺑﺎ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ‬،‫ج( ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﻮاد ﻏﻴﺮﭼﺴﺒﺎن‬
d) Foamed-in-situ, materials may be used
where these can be shown to be economically
advantageous. Samples of foamed materials
should be taken during application for fire
resistance (where required) and quality control
purposes.
‫د( ﻣﻮاد ﻓﻮم رﻳﺨﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه درﺟﺎ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ در ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻜﺎر‬
‫ﺑﺮاي ﭘﺮﻛﺮدن ﺧﻠﻞ و ﻓﺮجﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮاي درﭘﻮش دوﺟﺪاره ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬
.‫ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ و اﻗﻼم ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺑﻜﺎر رود‬
‫ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬.‫روﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺰﻳﺖ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫و ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺑﻮدن ﺑﻪ آﺗﺶ )ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻴﺎز اﺳﺖ( از ﻣﻮاد ﻓﻮم‬
.‫ﺷﺪه در ﺣﺎل اﺟﺮا ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري ﺷﻮد‬
e) Sprayed form shall not be used without the
prior agreement of the Company.
‫ﻫ( ﺷﻜﻞ ﭘﺎﺷﺸﻲ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺪون ﻣﻮاﻓﻘﺖ ﻗﺒﻠﻲ ﻛﺎرﻓﺮﻣﺎ ﺑﻜﺎر‬
f) Consideration may be given to the use of
pre-insulated pipework where this is
economically justified.
‫و( ﺑﻜﺎرﮔﻴﺮي ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ از ﭘﻴﺶ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺷﺪه در ﻣﻮاردي ﻛﻪ از‬
.‫رود‬
.‫ﻧﻈﺮ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
‫ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ‬6-1-7
7.1.6 Bulk density
‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ‬10 ‫ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﺑﻮده و اﺛﺮﺑﺨﺸﻲ آﻧﻬﺎ‬320 ‫ﻣﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﺗﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺣﻔــﺮه ﻫﺎي ﻫﻮا و ﮔﺎز ﻛﻪ اﺳﺎﺳﺎً اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺣﺮارت ﻧﺎﺷﻲ‬
‫ در ﻋﻴﻦ‬.‫از ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ و ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ را ﻣﺤﺪود ﻣﻴﻨﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ دارد‬
‫ﺣﺎل ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖ در ﺳﻄﻮح ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﭘﻠﻬﺎي ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻳﻚ ﭘﺎرﭼﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ‬
‫ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﻛﻢ ﺑﺎ‬.‫ﺧﻮﺑﻲ در ﻋﺒﻮر ﺣﺮارت ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫رﺳﺎﻧﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻢ در داﻣﻨﻪﻫﺎي دﻣﺎي ﻛﻢ و ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻫﻤﺮاه‬
‫ ﺑﻪ‬،‫ اﻣﺎ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﻓﺸﺎري آن ﻛﻢ ﺷﻮد‬.‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺎده ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻘﺎﺻﺪي ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺑﺎر ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ‬،‫ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﻗﺎﻋﺪه ﻛﻠﻲ‬.‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
The bulk density for most thermal insulating
materials falls within the range 10 kg/m3 to 320
kg/m3 and their effectiveness depends essentially
on the large numbers of minute air or gas cells that
they contain and that restrict transfer of heat by
convection and radiation; at the sametime, the
limitation in areas of solid thermal bridges forms a
good barrier to the passage of conducted heat.
Low bulk density is normally associated with low
thermal conductivity in the low and medium
temperature ranges, but it may also result in low
compressive strength, in which case the material
will not be suitable for load bearing purposes. As
a general rule, increase in bulk density is
72
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
associated with reduction in the size of the
contained air or gas cells and this tends to
maintain effectiveness of insulation at the higher
service temperature.
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
‫ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ اﻧﺪازه ﺣﻔﺮه ﻫﺎي ﻫﻮا و ﮔﺎز در آن ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬
.‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎرآﻳﻲ در دﻣﺎي ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺷﻮد‬
:‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
Note:
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺧﻮاص ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ رﺳﺎﻧﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ‬،‫وﻳﮋه و اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﺑﻪ ﺟﻬﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ اﻧﺪازهﮔﻴﺮي ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
.‫دارﻧﺪ‬
Some physical properties of thermal insulating
materials, in particular thermal conductivity and
strength, are dependent on the direction in which
they are measured.
‫ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻮدن ﺑﺮاي دﻣﺎي ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ‬7-1-7
7.1.7 Suitability for service temperature
The temperature at which the material is used
shall be within the range for which it will provide
satisfactory long-term service under conditions of
normal usage. Tables 13 and 15 show
approximate operating temperatures for some
insulations.
‫دﻣﺎي ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﻣﺎده ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﺣﺪود داﻣﻨﻪاي ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬
‫ﻋﺎدي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از آن ﺑﻬﺮهﺑﺮداري ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ و رﺿﺎﻳﺖﺑﺨﺶ داﺷﺘﻪ‬
‫ دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻫﺎ‬15 ‫ و‬13 ‫ ﺟﺪاول‬.‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ‬
For materials to be used at temperatures below
about 10°C, attention shall be paid to the relevant
limiting minimum as well as to the limiting
maximum temperatures, and to the effects of
possible excessive shrinkage, embrittlement, and
porosity, in addition to resistance under conditions
of occasional heating for cleaning and defrosting
purposes.
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد ﺑﻜﺎر ﻣﻲروﻧﺪ‬10 ‫ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻮادي ﻛﻪ در دﻣﺎي زﻳﺮ‬
‫ اﺛﺮات‬،‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺪوده ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ و ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺑﻮط‬
‫ ﺑﻌﻼوه ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ‬،‫ ﺧﻠﻞ و ﻓﺮج‬،‫ ﺗﺮدي‬،‫اﻧﻘﺒﺎﺿﻲ اﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اﺗﻔﺎﻗﻲ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻤﻴﺰﻛﺎري و اﻫﺪاف ﻳﺦ زداﻳﻲ‬
.‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻧﻤﻮد‬
For materials to be used at elevated temperatures
it will be necessary to consider the many factors
that may result in deterioration under condition of
service. These include linear shrinkage under heat,
loss of compressive strength and weight during
heating, and the effects of vibration and possible
self-heating phenomena.
‫ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻮادي ﻛﻪ در دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﻜﺎر ﻣﻴﺮوﻧﺪ ﻻزم اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ‬
‫زﻳﺎدي ﻛﻪ در آن ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻛﺎري ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺧﺮاﺑﻲ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬
‫ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬،‫ اﻳﻦ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ اﻧﻘﺒﺎض ﺧﻄﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺣﺮارت‬.‫داﺷﺖ‬
‫ﺗﺎب ﻓﺸﺎري و وزن در ﺣﻴﻦ ﮔﺮم ﺷﺪن و اﺛﺮات ﻟﺮزش و ﭘﺪﻳﺪه‬
.‫ﺧﻮدﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
In establishing maximum operating temperatures
for preformed high-temperature insulation,
particularly that in the form of pipe sections, the
ability of insulation to withstand moderate loads
and vibration whilst in service shall be considered.
Some knowledge of the compressive strength both
before and after heating may be of value.
Additionally, the effect of long-term heating
should be studied.
‫در ﺑﺮﻗﺮار ﻛﺮدن ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮان‬،‫ﭘﻴﺶ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬
‫اﻳﺴﺘﺎدﮔﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺎرﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ و ﻟﺮزان در ﺧﻼل‬
‫ آﮔﺎﻫﻲ از ﺗﺎب ﻓﺸﺎري ﻗﺒﻞ و ﺑﻌﺪ از‬.‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺗﻮﺟﻪ داﺷﺖ‬
‫ ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ آن اﺛﺮ‬.‫ﺣﺮارت ﻫﺮ دو ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ارزش ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
.‫ﺣﺮارت ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﻣﺪت ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
‫در ﺟﺎﺋﻴﻜﻪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻓﺸﺎري در ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت وﺟﻮد‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﭼﺴﺐﻫﺎي آﻟﻲ در‬،‫ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﭘﺸﻢ ﺳﻨﮓ‬،‫دارد‬
Where the compressive strength in service
undergoes significant reduction, as in the case of
banded mineral wool due to volatilization of the
73
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
organic binders at temperatures above about
230°C, it may be necessary to support and protect
the insulating material. Metal cleading (see
IPS-C-TP-701) is convenient for this purpose;
where additional strength is required the metal
shall be supported from the pipe independently of
the insulation, e.g., by insulated metal spiders or
by suitable load bearing insulation.
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻻزم‬230 ‫درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارﺗﻬﺎي ﺑﺎﻻي‬
‫ ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري و ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ روﻛﺶ ﻓﻠﺰي‬،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻲ‬
.‫( ﺑﺮاي اﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬IPS-C-TP-701‫)اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
‫در ﻣﻮاردي ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ اﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻓﻠﺰ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﺜﺎل ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬.‫از ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺷﻮد‬
.‫ﺷﺒﻜﻪﻫﺎي ﻓﻠﺰي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺷﺪه ﻳﺎ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺎر ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
It is preferable that the appropriate tests shall be
carried out by the manufacturer and the results
used to compile a report on suitability for
particular applications; judgement is then needed
in selecting material for specific conditions of use.
‫ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺤﺎً اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎت ﻣﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
‫ ﮔﺰارﺷﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻮدن ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدﻫﺎي‬،‫اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﻮد و از ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻀﺎوت ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻮاد در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺧﺎص‬،‫وﻳﮋه ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﺋﻴﺪ‬
.‫اﺣﺘﻴﺎج دارد‬
‫ اﻧﺒﺴﺎط ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬8-1-7
7.1.8 Thermal expansion
Most thermal insulating materials have a lower
thermal expansion coefficient than metals.
Differential thermal movement between insulated
surface, insulation and outer finish shall be
considered.
‫اﻏﻠﺐ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ اﻧﺒﺴﺎط ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻛﻤﺘﺮي از‬
،‫ ﺑﻪ اﺧﺘﻼف ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺷﺪه‬.‫ﻓﻠﺰات دارﻧﺪ‬
.‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ و ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ داﺷﺖ‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ‬9-1-7
7.1.9 Resistance to compaction
Loosefill material and unbonded mattresses are
liable to compact under the influence of vibration
and thermal cycling.
‫ و ﻻﻳﻲﻫﺎي ﻏﻴﺮ ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪه در اﺛﺮ ﻟﺮزش‬،‫ﻣﺎده ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻏﻴﺮ ﭼﺴﺒﺎن‬
.‫و ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﻬﻢ ﻓﺸﺮده ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
7.1.10 Resistance to water vapor penetration
and to water absorption
‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻧﻔﻮذ ﺑﺨﺎر و ﺟﺬب آب‬10-1-7
Whilst closed pore materials, e.g., cellular glass,
may have appreciably low water-vapor
permeability characteristics, open-pore and
fibrous insulating materials can absorb
considerable quantities of water that will
adversely affect the thermal conductivity and the
effectiveness of the insulation.
‫ﺿﻤﻦ اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻧﻔﻮذﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﺑﺨﺎر آب در ﻣﻮاد ﺑﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺬ‬
‫ ﻣﻮاد ﺑﺎ‬،‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻣﺘﺨﻠﺨﻞ ﺑﻄﻮر ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺳﻲ ﻛﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺬ ﺑﺎز و ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ اﻟﻴﺎﻓﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺟﺬب آب ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ‬
‫داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ اﺛﺮ ﻣﻌﻜﻮس ﺑﺮ روي ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ و‬
.‫اﺛﺮﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ دارد‬
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ اﻋﻤﺎل ﺷﺪه روي ﺳﻄﻮح ﺳﺮد ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از ﻧﻔﻮذ ﺑﺨﺎر آب ﻛﻪ‬
‫ زﻳﺮا اﮔﺮ آب‬.‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ را اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺣﻔﺮه ﻫﺎي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺪه‬،‫ﻧﻔﻮذ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻳﺦ اﻳﺠﺎد ﺷﺪه‬
‫ اﮔﺮ ﻣﺎده ﻧﻔﻮذﭘﺬﻳﺮي‬.‫و ﻣﻮاد ﺑﺮاي ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ دﭼﺎر ﺧﺴﺎرت ﺷﻮد‬
.‫ﺑﺨﺎر آب ﻛﻤﺘﺮي داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺰﻳﺘﻲ ﺑﺮاي آن ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‬
Insulation applied to cold surfaces shall be
protected from water-vapor penetration that gives
increased conductivity, because If water is
allowed to penetrate and freeze, the cells of the
insulation may rupture and the material be
permanently damaged. It is an advantage if the
material itself is of low water-vapor permeability.
‫ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬11-1-7
7.1.11 Mechanical strength
‫ﺑﻄﻮر ﻛﻠﻲ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ و اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم آﻧﻬﺎ‬
In general insulating materials are mechanically
74
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
weak and strength normally decreases after
heating. The finish applied frequently affords
some protection against mechanical damage, but
the insulation itself shall be strong enough to
withstand reasonable handling-strength and
abrasion. Mechanical resistance shall be related to
the work and material in question, and have to be
taken into consideration at the design stage.
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
‫ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ‬.‫ﺑﻌﺪ از ﮔﺮم ﺷﺪن ﻛﻢ ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬
‫ اﻣﺎ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ‬.‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ آﺳﻴﺐ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
‫اﻧﺪازه ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﺪ در ﻫﻨﮕﺎم ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ و در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎر و‬.‫ﺳﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ و ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮار‬،‫ﻣﺎده ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫ﮔﻴﺮد‬
‫ دوام‬12-1-7
7.1.12 Durability
‫اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻴﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس دوام آن در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ اﺛﺮات‬
.‫ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﺧﻮرﺷﻴﺪ و دﻳﮕﺮ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
The selection of an outdoor system should also be
made on the basis of its durability in withstanding
the effects of sunlight and other environmental
elements.
‫ ﺧﻄﺮات آﺗﺶ ﺳﻮزي و اﻧﻔﺠﺎر‬13-1-7
7.1.13 Fire and explosion hazards
‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺧﺎص در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ آﺗﺶ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از ﻛﺘﺎﺑﭽﻪ‬1-13-1-7
7.1.13.1 The fire performance of the particular
insulant should be chosen in the context of the
design requirements of the application for which it
is intended. Not all the thermal insulating
materials in common use are non-flammable.
Some of them, often used for refrigeration
systems, are entirely of organic composition and
thus may constitute a fire hazard, or they may emit
smoke and toxic fumes. Designers of thermal
insulation systems shall therefore consider the
process conditions and the plant arrangement
before deciding whether or not the proposed
thermal insulating material might contribute to the
spread of fire, however initiated, and they shall
vary their choice of material accordingly.
.‫اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ و اﻋﻤﺎل آن ﺑﺮاي ﻫﺪف ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﻲ از ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻋﺎدي ﻣﺼﺮف ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از آﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ‬.‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻜﺎر ﻣﻴﺮوﻧﺪ ﺑﻄﻮر ﻛﺎﻣﻞ از ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ آﻟﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ و ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺧﻄﺮ آﺗﺶ ﺳﻮزي داﺷﺘﻪ ﻳﺎ از ﺧﻮد دود و ﺑﺨﺎرات ﺳﻤﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ‬
‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﻃﺮاﺣﺎن ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ‬.‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻗﺒﻞ از‬.‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي و ﭼﻴﺪﻣﺎن واﺣﺪ را ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮار دﻫﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢﮔﻴﺮي ﺧﻮاه ﻣﺎده ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎدي در ﮔﺴﺘﺮش آﺗﺶ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎرﻛﺖ داﺷﺘﻪ و ﻳﺎ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺷﺮوع ﻛﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺎده اﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻲ را‬
.‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻗﺒﺎً ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ دﻫﻨﺪ‬
Whilst it is usually desirable that insulation shall
be non-combustible, these may be areas where
such materials are not necessary, in which case
some relaxation could be considered; the relevant
building and fire authorities shall be consulted.
The fire hazard, where caused by quantity of
combustible material, susceptibility to ignition,
ease of surface spread of flame, or quantity of
smoke or toxic gas produced in a fire may be
influenced considerably by the protective coating
and associated material e.g., adhesives, vapor
barriers, and sealants. Many insulating materials
are free from risk, but if inadequately protected
can absorbs quantities of oil, etc., that may ignite
spontaneously.
‫ﺿﻤﻦ اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻣﻄﻠﻮب اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺣﺘﺮاق‬
‫ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻮادي ﻧﻴﺎز ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻪ در اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﻘﺪاري ﺗﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﺑﺎ‬
‫ ﺟﺎﺋﻴﻜﻪ‬.‫اداره آﺗﺶ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺸﻮرت ﺻﻮرت ﮔﻴﺮد‬
‫ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ‬،‫ﺧﻄﺮ آﺗﺶ ﺳﻮزي ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﻮاد ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺣﺘﺮاق‬
‫ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺳﻄﺢ آﺗﺶ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻘﺪار دود ﻳﺎ ﮔﺎز ﺳﻤﻲ‬،‫ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﻗﻪ‬
‫ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‬،‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﺪه از آﺗﺶ‬
‫ ﻣﻤﺎﻧﻌﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺨﺎر و‬،‫ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ و ﻣﻮاد ﻫﻤﺮاه آن ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﭼﺴﺒﻬﺎ‬
‫ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻲ ﻋﺎري از ﺧﻄﺮ‬.‫آﺑﺒﻨﺪﻫﺎ اﺛﺮ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ اﻣﺎ اﮔﺮ ﺑﻄﻮر ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﻧﺸﻮد ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮي‬،‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫روﻏﻦ و ﻏﻴﺮه را ﺟﺬب ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺨﻮدي ﺧﻮد آﺗﺶ‬
.‫ﺑﮕﻴﺮد‬
Some insulating materials that contain organic
bonding agents, although generally suitable for
service temperature anticipated may in fact
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺎوي ﻣﻮاد آﻟﻲ ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪه ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ اﮔﺮ ﭼﻪ‬
‫ در ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﺑﻪ‬،‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﺮاي ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
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Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
constitute a fire risk through a phenomenon of
internal self heating. Evidence of this self heating
may be a transient rise in temperature above the
theoretical value for specific locations within the
insulation system. This hazard may be accentuated
if air can enter into material of low bulk density,
or by convection current induced with insulated
vertical pipe work. The phenomenon is complex
one, being associated with local concentration of
organic bonding material, the thickness of
insulation and the temperature of the insulated
surface together with its orientation. If excessive,
this internal rise in temperature may constitute a
fire hazard, particularly if the surrounding
atmosphere is flammable materials in the
immediated vicinity.
‫ ﮔﻮاه اﻳﻦ‬.‫ﻋﻠﺖ ﭘﺪﻳﺪه ﺧﻮدﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ داﺧﻠﻲ آﺗﺶزا ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻرﻓﺘﻦ ﺧﻮدﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻻ رﻓﺘﻦ زودﮔﺬر دﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ‬.‫ﺑﻴﺶ از ﻣﻘﺪار ﺗﺌﻮري در ﻧﻘﺎط ﺧﺎص ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺧﻄﺮ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺷﻮد اﮔﺮ ﻫﻮا ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎدهاي ﻛﻪ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻮده اي ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ داﺷﺘﻪ وارد ﺷﻮد ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ اﻟﻘﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻳﻚ ﭘﺪﻳﺪه‬.‫ﺑﺎ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ ﻋﻤﻮدي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺷﺪه ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ و‬،‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪه اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻣﺎده ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪه آﻟﻲ‬
‫درﺟﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺷﺪه ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ ﺟﻬﺖ آن ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه‬
‫ دﻣﺎي داﺧﻠﻲ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ‬،‫ اﮔﺮ دﻣﺎي اﻳﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺑﺎﻻ رود‬.‫اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎً اﮔﺮ‬،‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ و ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺧﻄﺮ آﺗﺶ ﺳﻮزي ﺷﻮد‬
‫در ﻫﻮاي اﻃﺮاف و ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻣﺠﺎور ﻣﻮاد ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺣﺘﺮاق وﺟﻮد داﺷﺘﻪ‬
.‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
In flammable atmospheres, particularly with long
runs of insulated pipe work, it may be advisable to
take the precaution of connecting external metal
cleading to earth in order to avoid possible buildup of static electricity.
‫در ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮص ﺑﺎ ﻋﺒﻮر ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي‬
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺷﺪه ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ اﺗﺼﺎل زﻣﻴﻦ روﻛﺶ ﻓﻠﺰي ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ‬
.‫ﺟﻬﺖ اﺟﺘﻨﺎب از اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﺴﻴﺘﻪ ﺳﺎﻛﻦ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
7.1.13.2 In addition to the above the following
recommendations shall be considered when
selecting insulation materials.
‫ ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ ﻣﻮارد ﻓﻮق ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎدات زﻳﺮ ﻫﻨﮕﺎم اﻧﺘﺨﺎب‬2-13-1-7
7.1.13.2.1 Porous insulation materials, such as
calcium silicate will have low ignition temperature
when pregnant with oil (for instance mineral oil
ignites at 200-300°C and higher class alcohol at
100-150°C).
‫ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﺘﺨﻠﺨﻞ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎت ﻛﻠﺴﻴﻢ‬1-2-13-1-7
:‫ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎم آﻟﻮده ﺷﺪن ﺑﺎ روﻏﻦ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت اﺣﺘﺮاق ﻛﻤﻲ ﺧﻮاﻫﻨﺪ‬
‫ درﺟﻪ‬300 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬200 ‫داﺷﺖ )ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل روﻏﻦ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ در‬
‫ درﺟﻪ‬150 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬100 ‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد و ﺑﺎ درﺟﻪ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﺷﺪن ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ در‬
.(‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد ﻣﺤﺘﺮق ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬
7.1.13.2.2 Rockwool containing over 0.3 percent
mineral oil or over 0.5 percent resin treated glass
fiber felt or organic matter shall not be used for
oxygen gas facilities.
‫ درﺻﺪ روﻏﻦ‬0/3 ‫ ﭘﺸﻢ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺣﺎوي ﺑﻴﺶ از‬2-2-13-1-7
7.1.13.2.3 Cold insulation materials composed of
perlite or silica gel mixed with fine aluminum
powder shall not be used for liquefied oxygen
facilities, such as air separator.
‫ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺳﺮد ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺷﺪه از ﭘﺮﻟﻴﺖ ﻳﺎ‬3-2-13-1-7
7.1.13.2.4 Organic cold insulation materials, if
used, shall be weather proofed with incombustible
or fire resistant materials.
‫ اﮔﺮ از ﻣﻮاد آﻟﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺳﺮد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬4-2-13-1-7
‫ درﺻﺪ ﻧﻤﺪ اﻟﻴﺎف ﺷﻴﺸﻪاي رزﻳﻦدار ﻳﺎ‬0/5 ‫ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﺶ از‬
.‫ﻣﺎده آﻟﻲ در ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎت ﮔﺎز اﻛﺴﻴﮋن ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻜﺎر روﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎژل ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮدر رﻳﺰ آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ در ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎت‬
.‫اﻛﺴﻴﮋن ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺟﺪا ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻫﻮا اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎوم در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺟﻮي ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮاد ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺣﺘﺮاق ﻳﺎ ﻣﻘﺎوم در‬
.‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ آﺗﺶ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
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Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
‫ در ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻄﺮ آﺗﺶ ﺳﻮزي )ﻳﺎ‬5-2-13-1-7
7.1.13.2.5 In certain areas of high fire (or
explosion) risk, e.g., where powerful oxidizing
agents are handled, the insulation shall not contain
any organic matter.
‫اﻧﻔﺠﺎر( زﻳﺎد ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻗﻮي‬
.‫ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﺎوي ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮاد آﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬14-1-1-7
7.1.14 Corrosion
‫ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻠﺰي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺷﺪه ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻣﻮرد ﺣﻤﻠﻪ‬1-14-1-1-7
7.1.14.1 An insulated metal surface may be
affected by corrosive attack if the insulating
material is applied in a wet state or if it is allowed
to become wet for prolonged periods after
application. The corrosion may be specific or
general.
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد اﮔﺮ ﻣﺎده ﻋﺎﻳﻖ در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﺮﻃﻮب ﺑﻜﺎر رود ﻳﺎ‬
.‫اﻣﻜﺎن ﺗﺮ ﻣﺎﻧﺪن ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺪت ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﻧﺼﺐ را ﭘﻴﺪا ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
.‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺧﺎص ﻳﺎ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
A typical example of specific corrosive attack is
that of stress-corrosion cracking of austenitic steel
due to the action of water-soluble chlorides in the
presence of moisture. Most thermal insulating
materials contain traces of water-soluble chlorides
in the presence of moisture. Most thermal
insulating materials contain chlorinated organic
compounds that may form soluble chlorides when
heated in the presence of water. Both can give rise
to stress corrosion cracking in susceptible
austenitic alloys, even if only trace quantities are
present. It is not practicable to indicate a safe
upper limit for chloride contents as water can
leach out soluble chloride from substantial
volumes of wet insulating material and allow them
to be concentrated at the junction layer with the
metal surface. Additionally, ingress of water from
external sources, e.g., rain water, plant spillages
and water used for hosing-down equipment, may
contain sufficient chloride to be potentially
dangerous.
‫ ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از‬،‫ﻳﻚ ﻣﺜﺎل ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ از ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺧﺎص‬
،‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ ﻓﻮﻻد آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل در آب‬
‫ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻣﺤﺘﻮي‬.‫در ﻣﺠﺎورت رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫ﻣﻘﺪار ﻧﺎﭼﻴﺰ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل در آب در ﻣﺠﺎور رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺎوي ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت آﻟﻲ آﻏﺸﺘﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻠﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻫﻨﮕﺎم ﮔﺮم ﺷﺪن در ﻣﺠﺎورت آب ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت‬
‫ ﻫﺮ دو ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از‬.‫ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﻠﻮل درآﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ در آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻓﻮﻻد آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ را‬
‫ ﻧﺸﺎن دادن‬.‫ﺣﺘﻲ اﮔﺮ ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﻛﻠﺮور ﻧﺎﭼﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺣﺪ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در آب ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل در ﺣﺠﻢﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﺎده ﻣﺮﻃﻮب ﻋﺎﻳﻖ را ﺷﺴﺘﻪ و‬
،‫اﺟﺎزه دﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ در ﻣﺠﺎورت ﻻﻳﻪ در ﺗﻤﺎس ﺑﺎ ﻓﻠﺰ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ آن ورود آب از ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ‬.‫ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ رﻳﺰش ﻫﺎي واﺣﺪ و ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮي ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ‬،‫آب ﺑﺎران‬
.‫ﺣﺎوي ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﻮده ﺑﺎ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮه داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
General corrosion may occur if wet insulation is
allowed to remain in contact with carbon steel
surfaces for prolonged periods, particularly if
acidic products are present in the water or if they
can be extracted from the insulating material
itself. Due regard shall also be paid to possible
corrosive attack on a variety of metals, e.g., those
used as finishes, that may be in contact with wet
insulating materials. (See 5.7 for more detailed
treatment of corrosion problems.)
‫اﮔﺮ ﻋﺎﻳﻖﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﻃﻮب ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺪﺗﻲ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﻮح ﻓﻮﻻدي‬
‫ﻛﺮﺑﻦدار ﺗﻤﺎس داﺷﺘﻪ و ﺑﺨﺼﻮص ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮآوردهﻫﺎي اﺳﻴﺪي در‬
‫آب ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﺑﻮده و ﻳﺎ ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﻨﺪ از ﺧﻮد ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‬.‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ آﻣﺪ‬،‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬
‫اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺧﻮرﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻓﻠﺰات ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻄﻮر ﻣﺜﺎل آﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻨﻮان ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ اﻣﻜﺎن ﺗﻤﺎس ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه دارﻧﺪ‬
‫ )ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎت ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ و ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻮرد ﺑﺎ‬.‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
.(‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬7-5 ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻨﺪ‬
7.1.14.2 To minimize corrosion the following
recommendations shall be considered when
selecting insulation materials.
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ رﺳﺎﻧﺪن ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻫﻨﮕﺎم‬2-14-1-7
.‫اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎدات زﻳﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ داﺷﺖ‬
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Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
7.1.14.2.1 All insulation materials shall be
noncorrosive, weather wet or dry, and suitably
inhibited for application to stainless steel surfaces.
‫ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﻃﻮب‬1-2-14-1-7
7.1.14.2.2 In the inhibited condition, insulation
materials containing more than 600 ppm chloride
are not acceptable for use on stainless steel
surfaces.
‫ در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺎز دارﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار‬2-2-14-1-7
‫ﻳﺎ ﺧﺸﻚ ﻏﻴﺮﺧﻮرﻧﺪه ﺑﻮده و ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬
.‫در ﺳﻄﻮح ﻓﻮﻻدي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ در ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮن ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬600 ‫ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﺶ از‬
.‫روي ﺳﻄﻮح ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮل ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
7.1.14.2.3 In uninhibited condition the amount of
leachable chloride in the insulation material shall
not exceed 10 ppm.
‫ در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬3-2-14-1-7
7.1.14.2.4 The pH of all insulation materials shall
be between 6 and 9 in the wet condition.
‫ ﺗﻤﺎم ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻣﺮﻃﻮب‬PH 4-2-14-1-7
7.1.14.2.5 Insulation composed of alkaline
materials shall not be used on aluminum surfaces.
‫ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺷﺪه از ﻣﻮاد ﻗﻠﻴﺎﻳﻲ را ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ روي‬5-2-14-1-7
.‫ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ در ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮن ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬10 ‫ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮ ﻣﺎده ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﺶ از‬
.‫ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬9 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬6 ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬
.‫ﺳﻄﻮح آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﻜﺎر ﺑﺮد‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬15-1-7
7.1.15 Chemical resistance
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ در واﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﺑﻜﺎر ﻣﻴﺮود ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ و ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺧﻮاص‬.‫ﻣﻮاد ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد واﻛﻨﺶ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﻣﻮﺟﻮد‬
.‫ﻛﻪ اﮔﺮ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺟﺬب آﻧﻬﺎ ﺷﻮد ﺑﺪون ﺧﻄﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
Thermal insulation used in process plants shall not
react with chemicals present and considering the
properties of the fluids to be handled, selection
shall be made from among chemically resistant
materials which will not cause any hazard if they
absorb the fluid.
7.1.16 Optimum life
‫ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻣﻄﻠﻮب‬16-1-7
The required life of the insulation system shall be
considered because this affects the annual cost and
hence the economic thickness. If the plant has
only a short life, a cheap insulation system may be
adequate; if the plant has a longer life, a more
expensive insulation system with longer life may
be the more economical.
‫ﻋﻤﺮ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ آن ﺑﺮ روي ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬
.‫ﺳﺎﻟﻴﺎﻧﻪ و ﻫﻤﻴﻨﻄﻮر ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻲ ارزان ﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ‬،‫اﮔﺮ واﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻛﻮﺗﺎه دارد‬
‫ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻲ ﮔﺮان ﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﺑﺎ‬،‫ اﮔﺮ واﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ دارد‬،‫اﺳﺖ‬
.‫ﻋﻤﺮ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺗﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
When the technical requirements of the
application have been met, the total cost (as
distinct from the initial cost) during the life of the
installation is the prime consideration. (See 5.4.2
for economic thickness.)
‫ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ اﺻﻠﻲ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻛﻠﻲ‬،‫وﻗﺘﻲ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﻓﻨﻲ اﺟﺮا رﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺷﺪ‬
‫ )ﺑﺮاي‬.‫)ﺟﺪا از ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ اوﻟﻴﻪ( در ﻃﻮل ﻋﻤﺮ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.(‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬2-4-5 ‫ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺑﻪ ﺑﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ‬17-1-7
7.1.17 Optimum heat capacity
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮر ﻛﻪ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ )ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدل( ﻳﻚ‬
‫ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ‬،‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻮدهاي آن ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻴﻜﻨﺪ‬
As the heat capacity (alternatively thermal
capacity) of an insulating material varies
according to its bulk density, it is preferred that
78
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
this thermal property shall be expressed in terms
of heat capacity per unit mass (alternatively
specific heat capacity). In SI units this value is
expressed in J/(kgK). It should be noted that the
value will vary with mean temperature even
though it is given in terms of unit increment of
one Kelvin.
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
‫ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ در واﺣﺪ ﺟﺮم‬
‫ در واﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ‬.‫)ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ وﻳﮋه ﻣﻌﺎدل( ﺑﻴﺎن ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ‬.‫ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺑﻪ )ژول ﺑﺮ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﻛﻠﻮﻳﻦ( اﺳﺖ‬SI
‫ﻧﺸﺎن ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺑﺎ دﻣﺎي ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ و ﺣﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻳﻚ‬
.‫درﺟﻪ ﻛﻠﻮﻳﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﻛﺮد‬
:‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
Note:
An insulating material of low thermal capacity
will absorb relatively small quantities of heat with
increase of temperature and consequently, under
fluctuating temperature conditions, it will be
associated with rapid heating and cooling.
Conversely, a material of high heat capacity will
tend to impart thermal stability to an insulated
system.
‫ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎده ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ دﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ‬
،‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﻲ را ﺟﺬب ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﻛﺮد و در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻮﺳﺎن دﻣﺎ‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ‬.‫ﺑﺎ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ و ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺎً ﻫﻢ آﻫﻨﮓ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎده ﺑﺎ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ دارد ﺳﻬﻢ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮي در‬
.‫ﭘﺎﻳﺪاري ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻜﺎري داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
For certain applications it may be convenient to
refer to heat capacity per unit volume, J/(m³K),
but this value will be typical only for a
representative product, i.e., at a specific bulk
density.
‫ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ‬
‫ اﻣﺎ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار‬.‫ رﺟﻮع ﺷﻮد‬J/(m³K) ‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﺮ واﺣﺪ ﺣﺠﻢ‬
‫ﻓﻘﻂ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪاي ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻴﺎن ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ در ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻮده اي‬
‫ ﻋﺎري از ﺑﻮي ﺑﺪ‬18-1-7
7.1.18 Free from objectionable odor
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻣﻬﻢ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻜﺎري ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده در‬
‫ﻏﺬاﺧﻮريﻫﺎ و ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ در آن ﻏﺬا ﭘﺨﺖ و ﻳﺎ‬
.‫ ﻋﺎري از ﺑﻮي ﺑﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ﺻﺮف ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
It is of particular importance that insulating
materials for use in canteens or buildings in which
food is processed or served, shall be free from
objectionable odor.
7.1.19 Maintenance requirements
Maintenance costs can be significant in the total
cost of an insulating system. These costs can be
minimized by correct selection of materials and
finishes and by attention to detail in the layout of
the system. Particular attention shall be given to
the accessibility of removable sections, valves,
etc., and the protective systems used in
inaccessible locations such as ducts. Regular
inspection and repair of damage should be carried
out to minimize risk of large-scale deterioration of
the insulation system and any subsequent
corrosion of the plant.
‫ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري‬19-1-7
‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎي ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري در ﻛﻞ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻜﺎري ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎ را ﻣﻲﺗﻮان ﺑﺎ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب درﺳﺖ ﻣﻮاد‬.‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻜﺎري و ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ و دﻗﺖ در ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت ﻃﺮح ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮص ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ آﺳﺎن ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎزﻛﺮدن ﻗﻄﻌﺎت‬.‫رﺳﺎﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺟﺪا ﺷﺪن ﺷﻴﺮآﻻت و ﻏﻴﺮه و ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ دور‬
‫ ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ ﻣﻨﻈﻢ و ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮ‬.‫از دﺳﺘﺮس ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ داﺷﺖ‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺧﺴﺎرت دﻳﺪه ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮه ﺧﺮاﺑﻲﻫﺎي ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮ‬
.‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻜﺎري و در ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ واﺣﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﻧﺠﺎم ﭘﺬﻳﺮد‬
‫ اﻧﺒﺴﺎط ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬20-1-7
7.1.20 Thermal expansions
‫اﻏﻠﺐ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻜﺎري ﺿﺮﻳﺐ اﻧﺒﺴﺎط ﻛﻤﺘﺮي ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰات‬
‫ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ و‬،‫ اﺧﺘﻼف ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﻄﻮح ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺷﺪه‬.‫دارﻧﺪ‬
Most thermal insulating materials have a lower
thermal expansion coefficient than metals.
Differential thermal movement between the
79
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
insulated surface, insulation and outer finish shall
be considered.
.‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
7.1.21 Resistance to compaction
‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻓﺸﺮدﮔﻲ‬21-1-7
Loose fill material and unbounded mattresses are
liable to compact under the influence of vibration
and thermal cycling. Therefore they shall have
resistance to compaction due to vibration and
thermal cycling.
‫ در اﺛﺮ ﻟﺮزش‬،‫ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻏﻴﺮ ﭼﺴﺒﺎن و ﻻﻳﻲﻫﺎي ﭼﺴﺒﻴﺪه ﻧﺸﺪه‬
‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬.‫و ﭼﺮﺧﻪﻫﺎي ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ در ﻣﻌﺮض ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻓﺸﺮدﮔﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﻟﺮزشﻫﺎ و ﭼﺮﺧﻪﻫﺎي ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
.‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬
7.1.22 Resistance to vermin and fungus
‫ ﺣﺸﺮات و‬،‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺣﻴﻮاﻧﺎت ﺟﻮﻧﺪه‬22-1-7
‫ﻗﺎرچﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮص ﺑﺮاي اﺟﻨﺎس در اﻧﺒﺎرﻫﺎي ﺳﺮد در‬
‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺣﻴﻮاﻧﺎت ﺟﻮﻧﺪه ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﻮش ﻳﺎ ﺣﺸﺮات و ﻗﺎرﭼﻬﺎ ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﺳﻄﻮح ﻋﺎﻳﻖﺑﻨﺪي ﻛﻪ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﻣﺮﻃﻮب‬.‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺑﺎ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮادي ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬،‫ﺷﺪن را دارﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‬.‫اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدات ﻣﻮرد ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮاد ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺟﺬب ﺑﺮاي ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎي ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻄﻠﻮب‬
.‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
The resistance of insulation to vermin, insects and
fungal growth can be important, particularly in
cold stores for goods. Insulation surfaces likely to
become wet shall not be finished with materials
that may be attacked by these agencies. Finishing
with non-absorptive materials is desirable for
severe cases.
7.2 Considerations
Accessory Materials
in
Characteristics
‫ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت در وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮاد ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬2-7
of
7.2.1 Vapor barriers
‫ ﺑﺨﺎرﺑﻨﺪﻫﺎ‬1-2-7
7.2.1.1 General
‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬1-1-2-7
Condensation of water will occur on surfaces at
temperatures below the atmospheric dew point,
due to water vapor drawn towards the cold surface
as a result of difference in partial vapor pressure
between the air at ambient temperature and that at
the temperature of the cold surface. Unless it is
possible for this moisture to be re-evaporated, it
can be absorbed into any permeable insulating
material that may be applied to the cold surface,
thus increasing the thermal conductivity of that
material, with impairment of its effectiveness.
‫ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ آب روي ﺳﻄﻮح ﺑﺎ دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺷﺒﻨﻢ ﻫﻮا در‬
‫اﺛﺮ ﻛﺸﻴﺪه ﺷﺪن ﺑﺨﺎر آب ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮف ﺳﻄﺢ ﺳﺮد ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از اﺧﺘﻼف‬
‫ﻓﺸﺎر ﺟﺰﻳﻲ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﻴﻦ دﻣﺎي ﻫﻮاي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ و دﻣﺎي ﺳﻄﺢ ﺳﺮد‬
‫ در ﺻﻮرت اﻣﻜﺎن ﺑﺨﺎر ﺷﺪن ﻣﺠﺪد رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ‬.‫رخ ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ‬
‫ﺟﺬب ﻫﺮ ﻣﺎده ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻧﻔﻮذ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ روي ﺳﻄﺢ ﺳﺮد‬
‫ ﻟﺬا ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺎده اﺛﺮﺑﺨﺸﻲ‬،‫اﻋﻤﺎل ﺷﺪه ﮔﺮدد‬
.‫آن را آﺳﻴﺐ ﻣﻲ رﺳﺎﻧﺪ‬
The purpose of the vapor barrier is to reduce, and
if possible to prevent, the ingress of water vapor
into the insulating material, Thus, the barrier shall
always be applied to the warmer surface of the
material. It may take the form of a coating or sheet
material resistant to the passage of water vapor,
i.e., of low permeability, and the sealing of joints
and overlaps shall be effective.
‫ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ و در ﺻﻮرت اﻣﻜﺎن ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ورود‬،‫ﻫﺪف از ﺑﺨﺎرﺑﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺎرﺑﻨﺪ را ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ روي‬،‫ﺑﺨﺎر آب ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎده‬.‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﮔﺮﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻮاد ﺑﻜﺎر ﻣﻴﺒﺮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﭘﻮﺷﺸﻲ ﻳﺎ ورق در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻋﺒﻮر ﺑﺨﺎرآب ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ و آﺑﺒﻨﺪي اﺗﺼﺎﻻت و ﻫﻤﭙﻮﺷﺎﻧﻲ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬،‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻔﻮذﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﻛﻢ‬
.‫ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
80
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
Insulating materials that consist substantially of
closed cells possess an inherent resistance to the
passage of water vapor, but open-cell insulants
and loose fill porous materials are readily
permeable to water vapor. Even with materials
that have good resistance to the transmission of
water vapor, differential movement of plant and
insulation can cause joints in the latter to open,
thus allowing moisture to penetrate towards the
underlying surface. Joint-sealing compounds also
may fail to exclude water vapor completely, in
which case the contained water or ice may form
strongly conducting paths from the surface of the
plant to the ambient air.
ً‫ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ در واﻗﻊ از ﺣﻔﺮه ﻫﺎي ﺑﺴﺘﻪ و ﺑﻬﻢ ﭼﺴﺒﻴﺪه ﻛﻪ ذاﺗﺎ‬
‫ اﻣﺎ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻲ ﻛﻪ‬،‫ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺑﻪ ﺑﺨﺎر آب ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺨﻠﺨﻞ و داراي ﺣﻔﺮه ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎز ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ راﺣﺘﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ ﺣﺘﻲ ﻣﻮادي ﻛﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل‬.‫ﺑﺨﺎر آب ﻧﻔﻮذ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺨﺎر آب ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ دارﻧﺪ در اﺛﺮ اﺧﺘﻼف ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ واﺣﺪ و‬
‫ ﻛﻪ اﺟﺎزه‬،‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺟﺪاﺷﺪن اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت‬.‫ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮف ﺳﻄﺢ زﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻔﻮذ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫آﺑﺒﻨﺪ اﺗﺼﺎل ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ در ﻣﺠﺰا ﻛﺮدن ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺨﺎر آب ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬
‫ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ و در اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ آب ﻫﻤﺮاه ﻳﺎ ﻳﺦ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎي‬
.‫ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ از ﺳﻄﺢ واﺣﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮاي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ را ﺑﺎ ﻗﺪرت ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ دﻫﺪ‬
7.2.1.2 Vapor barriers for use over insulation
on surfaces below dew point
‫ ﺑﺨﺎرﺑﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺑﺮ روي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ در‬2-1-2-7
Since it is essential to prevent the deposition of
moisture, with the consequent risk of ice
formation within the insulating material in those
zones that are below freezing point, the use of an
effective vapor barrier is an important technical
requirement. The deposition of moisture within
the insulating material could lead to eventual
saturation of the material, with possible resultant
mechanical and physical deterioration within the
insulation system, and the risk of corrosive attack
on the insulated metal surface. It is essential that
the barrier shall not be used as the exposed surface
finish if it is likely to be damaged during service;
it should be noted that even penetration by pinholes will impair the effectiveness of the vapor
seal.
‫ﭼﻮن ﻻزم اﺳﺖ از ﻧﺸﺴﺖ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻄﺮ ﻳﺦ زدﮔﻲ‬
،‫در داﺧﻞ ﻣﺎده ﻋﺎﻳﻖ در ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ ﻛﻪ زﻳﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ اﻧﺠﻤﺎد ﻗﺮار دارﻧﺪ‬
‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺑﺨﺎرﺑﻨﺪ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﻳﻚ اﻟﺰام ﻓﻨﻲ ﻣﻬﻢ‬،‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻧﺸﺴﺖ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ در داﺧﻞ ﻣﺎده ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬.‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫اﺷﺒﺎع ﻣﺎده و ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﺳﻮدﮔﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ و ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ و ﺧﻄﺮ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻠﺰ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺷﺪه را‬،‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺷﺪه‬
‫ اﮔﺮ در ﻃﻮل ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد اﺣﺘﻤﺎل آﺳﻴﺐ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺑﻬﻤﺮاه ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ داﺷﺖ‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬:‫ﺑﺨﺎرﺑﻨﺪ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻜﺎر رود‬
‫ اﺛﺮﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺑﺨﺎرﺑﻨﺪ را از ﺑﻴﻦ‬،‫داﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻔﻮذ از ﺳﻮراﺧﻬﺎي رﻳﺰ‬
.‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺮد‬
7.2.1.3 Vapor barriers for use over insulation
on surfaces above dew point
‫ ﺑﺨﺎرﺑﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺑﺮ روي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ در‬3-1-2-7
If the cold surface is at temperatures below the
atmospheric dew point for short periods only, any
deposited moisture may evaporate later, in this
case the use of a vapor barrier may not be
essential, or a surface breather coat may be
adequate.
‫اﮔﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺳﺮد ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺮاي دوره ﻫﺎي ﻛﻮﺗﺎه در دﻣﺎي زﻳﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬
‫ ﻫﺮ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﺸﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﻌﺪاً ﺑﺨﺎر‬،‫ﺷﺒﻨﻢ ﻫﻮا ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
‫ در اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﻜﺎرﮔﻴﺮي ﺑﺨﺎرﺑﻨﺪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺿﺮورت‬.‫ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻳﺎ ﻳﻚ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻫﻮاﻛﺶ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ‬،‫ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺖ ﻛﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺳﻄﻮح زﻳﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺷﺒﻨﻢ‬
‫ﺳﻄﻮح ﺑﺎﻻي ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺷﺒﻨﻢ‬
It should be noted that the atmospheric dew point
is likely to vary from day to day in accordance
with the relative humidity, so that account shall be
taken of this likely variation when the
requirements of vapor protection are under
consideration.
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ داﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺷﺒﻨﻢ ﻫﻮا روز ﺑﻪ روز ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ ﺑﻄﻮري ﻛﻪ در ﺻﻮرت ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ‬،‫رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‬
.‫ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺑﺨﺎري اﻳﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
81
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
‫ ﻣﻮاد ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬2-2-7
7.2.2 Finishing materials
‫ﺑﻄﻮر ﻛﻠﻲ ﺳﻬﻢ ﻣﻮاد ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ در ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻲ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻏﻤﺎض ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ اﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺳﻄﺢ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻳﻜﻲ از دﻻﻳﻞ‬
:‫زﻳﺮ ﻣﻄﻠﻮب ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
The contribution of finishing materials to the
thermal effectiveness of the insulation system is in
general, negligible, but usually surface finishing is
desirable for one of the following reason:
a) To give appropriate protection against
mechanical damage.
.‫اﻟﻒ( اﻳﺠﺎد ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﺴﺎرت ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬
b) To assist in identifying the pipe or vessel.
This may be achieved by painting, either with a
characteristic color or by means of colored
bands at intervals. This identification also may
be used to indicate the direction of flow for the
fluid content. (See IPS-E-TP-100 for
identification color.) To protect against water,
snow, air borne, deposits, sunlight or ozone.
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ‬.‫ب( ﻛﻤﻚ در ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻇﺮف‬
c) To give protection against excessive
moisture, corrosive vapor, etc., in the
atmosphere.
‫ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه و‬،‫ج( ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﺑﻴﺶ از اﻧﺪازه‬
d) To give protection against spillage of oils
and other flammable liquids.\
‫د( ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻮاد ﻧﻔﺘﻲ رﻳﺨﺖ و ﭘﺎش ﺷﺪه و دﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫وﺳﻴﻠﻪ رﻧﮓ آﻣﻴﺰي ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ رﻧﮓ اﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬
‫ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ اﻳﻦ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ‬.‫ﻧﻮارﻫﺎي رﻧﮕﻲ در ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺮاي ﻧﺸﺎن دادن ﺟﻬﺖ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺳﻴﺎل داﺧﻞ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي رﻧﮓ‬IPS-E-TP-100 ‫ )ﺑﻪ‬.‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻫﻮاي‬،‫ ﺑﺮف‬،‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد( ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ آب‬
.‫ ﻧﻮرﺧﻮرﺷﻴﺪ ﻳﺎ اوزن ﺻﻮرت ﮔﻴﺮد‬،‫ رﺳﻮﺑﺎت‬،‫ﻣﺮﻃﻮب‬
.‫ در ﻫﻮا‬،‫ﻏﻴﺮه‬
.‫ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل‬
e) To improve appearance or to provide a
surface that can be cleaned easily.
‫ﻫ( اﺻﻼح ﻇﺎﻫﺮي ﻳﺎ ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮان ﺑﺮاﺣﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ‬
.‫ﻧﻤﻮد‬
f) To retard, or if possible to prevent, the
spread of flame.
‫و( ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﺮدن ﻳﺎ در ﺻﻮرت اﻣﻜﺎن ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﮔﺴﺘﺮش‬
g) To protect against chemical attack, vermin,
and mould growth
‫ ﺟﺎﻧﻮران ﺟﻮﻧﺪه و رﺷﺪ‬،‫ز( ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
h) To resist against heat in the case of metallic
jacketing
‫ح( ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺣﺮارت در ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ روﻛﺶ ﻓﻠﺰي‬
‫آﺗﺶ‬
.‫ﻗﺎرچﻫﺎ‬
.‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
82
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
‫ ﻣﻮاد ﻧﮕﻬﺪارﻧﺪه‬3-2-7
7.2.3 Securing materials
‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬1-3-2-7
7.2.3.1 General
‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻜﺎري ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﭼﺴﺐ ﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ وﺳﺎﻳﻞ‬
.‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ از ﻫﺮ دو ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
Insulation systems may be secured by means of
adhesives, by mechanical means, or by a
combination of both.
‫ ﭼﺴﺐ ﻫﺎ‬2-3-2-7
7.2.3.2 Adhesives
‫ ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎذﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ داﺷﺘﻪ و‬1-2-3-2-7
7.2.3.2.1 Adhesion depends on molecular forces
and, because the surfaces in thermal insulation
systems are often rough and irregular, adhesives
used for these systems require special gap-filling
properties. Compatibility with the surfaces
involved is also important and particular
insulating materials may require specific
adhesives. Fluid primers may be required to assist
penetration and wetting, particularly when it is
necessary to bond or to consolidate friable
surfaces.
‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻄﻮح ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً زﺑﺮ و‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﭼﺴﺐ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ در اﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻜﺎر ﻣﻴﺮوﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺳﺎزﮔﺎري ﺑﺎ‬.‫ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮاص وﻳﮋه ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ درز دارﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺳﻄﻮح درﮔﻴﺮ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﻮده و ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﺨﺼﻮص ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ آﺳﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎي ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬.‫ﭼﺴﺐﻫﺎي وﻳﮋهاي ﻧﻴﺎز داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻻزم‬،‫اﺳﺖ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻔﻮذ و ﺗﺮ ﺷﺪن‬
.‫اﺳﺖ ﺑﭽﺴﺒﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻄﻮح ﺷﻜﻨﻨﺪه را ﻳﻜﭙﺎرﭼﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد‬2-2-3-2-7
7.2.3.2.2 Classification according to use
‫ﭼﺴﺐﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﺎري ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ‬
:‫ﺑﻨﺪي ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
Adhesives for insulation may be classified as
follows:
‫ ﭼﺴﺒﻬﺎي اﺗﺼﺎل ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬1-2-2-3-2-7
7.2.3.2.2.1 Insulation bonding adhesives
‫اﻳﻦ ﻧﻮع ﭼﺴﺐﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﻗﺎﻟﺐﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎي ﺷﻜﻞ داده‬
‫ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ارﺗﺠﺎع ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮدﺷﺎن و ﺑﻪ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات و‬،‫ﺷﺪه‬
‫ ﻣﻮاد ﺑﻜﺎر رﻓﺘﻪ در اﻳﻦ ﭼﺴﺐﻫﺎ ﺑﺎدوام و‬.‫ﻛﺎﻧﺎلﻫﺎ ﺑﻜﺎر ﻣﻴﺮوﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎً ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ ﺑﺮاي درزﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
.‫ داراي اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﺑﺎﻻ و ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﻮاد ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬،‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬
.(‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬11 ‫)ﺑﻪ ﺟﺪول‬
These adhesives are used for securing preformed
slabs and sections, or flexible insulating materials
to themselves and to structures such as equipment
and ducts. Generally the substances in this group
are of relatively heavy consistency and have good
gap-filling characteristics, i.e., are of high build
and have high solids content (see Table 11).
‫ ﭘﻮﺷﺶﻫﺎي ﺑﻪ اﺻﻄﻼح ﭼﺴﺒﻲ‬2-2-2-3-2-7
7.2.3.2.2.2 So-called ’lagging’ adhesives
‫ آﻫﺎر زدن و ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺳﻄﻮح ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ روي‬،‫اﻳﻦ ﭼﺴﺐﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً اﺳﺘﺎت ﭘﻠﻲ وﻳﻨﻴﻞ‬.‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺎري و ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺑﻜﺎر ﻣﻴﺮود‬
.‫( و اﻣﻮﻟﺴﻴﻮنﻫﺎي ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ آب ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬PVA) ‫ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻜﺎري‬
These adhesives are used for bonding, sizing and
coating surface-finishing fabrics over insulated
pipe work and equipment. Usually these are
water-based polyvinyl acetate (PVA) and PVA
copolymer emulsions.
7.2.3.2.2.3
adhesives
Facing
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
and
film-attachment
‫ ﭼﺴﺐ ﻫﺎي روﻛﺶ و اﺗﺼﺎل ﻻﻳﻪﻫﺎ‬3-2-2-3-2-7
These adhesives are used for attaching flexible
laminates, foils and plastics film to thermal
‫ ورﻗﻪﻫﺎي‬،‫اﻳﻦ ﭼﺴﺐ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاي اﺗﺼﺎل ﻻﻳﻪﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻧﻌﻄﺎف‬
83
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
insulation, and for bonding the overlaps of these
materials.
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
‫ﻧﺎزك ﻓﻠﺰي و ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ و ﺑﺮاي ﻫﻤﭙﻮﺷﺎﻧﻲ‬
.‫اﺗﺼﺎل ﻋﺎﻳﻖﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻣﻲرود‬
‫ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدي‬3-2-3-2-7
7.2.3.2.3 Application characteristics
:‫ﺧﻮاص ﻣﻬﻤﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﺑﻜﺎرﮔﻴﺮي ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ از‬
Important properties that affect use are:
‫ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ‬،‫ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬،‫اﻟﻒ( ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر‬
a) Build, i.e., ability to resist sagging, etc.;
.‫ و ﻏﻴﺮه‬، ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ ﭘﺎﺷﺶ و ﻏﻴﺮه‬،‫ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﺜﺎل ﺑﺮاي ﻗﻠﻢ ﻣﻮ زدن‬،‫ب( ﭘﺎﻳﺪاري‬
b) Consistency, i.e., suitability for brushing,
spraying, etc.;
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ؛‬
‫ج( ﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﻨﺪﮔﻲ؛‬
c) Coverage;
d) Solids content (influencing the ease with
which solvents or water are lost);
‫د( ﻣﻮاد ﺟﺎﻣﺪ )ﺑﺎ از دﺳﺖ دادن آب و ﺣﻼل ﺑﻪ آﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬
e) Degree of absorption with porous insulating
materials.
.‫ﻫ( ﻣﻴﺰان ﺟﺬب ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﺘﺨﻠﺨﻞ‬
‫اﺛﺮﮔﺬار ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ(؛‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺧﻮاص ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ‬
:‫از‬
Other properties that may require consideration
are:
- Flashpoint;
- Toxicity;
- Temperature and humidity range (for
application);
- Range of bonding times;
‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل؛‬
-
‫ﺳﻤﻲ ﺑﻮدن؛‬
-
‫ﻣﺤﺪوده دﻣﺎ و رﻃﻮﺑﺖ )ﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد(؛‬
-
‫ﻣﺤﺪوده زﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎي ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪﮔﻲ؛‬
-
‫ زﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎي ﺳﺨﺖ ﺷﺪن؛‬-
- Curing times;
‫ ﭘﺎﻳﺪاري در اﻧﺒﺎﺷﺖ؛‬-
- Stability in storage;
‫ اﻣﻜﺎن ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه؛‬-
- Possibility of corrosive attack;
‫ ﺧﻄﺮ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺣﻼﻟﻬﺎ؛‬-
- Danger from attack by solvents.
،‫)از دﺳﺖ دادن ﺗﺪرﻳﺠﻲ آب ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ را اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ دﻫﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم‬،‫ﭼﺴﺐ ﻫﺎي ﻗﻠﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎت ﺳﺪﻳﻢ‬
‫و اﻟﻴﺎف ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﻛﻨﺪ; ﻓﻮﻣﻬﺎي آﻟﻲ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﺎً ﭘﻠﻲ اﺳﺘﺎﻳﺮﻳﻦ‬
.(‫در ﻣﻌﺮض ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻼﻟﻬﺎي ﺧﺎص ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
(Slow loss of water can give rise to corrosion;
alkaline adhesives, e.g., sodium silicate, can attack
aluminum and glass fiber; organic foams,
especially polystyrene, are susceptible to attack by
certain solvents.)
84
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
TABLE 10 - INSULATION BONDING ADHESIVES FOR PREFORMED SECTIONS AND SLABS
‫ ﭼﺴﺐ ﻫﺎي اﺗﺼﺎل ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ و ﻗﺎﻟﺒﻬﺎي ﭘﻴﺶ ﺷﻜﻞ داده ﺷﺪه‬-10 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
Mineral fiber (Glass, Rock, Slag)
(‫ ﺳﺮﺑﺎره‬،‫ ﺳﻨﮓ‬،‫اﻟﻴﺎف ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ )ﺷﻴﺸﻪ‬
Polystyrene foam
‫ﻓﻮم ﭘﻠﻲ اﺳﺘﺎﻳﺮن‬
Styrene-butadiene rubber (SRB) emulsion and solutions, neoprene-phenolics, bitumen/rubber
emulsion and solutions, natural rubber solutions, alkyd solutions, latex rubber/hydraulic cement
،‫ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬/‫ اﻣﻮﻟﺴﻴﻮن و ﻣﺤﻠﻮلﻫﺎي ﻗﻴﺮ‬،‫ ﻧﺌﻮﭘﺮن – ﻓﻨﻮﻟﻴﻚ‬،(SBR) ‫اﻣﻮﻟﺴﻴﻮن و ﻣﺤﻠﻮلﻫﺎي ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ اﺳﺘﺎﻳﺮن – ﺑﻮﺗﺎدﻳﻦ‬
.‫ﺳﻴﻤﺎن آﺑﻲ‬/‫ ﺷﻴﺮه ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬،‫ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎي اﻟﻜﻴﺪي‬،‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎي ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬
Some SBR solutions, SBR emulsions, bitumen/rubber emulsions, rubber/alcohol solutions,
polyurethanes, latex rubber/hydraulic cement
‫ ﺷﻴﺮه‬،‫ ﭘﻠﻲ اورﺗﺎن ﻫﺎ‬،‫اﻟﻜﻞ‬/‫ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻫﺎي ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬،‫ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬/‫ اﻣﻮﻟﺴﻴﻮﻧﻬﺎي ﻗﻴﺮ‬SBR ‫ اﻣﻮﻟﺴﻴﻮن ﻫﺎي‬،SBR ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎي‬
.‫ﺳﻴﻤﺎن آﺑﻲ‬/‫ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬
Polyurethane foam
‫ﻓﻮم ﭘﻠﻲ اورﺗﺎن‬
Polyisocyanurate foam ‫ﻓﻮم ﭘﻠﻲ اﻳﺰوﺳﻴﺎﻧﻮرات‬
SBR solutions, neoprene-phenolics, filled alkyd solutions, polyurethanes, bitumen/rubber emulsions,
hot-melt bitumen
‫ ﻗﻴﺮ داغ ﻣﺬاب‬،‫ اﻣﻮﻟﺴﻴﻮنﻫﺎي ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬،‫ ﭘﻠﻲ اورﺗﺎن ﻫﺎ‬،‫ ﻣﺤﻠﻮلﻫﺎي اﻟﻜﻴﺪي ﭘﺮﺷﺪه‬،‫ ﻧﺌﻮﭘﺮن – ﻓﻨﻮﻟﻴﻚﻫﺎ‬،SBR ‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻫﺎي‬
SBR solutions, neoprene-phenolics, filled alkyd solutions, polyurethanes, bitumen/rubber emulsions,
hot-melt bitumens
- ‫ ﻗﻴﺮﻫﺎي داغ‬،‫ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬/‫ اﻣﻮﻟﺴﻴﻮنﻫﺎ ﻗﻴﺮ‬،‫ ﭘﻠﻲ اورﺗﺎنﻫﺎ‬،‫ ﻣﺤﻠﻮلﻫﺎي اﻟﻜﻴﺪي ﭘﺮﺷﺪه‬،‫ ﻧﺌﻮﭘﺮن – ﻓﻨﻮﻟﻴﻚﻫﺎ‬،SBR ‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻫﺎي‬
‫ﻣﺬاب‬
Phenolic foam
Baked cork
‫ﻓﻮم ﻓﻨﻮﻟﻴﻚ‬
‫ﭼﻮب ﭘﻨﺒﻪ ﭘﺨﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه‬
SBR solutions, bitumen/rubber emulsions, filled alkyd solutions, latex rubber/hydraulic cement,
polyurethane, hot-melt bitumens
،‫ ﭘﻠﻲ اورﺗﺎنﻫﺎ‬،‫ﺳﻴﻤﺎن آﺑﻲ‬/‫ ﺷﻴﺮه ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬،‫ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻫﺎي اﻟﻜﻴﺪي ﭘﺮﺷﺪه‬،‫ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬/‫ اﻣﻮﻟﺴﻴﻮن ﻫﺎي ﻗﻴﺮ‬،SBR ‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻫﺎي‬
‫ ﻣﺬاب‬- ‫ﻗﻴﺮﻫﺎي داغ‬
Natural rubber solutions or lattices, SBR emulsion or solutions, hot-melt bitumens
‫ ﻣﺬاب‬- ‫ ﻗﻴﺮﻫﺎي داغ‬،SBR ‫ ﻣﺤﻠﻮلﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ اﻣﻮﻟﺴﻴﻮن‬،‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻫﺎي ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺷﺒﻜﻪﻫﺎ‬
Expanded polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
(PVC) ‫ﭘﻠﻲ وﻳﻨﻴﻞ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﺒﺴﻂ ﺷﺪه‬
Neoprene-phenolic, nitrilephenolic, epoxies hot-melt bitumens, polyurethanes
Cellular glass
Latex rubber/hydraulic cement, polyurethanes, epoxies, bitumen/rubber solutions and emulsions, hotmelt bitumens
‫ﺷﻴﺸﻪﻫﺎي ﺷﺒﻜﻪاي‬
‫ ﭘﻠﻲ اورﺗﺎﻧﻬﺎ‬،‫ ﻗﻴﺮﻫﺎي ﻣﺬاب ﮔﺮم‬،‫ ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻳﻞ ﻓﻨﻮﻟﻴﻚ اﭘﻮﻛﺴﻲﻫﺎ‬،‫ﻧﺌﻮﭘﺮن – ﻓﻨﻮﻟﻴﻚ‬
‫ ﻣﺬاب‬- ‫ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ و ﻗﻴﺮﻫﺎي ﮔﺮم‬/‫ اﻣﻮﻟﺴﻴﻮنﻫﺎ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎي ﻗﻴﺮ‬،‫ اﭘﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻫﺎ‬،‫ ﭘﻠﻲ اورﺗﺎﻧﻬﺎ‬،‫ﺳﻴﻤﺎن آﺑﻲ‬/‫ﺷﻴﺮه ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬
:‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
Note:
‫ﮔﺮوه ﻫﺎي ﭼﺴﺐ در اﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه و‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ وﺟﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﻌﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻮاد ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎدي‬
‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬.‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪﮔﺎن ﭼﺴﺐ ﻳﺎ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺮ روي ﺗﻤﺎم ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻌﺎن ﺷﺪه در اﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ ﻫﺮ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
.‫ﺧﺎص ﻳﺎ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت دﻳﮕﺮ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﻴﺮد‬
The adhesive groups shown here are indicative
only and in no way preclude selection of
alternative materials recommended by the
adhesive or insulant manufacturer. Final selection
should be made only after full consideration of all
the factors outlined in this section together with
any special chemical resistance or other
requirements.
‫ ﺧﻮاص ﻛﺎرﺑﺮي‬4-2-3-2-7
7.2.3.2.4 Service properties
‫ﺧﻮاﺻﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ رﻓﺘﺎر ﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺲ از ﻧﺼﺐ اﺛﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺮار‬
:‫زﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
Properties affecting the behaviour of the adhesive
after installation are as follows:
‫ ﻣﺤﺪودهﻫﺎي دﻣﺎ‬1-4-2-3-2-7
7.2.3.2.4.1 Temperature limits
‫ﻣﺤﺪوده دﻣﺎﻳﻲ وﺟﻮد دارد ﻛﻪ ﭼﺴﺐ در ﺑﻴﻦ آن ﺑﺪون از دﺳﺖ‬
There are limiting temperatures between which an
adhesive will remain effective without significant
85
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
loss of bond strength. Most adhesives for thermal
insulation have service temperature limits within
the range -50°C to +120°C, although many special
adhesive/insulation combinations can be used
outside this range.
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
‫ اﻛﺜﺮ ﭼﺴﺐﻫﺎ‬.‫دادن ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺪرت ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﻴﻤﺎﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﺗﺎ‬-50 ‫ﺑﺮاي ﻋﺎﻳﻖﻫﺎي ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻣﺤﺪوده دﻣﺎي ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ اﮔﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﺧﺎص‬،‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد دارﻧﺪ‬120
.‫ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺧﺎرج از اﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﺪوده اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬/‫ﭼﺴﺐ‬
‫ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪﮔﻲ‬2-4-2-3-2-7
7.2.3.2.4.2 Adhesive strength
‫ﺑﻪ واﺳﻄﻪ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻮده اي ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ و ﺿﻌﻒ ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬
‫ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ اﻟﺰام اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم زﻳﺎد ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪﮔﻲ‬،‫ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻲ‬
‫ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺣﺎﺷﻴﻪ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬،‫ ﺑﻬﺮﺣﺎل‬.‫ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﻤﺎم ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﺶ از اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﮕﻲ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻮاد ﺑﺎ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻮده اي و اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم‬.‫ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ و اﻳﻦ ﭼﺴﺐﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ‬،‫ ﭼﺴﺐ ﻗﻮي ﺗﺮ ﻧﻴﺎز ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‬،‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺣﺎﺷﻴﻪ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازه ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺑﺎر ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز را داﺷﺘﻪ‬
.‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
Because of the low bulk density and loose
bonding of many insulating materials, high
strength of adhesive is not usually the most
important requirement. However, the adhesive
strength has to exceed the cohesive strength of the
insulating material by a safe margin under all
conditions of service. For materials of higher bulk
density and strength, stronger adhesive will be
required, and these have to be adequate to carry
the required load with an ample margin of safety.
‫ ﺳﺎز و ﻛﺎر ﺳﺨﺖ ﺷﺪن‬5-2-3-2-7
7.2.3.2.5 Mechanism of curing
‫ ﭼﺴﺐ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺣﻼل‬1-5-2-3-2-7
7.2.3.2.5.1 Solvent-based adhesives
‫ﺳﺎز و ﻛﺎر ﺳﺨﺖ ﺷﺪن از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﻣﻮاد آﻟﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺣﻼلﻫﺎي‬
‫آﺑﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺟﺬب آب ﺑﻪ ﺧﻠﻞ و ﻓﺮج ﭼﺴﺐﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﺑﻌﺪي‬
.‫آن ﺻﻮرت ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮد‬
The mechanism of curing is by the evaporation of
organic or aqueous solvents or by the absorption
of water into porous adherents with subsequent
evaporation.
‫ ﭼﺴﺐ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬2-5-2-3-2-7
7.2.3.2.5.2 Chemically curing adhesives
.‫ﺳﺨﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
The group of adhesives generally set by a
chemically activated cross-linking process.
‫اﻳﻦ ﮔﺮوه از ﭼﺴﺐﻫﺎ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ اﺗﺼﺎل ﻣﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬
.‫ﺑﺮ ﻫﻢ ﻛﻨﺶ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳــﻲ آﻣﺎده ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﭼﺴﺐ ﻫﺎي ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ذوب‬3-5-2-3-2-7
7.2.3.2.5.3 Hot melt adhesives
‫اﻳﻦ ﭼﺴﺐﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﮔﺮاﻧﺮو داغ ﺑﻜﺎر ﻣﻲروﻧﺪ و ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﺷﺪن در اﺛﺮ ﺳﺮد ﺷﺪن در دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻳﻚ‬
.‫ﭼﺴﺐ ﺳﺨﺖ در ﻣﻲ آﻳﻨﺪ‬
These are applied as hot viscous liquids and form
a bond by solidification on cooling to ambient
temperatures.
7.2.3.2.6 Types of adhesives
‫ اﻧﻮاع ﭼﺴﺐ ﻫﺎ‬6-2-3-2-7
Following is the list of some adhesive as a
guidance only. For some information on
properties reference is made to BS 5970 and for
specification see IPS-M-TP-710:
‫در زﻳﺮ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﭼﺴﺐﻫﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان راﻫﻨﻤﺎ ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ‬
‫ و‬BS 5970 ‫ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ و ﺑﺮاي اﻃﻼع از ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺧﻮاص آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ‬
.‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬IPS-M-TP-710 ‫ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻓﻨﻲ ﺑﻪ‬
.‫اﻟﻒ( ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﻗﻴﺮي‬
a) Bitumens.
.‫ب( رزﻳﻦﻫﺎي اﭘﻮﻛﺴﻲ‬
b) Epoxy resins.
86
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
c) Natural rubber.
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
.‫ج( ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬
d) Neoprene phenolic.
.‫د( ﻧﺌﻮﭘﺮن ﻓﻨﻮﻟﻴﻚ‬
e) Nitrite phenolic.
.‫ﻫ( ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻳﺖ ﻓﻨﻮﻟﻴﻚ‬
f) Polyvinyl acetate.
.‫و( ﭘﻠﻲ وﻳﻨﻴﻞ اﺳﺘﺎت‬
g) Reclaimed rubber.
.‫ز( ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ اﺣﻴﺎء ﺷﺪه‬
h) Styrene-butadiene-(SBR) based cement.
(SBR). ‫ح ( ﺳﻴﻤﺎن ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻳﺮن – ﺑﻮﺗﺎدﻳﻦ‬
i) Alkyd resins.
.‫ط( رزﻳﻦ ﻫﺎي اﻟﻜﻴﺪي‬
j) Rubber latex/hydraulic cement.
.‫ﺳﻴﻤﺎن آﺑﻲ‬/‫ي( ﺷﻴﺮه ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬
k) Polyurethanes.
.‫ك( ﭘﻠﻲ اورﺗﺎن ﻫﺎ‬
‫ ﻧﮕﻬﺪارﻧﺪه ﻫﺎي ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬3-3-2-7
7.2.3.3 Mechanical securements
7.2.3.3.1 The securing materials under this
heading generally can be classified as welded
attachments, bolted fittings, or banding and wire
securements. Care is required to avoid bimetallic
contact between metals of appreciably different
electrochemical properties.
‫ ﻣﻮاد ﻧﮕﻬﺪارﻧﺪه در اﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎً ﺑﻪ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬1-3-3-2-7
7.2.3.3.2 Welded attachments are used mainly on
the vertical faces of piping, or vertical and
downward-facing vessels and equipment. They
can be in the form of cleats, angles, pads, studs,
bolts, nuts, etc., that will provide support for
bolted fittings and permanent datum positions
relative to each other.
-‫ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﺟﻮﺷﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ روي ﺳﻄﻮح ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬2-3-3-2-7
7.2.3.3.3 Bolted fittings are used mainly in
conjunction with welded attachments and they can
be in the form of angle rings, flat rings, etc.; and
such they provide the horizontal support for
insulating and cleading materials.
‫ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﭘﻴﭻ ﺷﺪه اﺻﻮﻻً ﺑﺼﻮرت ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ ﺑﺎ‬3-3-3-2-7
‫ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﭘﻴﭻ ﺷﺪه ﻳﺎ ﻧﮕﻬﺪارﻧﺪهﻫﺎي ﺑﺴﺘﻲ و ﺳﻴﻤﻲ‬،‫ﺟﻮﺷﻲ‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ دﻗﺖ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ از ﺗﻤﺎس ﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﻠﺰات‬.‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪي ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫دوﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮاص اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺳﻲ دارﻧﺪ‬
.‫اﺟﺘﻨﺎب ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻄﻮح ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﻳﺎ رو ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻇﺮوف و ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺑﻜﺎر‬،‫ﻛﺸﻲ‬
،‫ ﻻﻳﻲﻫﺎ‬،‫ ﻧﺒﺸﻲﻫﺎ‬،‫ اﻳﻦ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﮔﻮهﻫﺎ‬.‫ﻣﻲرود‬
‫ ﻣﻬﺮهﻫﺎ و ﻏﻴﺮه ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﭘﻴﭻ ﺷﺪه را‬،‫ﻣﻴﻞ ﭘﻴﭻﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ و ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻫﺎي ﭘﺎﻳﻪ داﻳﻤﻲ در راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ‬
.‫ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ را ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎزد‬
‫اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﺟﻮﺷﻲ ﺑﻜﺎر ﻣﻴﺮوﻧﺪ و ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ واﺷﺮﻫﺎي‬
‫ﻓﻨﺮي و واﺷﺮﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﺖ و ﻏﻴﺮه ﺑﻜﺎر روﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮان‬
‫ﺗﻜﻴﻪﮔﺎه اﻓﻘﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖﻛﺎري و ﭘﻮﺷﺸﻬﺎي ﻓﻠﺰي اﻳﺠﺎد‬
.‫ﻧﻤﻮد‬
‫ ﻧﮕﻬﺪارﻧﺪه ﻫﺎي ﺑﺴﺖ و ﺳﻴﻤﻲ اﺳﺎﺳﺎً ﺑﺮاي‬4-3-3-2-7
7.2.3.3.4 Banding and wire securements are used
mainly to hold materials firmly to the plant to be
insulated; they may be of metal, fabric, plastics
strip, etc.
‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﻣﺤﻜﻢ ﻣﻮاد ﺑﻪ واﺣﺪي ﻛﻪ ﻗﺮار اﺳﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺷﻮد ﺑﻜﺎر‬
‫ ﻧﻮار ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ و ﻏﻴﺮه‬،‫ ﭘﺎرﭼﻪ اي‬،‫ﻣﻴﺮوﻧﺪ و ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻓﻠﺰي‬
.‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
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Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
8. SELECTION OF INSULATION AND
ACCESSORY MATERIALS
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
‫ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻮاد و وﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬-8
8.1 General
‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬1-8
‫ روﻛﺶ ﻛﺮدن و ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬،‫ ﺑﺴﺘﻦ‬،‫ﻣﻮاد ﺑﺮاي ﻋﺎﻳﻖﻛﺎري‬
‫ ﻣﮕﺮ ﺑﻪ‬،‫از ﻣﻮادي ﻛﻪ در زﻳﺮ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬.‫ﻧﺤﻮ دﻳﮕﺮي ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎرﻓﺮﻣﺎ ﺗﻮاﻓﻖ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ )ﺑــﺮاي‬.‫ رﺟﻮع ﺷﻮد‬BS 5422 ‫ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
IPS-M-TP-710 ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ و ﻣﻮاد اﺿﺎﻓــﻲ ﺑــﻪ‬
.(‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
Materials for insulation, fastening, jacketing and
finishing shall be selected from the materials
described below unless otherwise agreed by the
Company. For more information on insulation
materials reference is made to BS 5422. (See
IPS-M-TP-710 for specification of insulation and
accessory materials.)
‫ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬2-8
8.2 Thermal Insulating Materials
-‫ ﻗﺒﻞ از ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢﮔﻴــﺮي ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣــﻮاد ﻋـﺎﻳﻖ‬1-2-8
8.2.1 Before deciding on the insulating materials
to be used for any specific purposes the following
factors shall be considered:
:‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ زﻳﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ داﺷﺖ‬،‫ﻛﺎري در ﻫﺮ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺧﺎص‬
88
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
HOT INSULATION
COLD INSULATION
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﮔﺮم‬
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺳﺮد‬
a) Cold-face temperature (min. & max.) (‫اﻟﻒ( درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﺳﻄﺢ ﺳﺮد )ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ و ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‬
b) Hot-face temperature (max. & min.)
(‫ب( درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﺳﻄﺢ ﮔﺮم )ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ و ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‬
c) Ambient temperature
‫ج( دﻣﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
d) Thermal conductivity
‫د( ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻫ( ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز‬
e) Thickness of insulation required
f) Mechanical strength
g) Health hazard
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
(see 7.1.1)
‫و( ﻗﺪرت ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬
(‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬1-1-7 ‫ز( ﺧﻄﺮ ﺳﻼﻣﺘﻲ )ﺑﻪ ﺑﻨﺪ‬
Cold-face temperature (min. & max.)
(‫درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﺳﻄﺢ ﺳﺮد )ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ و ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‬
Warm-face temperature (max. & min.)
‫درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﺳﻄﺢ ﮔﺮم )ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ و‬
(‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‬
Ambient temperature and humidity.
‫دﻣﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ و رﻃﻮب‬
Thermal conductivity (aged).
(‫ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ )ﭘﻴﺮ ﺳﺎزي‬
Thickness of insulation required.
‫ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﻮرد‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎز‬
Mechanical strength.
‫ﻗﺪرت ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬
Health hazard.
‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ‬1-1-7 ‫)ﺑﻪ ﺑﻨﺪ‬
(‫ﺷﻮد‬
Fire hazard.
h) Fire hazard
‫ح ( ﺧﻄﺮ آﺗﺶ ﺳﻮزي‬
i) Thermal movement (expansion)
(‫ط( ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﮔﺮﻣﺎ )اﻧﺒﺴﺎط‬
j) Permeability of insulating material with need for protection
‫ي( ﻧﻔﻮذﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﻣﺎده ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ‬
k) Protective covering and finish
‫ك( ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ و ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬
l) Cost (including that for application and finish)
(‫ل( ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ )ﺷﺎﻣﻞ اﺟﺮاء و ﻛﺎر ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺧﻄﺮ ﺳﻼﻣﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺧﻄﺮ آﺗﺶ‬
‫ﺳﻮزي‬
Thermal movement (contraction).
‫ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﮔﺮﻣﺎ‬
(‫)اﻧﻘﺒﺎﺿﻲ‬
Vapor sealing of system.
‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ آبﺑﻨﺪي ﺑﺨﺎر‬
Protective covering and finish.
‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ و ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬
Cost (including that for application and finish).
(‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ )ﺷﺎﻣﻞ اﺟﺮا و ﻛﺎر ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ‬
m) Compatibility with atmosphere
and possible spillages
Compatibility with atmosphere and possible spillages
‫ﺳﺎزﮔﺎري ﺑﺎ ﻫﻮا و اﺣﺘﻤﺎل رﻳﺰش‬
‫م( ﺳﺎزﮔﺎري ﺑﺎ ﻫﻮا و اﺣﺘﻤﺎل رﻳﺰش‬
n) Design plant life
‫ن( ﻋﻤﺮ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ واﺣﺪ‬
Design plant life
‫ﻋﻤﺮ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ واﺣﺪ‬
8.2.2 Thermal insulation material(s) shall be
selected based on Table 12.
12 ‫ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺟﺪول ﺷﻤﺎره‬2-2-8
8.2.3 Miscellaneous insulation materials shall be
as following:
.‫ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﺘﻔﺮﻗﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ زﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬3-2-8
8.2.3.1 Expansion or contraction joint materials
shall be loose mineral wool fiber for temperature
limit of -101°C to 650°C.
‫ ﻣﻮاد اﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻧﺒﺴﺎﻃﻲ و اﻧﻘﺒﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از اﻟﻴﺎف‬1-3-2-8
8.2.3.2 Hydraulic-setting thermal insulation
cement shall have asbestos free mineral fiber.
‫ ﺳﻴﻤﺎن ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ آب ﺳﺨﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬2-3-2-8
8.2.3.3 Steam tracer lead insulation tubing should
‫ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ ﮔﺮم ﻛﻦ ﺑﺨﺎر آب ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﻚ‬3-3-2-8
.‫اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
650 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬-101 ‫ﭘﺸﻢ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﻏﻴﺮﭼﺴﺒﺎن ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺤﺪوده دﻣﺎﻳﻲ‬
.‫درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫داراي اﻟﻴﺎف ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﻋﺎري از آزﺑﺴﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
89
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
comprised of an inner layer of braided asbestos
tubing a middle layer of glass fiber insulation and
an outer layer of braided asbestos tubing with a
factory applied weather coat mastic.
‫ ﻳﻚ ﻻﻳﻪ‬،‫ﻻﻳﻪ داﺧﻠﻲ از ﺟﻨﺲ ﭘﻨﺒﻪ ﻧﺴﻮز ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﻟﻮﻟﻪاي‬
‫ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ از ﻋﺎﻳﻖ اﻟﻴﺎف ﺷﻴﺸﻪاي و ﻳﻚ ﻻﻳﻪ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ از ﭘﻨﺒﻪ ﻧﺴﻮز‬
‫ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﻟﻮﻟﻪاي ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻼت ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺟﻮي اﻋﻤﺎل ﺷﺪه‬
.‫در ﻛﺎرﺧﺎﻧــﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
8.2.4 Typical characteristics for a number of
thermal insulating materials available for use
mainly for temperatures higher than ambient
temperatures are indicated in Tables 13 and 14
and the corresponding characteristics for typical
materials particularly suitable for the temperatures
lower than ambient temperatures are indicated in
Tables 15 and 16. It should be noted that
maximum service temperature of some lower
temperature insulation materials are such that they
can be used also for elevated temperatures.
‫ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ وﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎي ﺗﻌﺪادي از ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ در‬4-2-8
-‫دﺳﺘﺮس ﻛﻪ اﺻﻮﻻً ﺑﺮاي دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﺑﻴﺶ از دﻣﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﻜﺎر ﻣﻲ‬
‫ و وﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻮاد ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬14 ‫ و‬13 ‫ در ﺟﺪاول‬.‫روﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬،‫ﻛﻪ اﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﺎً ﺑﺮاي دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ داﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ‬.‫ آﻣﺪه اﺳﺖ‬16 ‫ و‬15 ‫ در ﺟﺪاول‬،‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ دﻣﺎي ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺮاي دﻣﺎي ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺑﮕﻮﻧﻪاي اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮان از آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺮاي دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ‬
.‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻧﻤﻮد‬
Thermal conductivity values versus temperature
for insulating materials are given in Figs. 2a to c.
‫ﻣﻘﺪار ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ دﻣﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ در‬
.‫اﻟﻒ ﺗﺎ )ج( ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬-2 ‫ﺷﻜﻞﻫﺎي‬
8.2.5 Insulation materials specification guide from
the NIA (National insulation Association)
(see Appendix F)
‫ )اﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﻣﻠﻲ‬NIA ‫ راﻫﻨﻤﺎي ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ از‬5-2-8
.(‫ )ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ )و( ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬.‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ( ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
90
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
TABLE 11 - RECOMMENDED THERMAL INSULATION MATERIALS
‫ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه‬-11 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
COMMODITY
SERVICE
‫ﺟﻨﺲ‬
‫ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد‬
RECOMMENDED
MATERIAL
FORM OF
THERMAL INSULATION
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻮاد ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه‬
1-BLANKET
HOT
(HIGHER
THAN
AMBIENT
TEMPERATURE)
600
ROCK/SLAG
MINERAL
FIBER
‫ﺳﺮﺑﺎره‬/‫ﺳﻨﮓ‬
‫اﻟﻴﺎف ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ‬
TEMPERATURE
LIMIT˚ C
‫ﻣﺤﺪوده دﻣﺎ‬
‫ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‬-1
2-PREFORMED PIPE
SECTION
600
‫ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬-2
3-PREFORMED BOARD/SLAB
‫ﮔﺮم )ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از دﻣﺎي‬
540
‫ ﺗﺨﺘﺎل و ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬-3
(‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
1-BLANKET
500
GLASS
‫ﺷﻴﺸﻪ‬
‫ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‬-1
2-PREFORMED PIPE
SECTION
450
‫ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬-2
3-PREFORMED BOARD/SLAB
450
‫ ﺗﺨﺘﺎل و ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬-3
CALCIUM SILICATE
‫ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎت ﻛﻠﺴﻴﻢ‬
PREFORMED BLOCK AND
PIPE SECTION
650
‫ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ و ﺑﻠﻮك ﭘﻴﺶ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬
CERAMIC FIDEX
BLANKET
1150
‫ﺳﺮاﻣﻴﻚ ﻓﻴﺪاﻛﺲ‬
THERMAL
INSULATION
CELLULAR GLASS/FOAM
GLASSS
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‬
BLOCK AND PIPE SECTION
-268 TO 427
‫ﺑﻠﻮك و ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬
‫ﻓﻮم ﺷﻴﺸﻪ‬/‫ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﺷﺒﻜﻪاي‬
COLD
(LOWER
THAN
AMBIENT
TEMPERATURE)
1-SPRAY APPLIED RIGID
CELLULAR
POLYURETHANE
POLYURETHANE
AND
ISOCYANURATE
90
‫ ﭘﻠﻲ اورﺗﺎن ﺷﺒﻜﻪاي ﺳﺨﺖ ﻛﻪ‬-1
‫ﭘﻠﻲ اورﺗﺎن و اﻳﺰوﺳﻴﺎﻧﻮرات‬
‫ﭘﺎﺷﺶ ﺷﺪه‬
2-UNFACED PREFORMED
RIGID CELLULAR
POLYURETHANE BLOCK
AND PIPE SECTION
‫ﺳﺮد )ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از دﻣﺎي‬
(‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
-40 TO 107
‫ ﺑﻠﻮك ﭘﻠﻲ اورﺗﺎن ﺳﺨﺖ ﺷﺒﻜﻪاي و‬-2
‫ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺳﺎزه ﺑﺪون‬
‫روﻛﺶ‬
BAKED CORK
BOARD AND PIPE SECTION
‫ﭼﻮب ﭘﻨﺒﻪ ﭘﺨﺘﻪ‬
CELLULAR GLASS/FOAM
GLASS
‫ﻓﻮم ﺷﻴﺸﻪ‬/‫ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﺷﺒﻜﻪاي‬
91
80
‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ و ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬
BLOCK AND PIPE SECTION
‫ﺑﻠﻮك و ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬
-268 TO 427
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
TABLE 12 - TYPICAL INSULATING MATERIALS FOR USE AT TEMPERATURES HIGHER THAN AMBIENT
‫ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎرﺑﺮي در دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ از ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬-12 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
REF
MATERIAL
‫ردﻳﻒ‬
‫ﻣﺎده‬
PHYSICAL
FORMS
APPROMMATE
MAXIMUM
OPERATING
TEMPERATURE a
°C
TYPE
‫ﻧﻮع‬
‫اﺷﻜﺎل ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ دﻣﺎي ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ‬
NORMAL BULK
DENSITY
Kg/m3
‫ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻮده اي ﻋﺎدي‬
‫ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬/ ‫ﻛﻴﻠﻮ ﮔﺮم‬
‫ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬- ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬
1
Alumnium silicate
‫ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎت آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم‬
Loosefillb
Spray-applied
Blanket felt
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻏﻴﺮ ﭼﺴﺒﻴﺪه‬
‫اﻋﻤﺎل ﺑﻪ روش ﭘﺎﺷﺸﻲ‬
‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻧﻤﺪي‬
Paper
Ropes
2
Body soluble ceramic fibres
‫ﻛﺎﻏﺬ‬
‫ﻃﻨﺎﺑﻲ‬
______
1 260
1 260
1 260
1 260
1 260
80 to 100
150 to 250
50 to 150
200
100 to 150
______
______
1 000
1 010
800
160 to 320
160 to 320
190 to 260
Fibrous ‫اﻟﻴﺎﻓﻲ‬
Fibrous
"
Fibrous
"
Fibrous
"
Fibrous
"
______
‫اﻟﻴﺎف ﺳﺮاﻣﻴﻚ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل‬
3
4
5
Calcium silicate ‫ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎت ﻛﻠﺴﻴﻢ‬
Cellular glass
‫ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‬
Plastic composition
Slabs/lags
Pre-formed pipe sections
Slabs and pipe sections
Plastic composition
Insulating compositions
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬
‫ ﻋﺎﻳﻖﻫﺎي ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬/‫ﻗﺎﻟﺒﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻗﺎﻟﺒﻲ و ﻟﻮﻟﻪ اي‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ‬
Granular ‫داﻧﻪ اي‬
Granular
"
Granular
"
Cellular ‫ﺷﺒﻜﻪاي‬
400
130 to 160
Granular ‫داﻧﻪاي‬
1 000
250 to 1 100
310
310
310
180 to 220
180 to 220
180 to 220
______
______
230
400
230
230
15 to 100
60 to 100
15 to 35
20 to 40
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
6
7
Magnesia
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﻨﻴﺰﻳﻢ‬
Melamine and polyimide
Plastic composition
Pre-formed slabs
Pre-formed pipe sections
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻟﺒﻬﺎي ﭘﻴﺶ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ اي‬
______
Granular
"
Granular
"
Granular
______
"
‫ﻣﻼﻣﻴﻦ و ﭘﻠﻲ آﻣﻴﺪ‬
8
Mineral wool (glass)
(‫ﭘﺸﻢ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ )ﺷﻴﺸﻪ‬
Rigid slabs/lags
‫ ﻋﺎﻳﻖﻫﺎي ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬/‫ﻗﺎﻟﺒﻬﺎي ﺳﺨﺖ‬
Pre-formed pipe sections
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬
Flexible mats
‫ﺣﺼﻴﺮﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻧﻌﻄﺎف‬
Lamella mat
‫ﻻﻳﻪ ﺣﺼﻴﺮي ﻧﻤﺪي‬
Fibrous ‫اﻟﻴﺎﻓﻲ‬
Fibrous
"
Fibrous
"
Fibrous
9
10
Mineral wool (rock)
(‫ﭘﺸﻢ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ )ﺳﻨﮕﻲ‬
Mineral wool /cement/binder
Loose wool
‫ﭘﺸﻢ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻓﺸﺮده‬
Resin-bonded slabs/lags
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖﻫﺎي ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬/‫ﻗﺎﻟﺒﻬﺎي ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ رزﻳﻨﻲ‬
Inorganically-bonded
‫ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ‬
Slabs/lags
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖﻫﺎي ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬/‫ﻗﺎﻟﺒﻬﺎي ﺳﺨﺖ‬
Pre-formed pipe sections
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬
Flexible mats
‫ﺣﺼﻴﺮﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻧﻌﻄﺎف‬
Wired mattresses
‫ﻻﻳﻲﻫﺎي داراي ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺳﻴﻤﻲ‬
Lamella mat
‫ﻻﻳﻪ ﺣﺼﻴﺮي‬
Pipe section mat
‫ﺣﺼﻴﺮ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬
Sprayed
‫ﭘﺎﺷﻴﺪه ﺷﺪه‬
"
Fibrous ‫اﻟﻴﺎﻓﻲ‬
Fibrous
"
Fibrous
"
Fibrous
"
Fibrous
"
Fibrous
"
Fibrous
"
Fibrous
"
Fibrous
"
850
750
50 to 150
20 to 200
1 100
230
850
850
230
650
80 to 150
Up to 45
90 to 130
30 to 48
140
240 to 250
650
100 to 300
‫ﻣﻨﻌﻘﺪﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬/‫ﺳﻴﻤﺎن‬/‫ﭘﺸﻢ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ‬
11
Perlite
12
Phenolic rigid foam
13
Polyurethane rigid foam
‫ﭘﺮﻟﻴﺖ‬
‫ﻓﻮم ﻣﺘﺮاﻛﻢ ﻓﻨﻮﻟﻴﻚ‬
‫ﻓﻮم ﻣﺘﺮاﻛﻢ ﭘﻠﻲ اورﺗﺎن‬
14
Polyethylene
‫ﭘﻠﻲ اﺗﻴﻠﻦ‬
(‫)ب‬
Loosefillb
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻏﻴﺮ ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪه‬
Pre-formed slabs and sections
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ و ﻗﺎﻟﺒﻬﺎي ﭘﻴﺶ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬
Granular ‫داﻧﻪاي‬
______
870
______
40 to 150
______
Pre-formed slabs and pipe
Sections and foamed in situ
Cellular ‫ﺷﺒﻜﻪاي‬
120
35 to 200
‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ و ﻗﺎﻟﺒﻬﺎي ﭘﻴﺶ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ و ﻓﻮم درﺟﺎ‬
Pre-foamed slabs and pipe sections, sprayed, and
foamed in situ
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ و ﻗﺎﻟﺒﻬﺎي ﭘﻴﺶ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬
‫ﭘﺎﺷﺶ و ﻓﻮم ﺷﺪه درﺟﺎ‬
Cellular
"
110
30 to 160
Pre-formed pipe sections
Cellular
"
80
30 to 40
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬
92
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
TABLE 12 – (continued)
(‫ )اداﻣﻪ‬-12 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
REF
MATERIAL
‫ردﻳﻒ‬
‫ﻣﺎده‬
PHYSICAL
FORMS
APPROMMATE
MAXIMUM
OPERATING
TEMPERATURE a
°C
TYPE
‫ﻧﻮع‬
‫اﺷﻜﺎل ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ‬
NORMAL BULK
DENSITY
Kg/m3
‫ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻮده اي ﻋﺎدي‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮدﻣﺎي ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ‬
‫ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ‬/ ‫ﻛﻴﻠﻮ ﮔﺮم‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
15
Polyisocyanurate rigid foam
‫ﻓﻮم ﻣﺘﺮاﻛﻢ ﭘﻠﻲ اﻳﺰوﺳﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬
16
17
Polyurethane flexible foam
‫ﻓﻮم اﻧﻌﻄﺎف ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﭘﻠﻲ اورﺗﺎن‬
Silica, microporous
‫ ﺳﻮراخﻫﺎي ﺑﺴﻴﺎر رﻳﺰ‬،‫ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺲ‬
Pre-formed slabs and pipe sections and foamed in
situ
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ و ﻗﺎﻟﺒﻬﺎي ﭘﻴﺶ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ و درﺟﺎ ﻓﻮم ﺷﺪه‬
Cellular ‫ﺷﺒﻜﻪاي‬
140
30 to 60
Blanket, slab and pipe sections
‫ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ و ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬،‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‬
Cellular ‫ﺷﺒﻜﻪاي‬
70
30 to 65
Loosefillb
Fibrous ‫اﻟﻴﺎﻓﻲ‬
1 000
50
‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻧﻤﺪي‬
Fibrous
"
1 000
50 to 50
‫ﻧﻮارﻫﺎي ﭘﺎرﭼﻪاي‬
Fibrous
"
(‫)ب‬
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻏﻴﺮ ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪه‬
Blanket felt
Cloth tapes
Opacified aerogel slatted
1 000
500 to 800
‫ﺗﻜﻪ ﺑﺎرﻳﻚ ژل ﻣﺎت ﻫﻮازده‬
Granular ‫داﻧﻪ اي‬
950
200 to 300
‫ﻓﻮﻳﻞ ﺳﺎده و ﺣﻔﺮهدار‬
Reflective ‫اﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﻲ‬
760
______
Granular ‫داﻧﻪاي‬
105
60 to 100
1 100
50 to 150
1 100
320
1 100
450
18
Stainless steel
19
Synthetic rubber ‫ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﻲ‬
Flexible pre-formed pipe sections, flexible slabs
and rolls
‫ ﻗﺎﻟﺒﻬﺎ و ﻃﺎﻗﻪ اﻧﻌﻄﺎف ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬،‫ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬
Vermiculite
Loosefillb
Pre-formed slabs and sections
20
‫ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن‬
‫ورﻣﻲ ﻛﻮﻟﻴﺖ‬
Plain and dimpled foil
(‫)ب‬
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻏﻴﺮ ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪه‬
Granular
"
Granular
"
Granular
"
‫ﻗﺎﻟﺒﻬﺎ و ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬
21
22
Vermiculite/cement
‫ﺳﻴﻤﺎن‬/ ‫ورﻣﻲ ﻛﻮﻟﻴﺖ‬
Sprayed
Vermiculite/sodium silicate
‫ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎت ﺳﺪﻳﻢ‬/‫ورﻣﻲ ﻛﻮﻟﻴﺖ‬
Slabs
‫ﭘﺎﺷﺸﻲ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻟﺒﻲ‬
Note 1
Above 230° C , compressive strength of organically-bonded materials can
be reduced
Note 2
For typical thermal conductivity values see Figure 1.
Note 3
Materials are without facings.
a
b
‫ درﺟـﻪ ﺳـﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬230 ‫ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﻓﺸﺎري ﻣﻮاد ﺑﺎ ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ آﻟﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ در ﺑـﺎﻻي‬:1 ‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
.‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬
.‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬1 ‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ‬:2 ‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
‫ ﻣﻮاد ﺑﺪون روﻛﺶ‬:3 ‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
Temperatures shown are maximum continuous operating-temperatures
depending on product type. Reference should always be made to manufacturers
literature before specifying. The limiting- temperatures of any facing material
should also be checked.
Loosefill materials should be packed to densities to suit the application and
thermal conductivity required.
Notes:
1) For typical thermal conductivity values see
Figs. 2a and 2b.
.‫ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ در راﺑﻄـﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﻧـﻮع ﻣﺤـﺼﻮل ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬،‫ دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه‬:
‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻣﺤﺪوده دﻣـﺎي‬.‫ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻗﺒﻞ از ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪن ﺑﻪ ﮔﻔﺘﺎر ﺳﺎزﻧﺪه ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
.‫ﻫﺮ ﻣﺎده روﻛﺶ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺷﻮد‬
،‫ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻏﻴﺮﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪه ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ اي ﻓﺸﺮده ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻛـﺎرﺑﺮد و ﻫـﺪاﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﻣـﺎﻳﻲ ﻻزم‬
.‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻒ‬
:‫ب‬
:‫ﻳﺎدآوريﻫﺎ‬
‫ اﻟﻒ‬-2 ‫( ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎي‬1
.‫ب ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬-2 ‫و‬
‫( در ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ در اﻳﻦ ﺟﺪول‬2
‫ اﻳﻦ ارﻗﺎم ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ادﻋﺎي ﺳﺎزﻧﺪه ﺑﻮده و در‬.‫دﻗﺖ ﻻزم اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ اﺻﻼح )اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻً ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬
.‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ اي( داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
2) Care is necessary in interpreting the
maximum operating temperatures in this table.
These are based on manufacturers’ claimed
figures and may require modification (possibly
considerable) in practice.
93
‫آذر ‪Nov. 2009 / 1388‬‬
‫)‪IPS-E-TP-700(1‬‬
‫‪TABLE 13 - HOT INSULATION MATERIAL SELECTION CRITERIA‬‬
‫ﺟﺪول ‪ -13‬ﻣﻌﻴﺎرﻫﺎي اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﺎده ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﮔﺮم‬
‫‪PHYSICAL‬‬
‫‪CHEMICAL‬‬
‫‪MECHANICAL‬‬
‫‪NON-‬‬
‫‪WATER‬‬
‫‪THERMAL‬‬
‫‪FIRE‬‬
‫‪OF‬‬
‫‪SAFETY‬‬
‫‪RESISTIVITY‬‬
‫‪STRENGTH‬‬
‫‪CORROSIVENESS‬‬
‫‪PROOFNESS‬‬
‫‪CONDUCTIVITY‬‬
‫‪RESISTIVITY‬‬
‫‪EASE‬‬
‫‪REPAIR‬‬
‫اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬
‫ﺿﺪ آب‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﺧﻮرﻧﺪﮔﻲ‬
‫ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬
‫‪O NOTE 5‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪O 0.045‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪O 0.041‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪O 0.046‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪O 0.053‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪O 0.061‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪X 0.095‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪0.067‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪θ 0.058‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪θ 0.029‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪TYPE‬‬
‫ﻧﻮع وﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎ‬
‫آﺗﺶ‬
‫ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺖ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪CHARACTERISTICS‬‬
‫ﻳﺎدآوري ‪5‬‬
‫‪O NOTE 5‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻳﺎدآوري ‪5‬‬
‫‪O NOTE 6‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻳﺎدآوري ‪6‬‬
‫‪O NOTE 3‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻳﺎدآوري ‪3‬‬
‫‪O NOTE 4‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻳﺎدآوري ‪4‬‬
‫ﻳﺎدآوريﻫﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ROCK WOOL‬‬
‫ﭘﺸﻢ ﺳﻨﮓ‬
‫‪GLASS WOOL‬‬
‫ﭘﺸﻢ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ‬
‫‪CERAMIC WOOL‬‬
‫ﭘﺸﻢ ﺳﺮاﻣﻴﻚ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺪ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻟﻴﺖ‬
‫‪HAIRFELT‬‬
‫‪PERLITE‬‬
‫‪DLATOMACEOUS‬‬
‫‪EARTH‬‬
‫ﺧﺎك دﻳﺎﺗﻤﻪ‬
‫‪CALCIUM‬‬
‫‪SILICATE‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎت ﻛﻠﺴﻴﻢ‬
‫‪CELLULAR GLASS‬‬
‫ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﺷﺒﻜﻪاي‬
‫‪FOAMED HARD‬‬
‫‪URETHANE‬‬
‫اورﺗﺎن ﺳﺨﺖ ﻓﻮم ﺷﺪه‬
‫‪Notes:‬‬
‫‪ (1‬ﻣﻌﻴﺎرﻫﺎي ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪ (θ) :‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‪(o) ،‬ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‪،‬‬
‫)‪(x‬ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪ (2‬ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ در ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ زﻳﺮ ‪ ،0/035‬ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫‪ 0/035-0/07‬و ﺑﺎﻻي ‪ 0/07‬وات ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻛﻠﻮﻳﻦ زﻳﺮ‪70‬‬
‫درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ‪.‬‬
‫‪1) Evaluation criteria: Highly superior θ ,‬‬
‫‪Superior O, Inferior X.‬‬
‫‪2) Thermal conductivities have been evaluated‬‬
‫‪in steps of under 0.035, 0.035-0.07 and over‬‬
‫‪0.07 W/m K under 70°C.‬‬
‫‪ (3‬ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ آب ﺟﺬب ﺷﻮد‪ ،‬آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم ﻣﻮرد ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﻗﺮار‬
‫‪3) If water is absorbed, aluminum will be‬‬
‫‪attacked.‬‬
‫‪ (4‬ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ آب ﺟﺬب ﺷﻮد ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ‪ HCl‬ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬
‫‪4) HCl may form if water is absorbed.‬‬
‫ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫‪ (5‬ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺧﺎرش ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫‪5) May cause irritation to the skin.‬‬
‫‪ (6‬زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﻣﻌﺮض آﺗﺶ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‪ ،‬ﮔﺎز ﺳﻤﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬
‫‪6) Poisonous gas is formed when subject to‬‬
‫‪fire.‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫‪94‬‬
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
TABLE 14 - TYPICAL INSULATING MATERIALS FOR USE AT TEMPERATURES BELOW
AMBIENT
‫ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎرﺑﺮي در دﻣﺎﻫﺎي زﻳﺮ دﻣﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬-14 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
REF
MATERIAL
‫ردﻳﻒ‬
‫ﻣﺎده‬
PHYSICAL
FORMS
APPROXIMATE
MAXIMUM
OPERATING
TEMPERATURE a
°C
TYPE
‫ﻧﻮع‬
‫اﺷﻜﺎل ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮدﻣﺎي ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻒ‬
NORMAL BULK
DENSITY
Kg/m3
‫ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻮده اي ﻋﺎدي‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت – ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
Pre-formed slabs and pipe sections
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ و ﻗﺎﻟﺒﻬﺎي ﭘﻴﺶ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬
Cellular
‫ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‬
120
35 to 200
2
Polystyrene foam extruded
Pre- formed slabs, pre-formed pipe sections
‫ﻓﻮم ﭘﻠﻲ اﺳﺘﺎﻳﺮﻳﻦ اﻛﺴﺘﺮود ﺷﺪه‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ و ﻗﺎﻟﺒﻬﺎي ﭘﻴﺶ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬
Cellular
"
80
15 to 35
3
Baked cork
Pre- formed slabs, pre- formed pipe sections
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ و ﻗﺎﻟﺒﻬﺎي ﭘﻴﺶ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬
Cellular
"
60
100 to 200
4
Loosefillb
Granulated baked cork
‫ﭼﻮب ﭘﻨﺒﻪ ﭘﺨﺘﻪ داﻧﻪ اي ﺷﺪه‬
Granular ‫داﻧﻪاي‬
60
80 to 150
5
PVC expanded ‫ ﻣﻨﺒﺴﻂ ﺷﺪه‬PVC
Granular
65
60 to 120
_______
_______
110
30 to 160
1
Phenolic foam
6
‫ﻓﻮم ﻓﻨﻮﻟﻴﻚ‬
‫ﭼﻮب ﭘﻨﺒﻪ ﭘﺨﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻏﻴﺮﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪه‬
Pre- formed slabs
Flexible slabs
_______
7
Polyurethane rigid foam
Slabs, pipe sections, sprayed
‫ﻓﻮم ﺳﺨﺖ ﭘﻠﻲ اورﺗﺎن‬
8
Polyurethane flexible foam
Slabs, pipe sections
‫ﻓﻮم اﻧﻌﻄﺎف ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﭘﻠﻲ اورﺗﺎن‬
9
Polyisocyanurate rigid foam
Slabs, pipe sections, sprayed
‫ﻓﻮم ﺳﺨﺖ ﭘﻠﻲ ﺳﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬
10
Cellular glass
11
12
‫ﺳﻠﻮلﻫﺎي ﺷﻴﺸﻪاي‬
Mineral wool (glass)
‫ﭘﺸﻢ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ‬
Mineral wool (rock)
13
Silica aerogel
14
Perlite
‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﺶ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻟﺒﻬﺎي اﻧﻌﻄﺎف ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬
‫ ﭘﺎﺷﺶ ﺷﺪه‬،‫ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬، ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺒﻬﺎ‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬، ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺒﻬﺎ‬
‫ ﭘﺎﺷﺶ ﺷﺪه‬،‫ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬، ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺒﻬﺎ‬
Rigid slabs, rigid pipe sections
‫ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺳﺨﺖ‬، ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺒﻬﺎي‬
_______
‫_______ ﭘﺸﻢ ﺳﻨﮓ‬
‫ژل ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎت ﻫﻮازده‬
‫ﭘﺮﻟﻴﺖ‬
b
(‫) ب‬
Loosefillb
(‫) ب‬
Loosefill
_______
Cellular
‫ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‬
Cellular
"
70
30 to 65
Cellular
"
140
30 to 60
Cellular
"
400
120 to 160
_______
_______
_______
_______
_______
_______
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻏﻴﺮ ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪه‬
Granular ‫داﻧﻪاي‬
980
50 to 150
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻏﻴﺮ ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪه‬
Granular
870
40 to 150
15
Synthetic rubber ‫ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﻲ‬
Flexible slabs, flexible pipe sections
‫ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ اﻧﻌﻄﺎف ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬،‫ﻗﺎﻟﺒﻬﺎي اﻧﻌﻄﺎف ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬
16
Polyethylene
Pre- formed pipe sections
‫ﭘﻠﻲ اﺗﻴﻠﻦ‬
"
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬
"
Cellular
‫ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‬
105
60 to 100
Cellular
"
80
30 to 40
Note 1 :For typical thermal conductivity values
see Figure 2C.
‫ج‬-2 ‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﻫـﺪاﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﻣـﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺷـﻜﻞ‬:1 ‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
Note 2 : Care is necessary in interpreting the
minimum continues operating-temperatures in
this table. These are based on manufacturers
claimed values and can require verification in
practice.
Note 3 : Materials are without facings.
‫ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﭘﻴﻮﺳـﺘﻪ در اﻳـﻦ‬،‫ در ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ‬:2 ‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
a
b
.‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ارﻗﺎم ﺑﺮﭘﺎﻳﻪ ادﻋﺎي ﺳﺎزﻧﺪه ﺑـﻮده و در‬.‫ دﻗﺖ ﻻزم اﺳﺖ‬،‫ﺟﺪول‬
.‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ ﺗﺎﺋﻴﺪ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫ ﻣﻮادي ﻛﻪ ﺑﺪون روﻛﺶ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬:3 ‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
The lower limiting – temperature of insulating
materials is dependent on several factors and
the manufacturers should be consulted.
‫ ﺣﺪ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺗﺮ دﻣﺎي ﻣـﻮاد ﻋـﺎﻳﻖ ﺑـﻪ ﭼﻨـﺪﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﺑـﺴﺘﮕﻲ دارد و‬:
‫اﻟﻒ‬
.‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪه ﻣﺸﻮرت ﺷﻮد‬
Loosefill materials should be packed to
densities to suit the application and thermal
conductivity required.
‫ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻏﻴﺮ ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪه ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪاي ﻓـﺸﺮده ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﭼﮕـﺎﻟﻲ‬:
.‫ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬،‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد و ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﻻزم‬
95
‫ب‬
‫آذر ‪Nov. 2009 / 1388‬‬
‫)‪IPS-E-TP-700(1‬‬
‫‪TABLE 15 - COLD INSULATION MATERIAL SELECTION CRITERIA‬‬
‫ﺟﺪول ‪ -15‬ﻣﻌﻴﺎرﻫﺎي اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﺎده ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺳﺮد‬
‫‪EASE‬‬
‫‪OF‬‬
‫‪REPAIR‬‬
‫ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺖ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮ‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫‪PHYSICAL‬‬
‫‪SAFETY‬‬
‫& ‪(ODOR‬‬
‫)‪DUST‬‬
‫اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫‪NON‬‬‫‪CORROSIVENESS‬‬
‫)‪(INERTNESS‬‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮﺧﻮرﻧﺪﮔﻲ )ﺑﻲ اﺛﺮي(‬
‫‪CHEMICAL‬‬
‫‪RESISTIVITY‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎوم در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻣﻮاد‬
‫ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫‪MECHANICAL‬‬
‫‪STRENGTH‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬
‫‪HEAT‬‬
‫‪RESISTIVITY‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
‫‪MOISTUER‬‬
‫‪PROOFNESS‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎوم در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬
‫رﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬
‫‪THERMAL‬‬
‫‪CONDUCTIVITY‬‬
‫ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫)ﺑﻮوﮔﺮدوﻏﺒﺎر(‬
‫‪X NOTE 4‬‬
‫ﻳﺎدآوري ‪4‬‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪X 0.050‬‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪O 0.031 – 0.83‬‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪O NOTE 5‬‬
‫ﻳﺎدآوري ‪5‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪O NOTE 5‬‬
‫ﻳﺎدآوري ‪5‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪O NOTE 6‬‬
‫ﻳﺎدآوري ‪6‬‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪FIRE‬‬
‫‪RESISTIVITY‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮآﺗﺶ‬
‫‪CHARACTERISTICS‬‬
‫‪TYPE‬‬
‫ﻧﻮع وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪O NOTE 6‬‬
‫ﻳﺎدآوري ‪6‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪O NOTE 6‬‬
‫ﻳﺎدآوري ‪6‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪O NOTE 6‬‬
‫ﻳﺎدآوري ‪6‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫)‪(θ‬‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻳﺎدآوريﻫﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻟﻴﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪X 0.045 – 0.054‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﭘﺸﻢ ﺳﻨﮓ‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫‪X 0.047‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪O 0.033 – 0.037‬‬
‫‪X NOTE3‬‬
‫ﻳﺎدآوري ‪3‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪θ 0.020 – 0.026‬‬
‫‪X NOTE3‬‬
‫ﻳﺎدآوري ‪3‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪O 0.031 – 0.035‬‬
‫‪ROCK WOOL‬‬
‫‪HAIRFELT‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﺪ‬
‫‪CELLULAR GLASS‬‬
‫ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﺷﺒﻜﻪاي‬
‫‪X NOTE3‬‬
‫ﻳﺎدآوري ‪3‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫‪GLASS WOOL‬‬
‫ﭘﺸﻢ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫‪X 0.041‬‬
‫‪0.029 – 0.031‬‬
‫‪PERLITE‬‬
‫‪X NOTE3‬‬
‫ﻳﺎدآوري ‪3‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪FOAMED‬‬
‫‪POLYSTYRENE‬‬
‫ﻓﻮم ﭘﻠﻲ اﺳﺘﺎﻳﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫‪FOAMED PHENOL‬‬
‫ﻓﻮم ﻓﻨﻞ‬
‫‪FOAMED HARD‬‬
‫‪URETHANE‬‬
‫ﻓﻮم ﺳﺨﺖ اورﺗﺎن‬
‫‪FOAMED‬‬
‫‪VINYLCHLORIDE‬‬
‫ﻓﻮم وﻳﻨﻴﻞ ﻛﻠﺮاﻳﺪ‬
‫‪Notes:‬‬
‫‪ (1‬ﻣﻌﻴﺎرﻫﺎي ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪ (θ) :‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‪(o) ،‬ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‪(x) ،‬‬
‫‪1) Evaluation criteria: Highly superior θ,‬‬
‫‪superior O, inferior x‬‬
‫‪ (2‬ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ در ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ زﻳﺮ ‪ ،0/029‬ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫‪2) Thermal conductivities have been evaluated‬‬
‫‪in steps of under 0.029, 0.029-0.040 and over‬‬
‫‪0.04 W/mK.‬‬
‫‪ (3‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺣﺘﺮاق‪ ،‬ﺧﻮد ﺧﺎﻣﻮش ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
‫‪3) While combustible, self extinguishable.‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪ 0/029-0/040‬و ﺑﺎﻻي ‪0/04 W/mk‬ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪4) Dust.‬‬
‫‪ (4‬ﮔﺮد و ﺧﺎك‬
‫‪5) May cause irritation to the skin.‬‬
‫‪ (5‬ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺧﺎرش ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫‪ (6‬زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﻣﻌﺮض آﺗﺶ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد ﮔﺎز ﺳﻤﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬
‫‪6) Poisonous gas will form when subject to‬‬
‫‪fire.‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫‪96‬‬
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
Key (Code numbers refer to types of material described in Table 13) Density kg/m3
(‫ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ )ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ‬
(‫ اﺷﺎره دارﻧﺪ‬13 ‫راﻫﻨﻤﺎ )ﺷﻤﺎرهﻫﺎي آﻳﻴﻦ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻧﻮاع ﻣﻮاد ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺷﺪه در ﺟﺪول‬
9 Mineral fiber slabs……………………… ………….…….…..………….. 110
9- ‫ ﻗﺎﻟﺒﻬﺎي اﻟﻴﺎف ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ‬............................................................................................110
12 Mineral fiber spray ………………………………………….………..…240
12- ‫اﻟﻴﺎف ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﭘﺎﺷﺸﻲ‬.........................................................................................240
28 Calcium silicate slabs……………………………………...........…….190 to 220
28-‫ ﻗﺎﻟﺒﻬﺎي ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎت ﻛﻠﺴﻴﻢ‬........................................................................190 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬220
31 Alumino-silicate fibers………………………………………....…..…..…96
31-‫ اﻟﻴﺎف ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎت آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم‬.................................................................................................96
32 Alumino-silicate fibers (spray applied)………………………………..…200
32-(‫ اﻟﻴﺎف ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎت آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم )اﻋﻤﺎل ﺑﻪ روش ﭘﺎﺷﺶ‬...........................................200
35 Silica fibers loose fill………………………………...............................……..96
35 – ‫ اﻟﻴﺎف ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻏﻴﺮ ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪه‬................................................................... 96
35 Silica fibers loose fill (Specialized fine filament material)…………………96
35 – ‫ )ﻣﻮاد رﺷﺘﻪاي ﻇﺮﻳﻒ وﻳﮋه( اﻟﻴﺎف ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻏﻴﺮ ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪه‬.......................96
38 Opacified silica aerogel………………….....……….……………………….250
(‫)ﻣﺘﺮ ﻛﻠﻮﻳﻦ‬/‫ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ وات‬
Thermal conductivity w/(m k)
38-‫ ژل ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺲ ﻣﺎت ﻫﻮازده‬..................................... …............................................. 250
Hot face temperature oC (cold face 38oC
(‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬38 ‫دﻣﺎي ﺳﻄﺢ ﮔﺮم درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد )دﻣﺎي ﺳﻄﺢ ﺳﺮد‬
a) Materials for use at relatively high temperatures
‫اﻟﻒ( ﻣﻮاد ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ در دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎً ﺑﺎﻻ‬
Fig. 2-TYPICAL CONDUCTIVITY VALUES FOR INSULATING MATERIALS
‫ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﺎري‬-2 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
.‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬13 ‫ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺪول‬:‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
Note: See Table 13.
97
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
Key (Code numbers refer to types of material descriّbed in Table 13)Density kg/m3
(‫ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ )ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ‬
(‫ اﺷﺎره دارﻧﺪ‬13 ‫راﻫﻨﻤﺎ )ﺷﻤﺎرهﻫﺎي آﻳﻴﻦ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻧﻮاع ﻣﻮاد ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺷﺪه در ﺟﺪول‬
4 Mineral fiber slabs (fine filament glass)……….……………..….………..48
4- (‫ ﻗﺎﻟﺒﻬﺎي اﻟﻴﺎف ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ )ﺷﻴﺸﻪ رﺷﺘﻪاي ﻇﺮﻳﻒ‬................................................. 48
8 Mineral fiber spray (loose fill)……… ….……..………...…………………64
(‫ اﻟﻴﺎف ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﭘﺎﺷﺸﻲ) ﻏﻴﺮ ﻓﺸﺮده‬..........................................................................64
9 Mineral fiber (slabs)................ .......................... 0 up to 400oF, 110 above 400oC
9- (‫ اﻟﻴﺎف ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ )ﻗﺎﻟﺐﻫﺎ‬........................................................ ‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬400 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬90
12 Mineral fiber (spray)…………...………………...……………….....……...240
12- (‫ اﻟﻴﺎف ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ )ﭘﺎﺷﺶ‬........................................................................................... 240
25 Magnesia (slabs)……………….....……………………….…….........………190
25- (‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﻨﻴﺰﻳﻢ )ﻗﺎﻟﺐﻫﺎ‬........................................................................... 190
28 Calcium silicate (slabs)…………………………………….…........…190 to 220
28- (‫ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎت ﻛﻠﺴﻴﻢ)ﻗﺎﻟﺐﻫﺎ‬......................................................................... 220 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬190
30 Foamed glass (slabs)………………………………………….......…….…….145
30- (‫ ﻓﻮم ﺷﻴﺸﻪ)ﻗﺎﻟﺐﻫﺎ‬............................................................................................... 145
31 Alumino-silicate fibers (blanket)………..….……… ………....……..….……96
31- (‫ اﻟﻴﺎف ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎت آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم )ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‬...................................................................... 96
35 Silica fibers (batts)……………………………..……………....………..……..96
35-(‫ اﻟﻴﺎف ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺲ )ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﭘﺸﻤﻲ‬............................................................................... 96
35 Silica fibers (loose fill): Specialized fine filament material....…………….....96
35- ‫ اﻟﻴﺎف ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺲ )ﻏﻴﺮ ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪه( ﻣﻮاد رﺷﺘﻪاي ﻇﺮﻳﻒ وﻳﮋه‬...................................96
37 Opacified silica aerogel…………………..……………….......….…..…….250
37-‫ ژل ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺲ ﻫﻮازده‬............................................................................................ 250
b) Materials for use at intermediate temperatures
‫ب ( ﻣﻮاد ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ در دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
Fig. 2-HOT FACE TEMPERATURE OC (COLD FACE 38OC)
(‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬38 ‫ دﻣﺎي ﺳﻄﺢ ﮔﺮم درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد )دﻣﺎي ﺳﻄﺢ ﺳﺮد‬-2 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
98
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
Key (Code numbers refer to types of material described in Table 13)Density kg/m3
(‫ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ )ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ‬
(‫ اﺷﺎره دارﻧﺪ‬13 ‫راﻫﻨﻤﺎ )ﺷﻤﺎرهﻫﺎي آﻳﻴﻦ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻧﻮاع ﻣﻮاد ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺷﺪه در ﺟﺪول‬
1 Phenolic foam……………………………………………….……………………………………..30
1- ‫ ﻓﻮم ﻓﻨﻮﻟﻴﻚ‬............................................................................................................................................. 30
2 Expanded polystyrene………………………………………….……………………...……..….…31
2- ‫ ﭘﻠﻲ اﺳﺘﺎﻳﺮن ﻣﻨﺒﺴﻂ ﺷﺪه‬....................................................................................................................... 31
3 Crock………………………………………………………………..…...……………....….112 to 192
3- ‫ ﺳﻔﺎل‬.............................................................................................................................................. 192 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬112
5 Expanded PVC………………………………………………….……...……………….…….……..80
5- ‫ ﭘﻲ وي ﺳﻲ ﻣﻨﺒﺴﻂ ﺷﺪه‬.......................................................................................................................... 80
7 Polyurethane (rigid foam)……………………………………………………………..….....….…..32
7- (‫ ﭘﻠﻲ اورﺗﺎن )ﻓﻮم ﻣﺘﺮاﻛﻢ‬........................................................................................................................... 32
9 Isocyanurate (rigid foam)…………………………………………………………..……........…..…48
9- (‫ اﻳﺰوﺳﻴﺎﻧﻮرات )ﻓﻮم ﻣﺘﺮاﻛﻢ‬........................................................................................................................ 48
10 Foam glass………………………………………………….…………………………….........….…145
10- ‫ ﻓﻮم ﺷﻴﺸﻪ‬................................................................................................................................................... 145
(‫)ﻣﺘﺮ ﻛﻠﻮﻳﻦ‬/‫ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ وات‬
Thermal conductivity w/(m k)
16 Expanded perlite………………………………………….……………………..………....….……48
16- ‫ ﭘﺮﻟﻴﺖ ﻣﻨﺒﺴﻂ ﺷﺪه‬..................................................................................................................................... 48
c) Materials for ’Cold Insulation’
‫ج ( ﻣﻮاد ﺑﺮاي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺳﺮد‬
Fig. 2-INNER FACE TEMPERATURE OC (OUTER FACE TEMPERATURE 20OC APPROX.)
(‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬20 ً‫ دﻣﺎي ﺳﻄﺢ داﺧﻠﻲ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد )دﻣﺎي ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ‬-2 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
99
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
‫ ﻣﻮاد ﭼﻔﺖ و ﺑﺴﺖ‬3-8
8.3 Fastening Materials
‫ ﻧﻮار‬1-3-8
8.3.1 Banding
8.3.1.1 Bands where used under cleading
(Jacketing) for securing rigid preformed insulation
on pipe, vessels and tanks shall be hot dip
galvanized mild steel.
‫ ﻧﻮارﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ در زﻳﺮ روﻛﺶ ﻓﻠﺰي)روﻛﺶ( ﺟﻬﺖ‬1-1-3-8
8.3.1.2 Bands for securing metal jacket on pipe,
vessels and tanks shall be stainless steel 18-8 CrNi AISI type 302 or 304.
‫ ﻧﻮارﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﻜﻢ ﻧﻤﻮدن روﻛﺶ ورق ﻓﻠﺰي روي‬2-1-3-8
‫ ﻇﺮوف و‬،‫ﻣﺤﻜﻢ ﻛﺮدن ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺳﺨﺖ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ روي ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺎزن ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻣﻴﺮود ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از ﻓﻮﻻد ﻧﺮم ﮔﺎﻟﻮاﻧﻴﺰه ﺑﻪ روش‬
.‫ﻏﻮﻃﻪوري ﮔﺮم ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻇﺮوف و ﻣﺨﺎزن ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از ﺟﻨﺲ ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻛﺮم ﻧﻴﻜﻞ‬،‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬
.‫ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬304 ‫ ﻳﺎ‬302 ‫ ﻧﻮع‬AISI 18-8
8.3.1.3 Tape for securing pipe foam insulation
used in low temperature services shall be glass
filament rein forced pressure sensitive type.
‫ ﻧﻮاري ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺤﻜﻢ ﻧﻤﻮدن ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻓﻮم ﻟﻮﻟﻪ در‬3-1-3-8
8.3.1.4 Type for sealing contraction joint in cold
insulation system shall be foil-to-Kraft tape.
‫ اﺗﺼﺎل اﻧﻘﺒﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺮاي آﺑﺒﻨﺪي در ﺳﺎﻣـﺎﻧــﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬4-1-3-8
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻴﺸﻮد ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از ﻧﻮع ﺷﻴﺸﻪ‬
.‫رﺷﺘﻪاي ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﺷﺪه ﺣﺴﺎس ﺑﻪ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
.‫ﺳﺮد ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از ﻧﻮع ﻧﻮار ﻓﻮﻳﻞ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﻏﺬ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﻮاد ﻣﺘﻔﺮﻗﻪ ﭼﻔﺖ و ﺑﺴﺖ‬2-3-8
8.3.2 Miscellaneous fastening materials
8.3.2.1 Seals for bands shall be 18-8 Cr-Ni
stainless steel AISI type 302 or 304.
‫ آﺑﺒﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﻧﻮارﻫـﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻛﺮم‬1-2-3-8
8.3.2.2 Wire to secure insulation shall be soft
annealed galvanized mild steel for hot insulation
and stainless steel 18-8 Cr-Ni AISI type 302 or
304 for cold insulation.
‫ ﺳﻴﻢ ﻓﻠﺰي ﻣﺤﻜﻢ ﻧﻤﻮدن ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از ﻓﻮﻻد ﻧﺮم‬2-2-3-8
8.3.2.3 Breather spring shall be 18-8 Cr-Ni
stainless steel AISI type 302 or 304.
‫ ﻓـﻨﺮ ﻫــﻮاﻛﺶ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻛﺮم ﻧﻴﻜﻞ‬3-2-3-8
8.3.2.4 Sheet metal screw shall be hard aluminum
alloy for aluminum jackets and 18-8 Cr-Ni
stainless steel AISI type 302 or 304 for steel
jacket.
‫ ﭘﻴﭻﻫﺎي ورق ﻓﻠﺰي ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از آﻟﻴﺎژ ﺳﺨﺖ آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم‬4-2-3-8
8.3.2.5 Wire mesh poultry netting shall be
galvanized carbon steel.
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬،‫ ﺗﻮر ﺳﻴﻤﻲ ﻗﻔﺴﻪ ﻣﺮﻏﻲ‬5-2-3-8
8.3.2.6 "S" clips shall be aluminum in the case of
aluminum sheet and 18-8 Cr-Ni stainless steel
‫“ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ورق آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم‬S” ‫ ﺑﺴﺖ ﻫـــﺎي‬6-2-3-8
.‫ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬304 ‫ ﻳﺎ‬302 ‫ ﻧﻮع‬AISI 18-8 ‫ﻧﻴﻜﻞدار‬
‫ﺗﻨﺶ زداﻳﻲ و ﮔﺎﻟﻮاﻧﻴﺰه ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ و ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺳﺮد‬304 ‫ ﻳﺎ‬302 ‫ ﻧﻮع‬AISI 18-8 ‫ﻧﺰن ﻛﺮم ﻧﻴﻜﻞ‬
.‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬304 ‫ ﻳﺎ‬302 ‫ ﻧﻮع‬AISI 18-8
‫ﺑﺮاي روﻛﺶ ﻫــﺎي آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮﻣﻲ و ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻛﺮم ﻧﻴﻜﻞ‬
.‫ ﺑﺮاي روﻛﺶ ﻓﻮﻻدي ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬304 ‫ ﻳﺎ‬302 ‫ ﻧﻮع‬AISI 18-8
.‫ﮔﺎﻟﻮاﻧﻴﺰه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از ﺟﻨﺲ آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴـﻮم ﺑﻮده و در ﺻﻮرﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ورق ﻓﻮﻻدي‬
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Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
AISI type 302 or 304 in the case of steel sheet.
‫ ﻳﺎ‬302 ‫ ﻧﻮع‬AISI 18-8 ‫اﺳﺖ ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻛﺮم ﻧﻴﻜﻞ‬
.‫ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬304
8.3.2.7 Clips and quick release toggles shall be
18-8 Cr-Ni stainless steel AISI type 302 or 304 or
hard aluminum.
‫ ﺑﺴﺖﻫﺎ و ﺿﺎﻣﻦ ﻫﺎي آزاد ﻛﺮدن ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻓﻮﻻد‬7-2-3-8
‫ ﻳﺎ‬304 ‫ ﻳﺎ‬302 ‫ ﻧﻮع‬AISI 18-8 ‫زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻛﺮم ﻧﻴﻜﻞ‬
.‫آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم ﺳﺨﺖ اﺳﺖ‬
.‫ ﺣﻠﻘﻪﻫﺎي ﻧﮕﻬﺪارﻧﺪه ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬8-2-3-8
8.3.2.8 Support ring shall be carbon steel.
‫ ﻓﻠﺰ ﻣﻨﺒﺴﻂ ﺷﺪه ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻓﻮﻻد ﻧﺮم‬9-2-3-8
8.3.2.9 Expanded metal as reinforcement shall be
bitumen coated or galvanized mild steel or 18-8
Cr-Ni stainless steel AISI type 302 or 304.
‫ﮔﺎﻟﻮاﻧﻴﺰه ﺷﺪه ﻳﺎ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺷﺪه از ﻗﻴﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻛﺮم‬
.‫ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬304 ‫ ﻳﺎ‬302 ‫ ﻧﻮع‬AISI 18-8 ‫ﻧﻴﻜﻞ‬
‫ ﻣﻮاد روﻛﺶ‬4-8
8.4 Jacketing Materials
‫ ﻣﻮاد روﻛﺶ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻳﻜﻲ از آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻓﻠﺰي ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه‬1-4-8
8.4.1 Jacketing materials shall be one of the
following recommended metallic alloys, the
application of which depends on condition:
:‫در ذﻳﻞ ﺑﻮده ﻛﻪ ﺑﻜﺎرﮔﻴﺮي آن ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ دارد‬
‫اﻟﻒ( آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم؛‬
a) Aluminum;
b) aluminized steel;
‫ب( ﻓﻮﻻد ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم‬
c) galvanized steel;
‫ج( ﻓﻮﻻد ﮔﺎﻟﻮاﻧﻴﺰه‬
d) coated steel;
‫د( ﻓﻮﻻد ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺷﺪه‬
e) stainless steel.
‫ه( ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن‬
Note that melting point of aluminum is
considerably lower than other recommended
jacketing materials.
‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ذوب آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم ﺑﻄﻮر ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از‬
.‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻮاد روﻛﺶ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻣﻮاد روﻛﺶ و ﭼﻔﺖ و ﺑﺴﺖ ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ‬2-4-8
8.4.2 The combination of jacketing and fastening
materials for an insulation system shall be
according to Table 17.
.‫ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬17 ‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺟﺪول‬
101
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
TABLE 16 - COMBINATION OF JACKETING AND FASTENING MATERIALS
‫ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻣﻮاد روﻛﺶ و ﭼﻔﺖ ﺑﺴﺖ‬-16 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
FASTENER
‫ﮔﻴﺮه‬
BANDS
‫ﻧﻮارﻫﺎ‬
CLIPS AND
QUICK-RELEASE
TOGGLES
RIVETS
‫ﻣﻴﺦ ﭘﺮچ ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﭘﻴﭻ ﻫﺎي ﺧﻮدﻛﺎر‬
JACKETING
MATERIAL
‫ﻣﺎده روﻛﺶ‬
Aluminum
SELF-TAPPING
SCREWS
Stainless steel
‫آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن‬
Hard aluminum or stainless
steel
‫آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم ﺳﺨﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻓﻮﻻد ﺿﺪ زﻧﮓ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺖ و ﺿﺎﻣﻦ ﻫﺎي آزاد ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‬
Stainless steel or Aluminum
Hard aluminum
‫آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم ﺳﺨﺖ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻳﺎ آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم‬
Aluminized steel
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم‬
Stainless steel
galvanized steel
Stainless steel
Stainless steel
‫ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن‬
Stainless steel
‫ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ روي‬
Stainless steel
Stainless steel
‫ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن‬
Stainless steel
‫ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن‬
Stainless steel
‫ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن‬
Stainless steel
‫ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن‬
‫ ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬5-8
8.5 Finishing Material
8.5.1 Joint sealer shall be non-setting, nonshrinking permanently flexible compound.
‫ ﻣﻮاد آبﺑﻨﺪي ﻛﻨﻨﺪه اﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺧﻮدﮔﻴﺮي ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ ﻳﺎ‬1-5-8
8.5.2 Flashing compound shall be high
temperature asphalt mastic with non-asbestos fiber
or filler for weather proofing application.
‫ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ درز ﮔﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻼط ﻗﻴﺮي ﺑﺎ دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺪون‬2-5-8
8.5.3 Weather proofing mastic for high
temperature insulation system shall be emulsion
type polymeric protective coating: Acrylic or
polyvinyl acetate or combination of both.
‫ ﭼﺴﺐ ﻣﻘﺎوم در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺟﻮي ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬3-5-8
.‫ﺟﻤﻊ ﻧﺸﻮد و ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻧﻌﻄﺎف داﻳﻤﻲ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫اﻟﻴﺎف ﭘﻨﺒﻪ ﻧﺴﻮز ﻳﺎ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻣﻘﺎوم در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺟﻮي ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
:‫ﺣﺮارت ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از ﻧﻮع ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﻲ اﻣﻮﻟﺴﻴﻮن ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮي‬
.‫اﻛﺮﻳﻠﻴﻚ ﻳﺎ ﭘﻠﻲ وﻳﻨﻴﻞ اﺳﺘﺎت ﻳﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ از ﻫﺮدو ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
8.5.4 Vapor barrier or weatherproofing mastic for
low temperature insulation shall be non-asphaltic
elastomeric mastic suitable for application over
polyurethane or foamglass or other cold
insulation.
‫ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻼط ﻣﻘﺎوم در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺟﻮي ﺑﺮاي‬4-5-8
8.5.5 Adhesive for cellular glass to sphere shall be
a two part adhesive compound of latex
rubber/hydraulic cement. (See 7.2.3.2.)
‫ ﭼﺴﺐ ﺑﺮاي ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﺷﺒﻜﻪاي ﺑﻪ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻛﺮوي ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬5-5-8
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺎ دﻣﺎي ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از ﻧﻮع ﻣﻼط اﻻﺳﺘﻮﻣﺮ ﻏﻴﺮآﺳﻔﺎﻟﺘﻲ و‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮاي اﻋﻤﺎل روي ﭘﻠﻲ اورﺗﺎن ﻳﺎ ﻓﻮم ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬
.‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻫﺎي ﺳﺮد ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺳﻴﻤﺎن آﺑﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬/‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ دو ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ )دوﻗﻠﻮ( از ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﺧﺎم‬
.(‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬2-3-2-7 ‫)ﺑﻪ ﺑﻨﺪ‬
8.5.6 Properties for some insulation outer
(jacketing and finishing) material are indicated in
Table 18.
‫ ﺧﻮاص ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﻣﻮاد ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ )روﻛﺶ و ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‬6-5-8
.‫ آﻣﺪه اﺳﺖ‬18 ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ( در ﺟﺪول‬
102
‫آذر ‪Nov. 2009 / 1388‬‬
‫)‪IPS-E-TP-700(1‬‬
‫‪TABLE 17 - INSULATION OUTER (COVERTURE) MATERIAL SELECTION CRITERIA‬‬
‫ﺟﺪول ‪ -17‬ﻣﻌﻴﺎرﻫﺎي اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﺎده ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ )ﭘﻮﺷﺶ(‬
‫‪LIMITATION‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖ‬
‫‪EASE‬‬
‫‪OF‬‬
‫‪REPAIR‬‬
‫‪ADAPTABILIT‬‬
‫‪Y‬‬
‫‪FOR USE WITH‬‬
‫‪INSULATION‬‬
‫‪MATERIAL‬‬
‫‪CORROSIO‬‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫‪RESISTIVIT‬‬
‫‪Y‬‬
‫‪PHYSICAL‬‬
‫‪SAFETY‬‬
‫‪MOISTURE‬‬
‫‪RESISTIVITY‬‬
‫‪WATER‬‬
‫‪RESISTIVI‬‬
‫‪TY‬‬
‫ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺖ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺨﻮاﻧﻲ ﺑﺮاي‬
‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮاد‬
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎوم‬
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎوم در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬
‫رﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎرﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎرﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎرﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎرﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎرﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎرﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎرﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎرﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎرﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎرﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎرﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎرﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎرﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪HEAT‬‬
‫‪RESISTIVITY‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ‬
‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎوم در‬
‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ آب‬
‫‪REQUIRED‬‬
‫‪MECHANICA‬‬
‫‪L‬‬
‫‪STRENGTH‬‬
‫اﻗﺪرت‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻮرد‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎز‬
‫‪CHEMICAL‬‬
‫‪RESISTIVITY‬‬
‫‪FIRE‬‬
‫‪RESISTIVITY‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮاد‬
‫ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎوم در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬
‫آﺗﺶ‬
‫‪°‬‬
‫‪Usable for‬‬
‫‪both cold‬‬
‫‪and hot‬‬
‫‪insulation in‬‬
‫‪outdoor and‬‬
‫‪indoor areas‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬
‫ﻫﻢ ﺑﺮاي‬
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻫﺎي‬
‫ﺳﺮد و ﮔﺮم در‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎز‬
‫و ﺳﺮﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫‪°‬‬
‫‪O(Approx.200 C‬‬
‫)‬
‫درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ ‪ 600‬درﺟﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫‪Pre-Painted‬‬
‫‪Galvanized Steel‬‬
‫‪Sheet‬‬
‫ورق ﻓﻮﻻدي‬
‫ﮔﺎﻟﻮاﻧﻴﺰه و ﻗﺒﻼً رﻧﮓ‬
‫‪Stainless Steel‬‬
‫‪Sheet‬‬
‫‪Weather Proofing‬‬
‫‪and indoor use‬‬
‫‪outer covering‬‬
‫ﺿﺪ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺟﻮي و‬
‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ در‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺳﺮﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬
‫ورق ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن‬
‫‪O Note 3‬‬
‫ﻳﺎدآوري ‪3‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫)‪θ (Approx. 480 C‬‬
‫درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ ‪480‬درﺟﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫‪°‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬
‫در ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺎز‬
‫ورق ﻓﻮﻻد ﮔﺎﻟﻮاﻧﻴﺰه‬
‫ﺷﺪه‬
‫‪°‬‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪Hot‬‬
‫‪insulation‬‬
‫‪outdoor use‬‬
‫ﻧﻮع وﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎ‬
‫‪°‬‬
‫)‪θ (Approx. 800 C‬‬
‫درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ ‪800‬درﺟﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي‬
‫‪Galvanized Steel‬‬
‫‪Sheet‬‬
‫)‪θ (Approx. 600 C‬‬
‫درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ ‪600‬‬
‫درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫‪CHARACTERISTICS‬‬
‫‪TYPE‬‬
‫‪CLASSIFICATION‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎرﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪O Note 4‬‬
‫ﻳﺎدآوري ‪4‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ورق آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫‪Asphalt Emulsion‬‬
‫‪Type mastic‬‬
‫)‪X (Approx. 80 C‬‬
‫درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ ‪ 80‬درﺟﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫‪Aluminums Sheet‬‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫اﻣﻮﻟﺴﻴﻮن آﺳﻔﺎﻟﺖ از‬
‫ﻧﻮع ﭼﺴﺐ ﻗﻴﺮي‬
‫)‪Resin (or rubber‬‬
‫)‪X (Approx. 80 C‬‬
‫‪°‬‬
‫درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ ‪ 80‬درﺟﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎرﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎرﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎرﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﺮﻏﻮب‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ ‪500‬‬
‫درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪O Note 5‬‬
‫ﻳﺎدآوري ‪5‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎرﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﺮﻏﻮب‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪O Note 2‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎرﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎرﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎرﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎرﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎرﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎرﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎرﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎرﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎرﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫رزﻳﻦ )ﻳﺎ ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ(‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫‪Water Proofing‬‬
‫ﺿﺪ آب‬
‫‪Emulsion Type‬‬
‫ﻧﻮع اﻣﻮﻟﺴﻴﻮن‬
‫‪mastic‬‬
‫ﭼﺴﺐ ﻗﻴﺮي‬
‫‪Hot‬‬
‫‪insulation‬‬
‫‪indoor use‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬
‫‪Both hot‬‬
‫‪and cold‬‬
‫‪insulation‬‬
‫‪dust‬‬
‫‪preventive‬‬
‫‪measures‬‬
‫‪required for‬‬
‫‪cold‬‬
‫‪insulation‬‬
‫‪indoor use‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰان‬
‫ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪﮔﻲ‬
‫ﮔﺮد و ﺧﺎك‬
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺳﺮد و‬
‫ﮔﺮم‪ .‬ﻟﺰوم‬
‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از‬
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺳﺮد در‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺴﻨﻪ‬
‫‪°‬‬
‫)‪θ (Approx. 500 C‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎرﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪O Note 6‬‬
‫ﻳﺎداوري ‪6‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻳﺎدآوري ‪2‬‬
‫‪θ (Approx.‬‬
‫‪°‬‬
‫)‪300 C‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫‪Hard cement‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﻤﺎن ﺳﺨﺖ‬
‫‪Asbestos cloths‬‬
‫ﭘﺎرﭼﻪ آزﺑﺴﺘﻲ‬
‫‪Glass cloths‬‬
‫ﭘﺎرﭼﻪ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ اي‬
‫‪°°‬‬
‫)‪X (Approx. 80 C‬‬
‫درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ ‪80‬درﺟﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫‪°°‬‬
‫ﻳﺎدآوريﻫﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪Canvas‬‬
‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ در‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺮزﻧﺖ‬
‫‪Vinyl Tape‬‬
‫)‪X (Approx. 60 C‬‬
‫درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ‪ 60‬درﺟﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫‪Indoor outer‬‬
‫‪Covering‬‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫ﻧﻮار وﻳﻨﻴﻞ‬
‫‪Adhesive Tape‬‬
‫ﭼﺴﺐ ﻧﻮاري‬
‫‪Notes:‬‬
‫)‪(o‬‬
‫‪1) Evaluation criteria: Highly superior θ,‬‬
‫‪superior O, inferior X.‬‬
‫‪ (2‬ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰان آزﺑﺴﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ دارد‪:‬‬
‫‪2) Heat resistivity depends on asbestos content:‬‬
‫‪Be careful of this.‬‬
‫‪ (1‬ﻣﻌﻴﺎرﻫﺎي ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫)‪(θ‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ )‪(x‬‬
‫ﻻزم اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫‪103‬‬
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
3) May be corroded by alkaline matter in
insulation: Be careful of this point.
:‫( اﻣﻜﺎن ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻮاد ﻗﻠﻴﺎﺋﻲ در ﻋﺎﻳﻖ وﺟﻮد دارد‬3
4) Water migrates from these hydrous
materials to the insulation, impairing the
insulation characteristics. Fiber-state insulation
is easily affected and cracked by pressure.
‫ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ آﺳﻴﺐ‬،‫( ﺣﺮﻛﺖ آب از ﻣﻮاد ﻣﺮﻃﻮب ﺑﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬4
.‫ﻻزم اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ اﻟﻴﺎف‬.‫رﺳﺎﻧﺪن ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺖ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺗﺮك ﺑﺮ‬
.‫ﻣﻲدارﻧﺪ‬
5) Surface irregularities will easily occur when
fibrous insulation is wrapped with cloth or
tape.
‫( زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ اﻟﻴﺎف ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺎ روﻛﺶ ﭘﺎرﭼﻪ اي ﻳﺎ ﻧﻮار ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪه‬5
‫ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎدﮔﻲ ﻧﺎﻫﻤﻮاري ﻫﺎي ﺳﻄﺤﻲ اﻳﺠﺎد ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ‬،‫ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬
.‫ﺷﺪ‬
6) Must be patched with cardboard or other
material to provide good form.
‫( ﻻزم اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﻮاي ﻧﺎزك ﻳﺎ ﻣﺎده دﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ و ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ‬6
.‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ درآﻳﺪ‬
104
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
APPENDICES
‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ﻫﺎ‬
APPENDIX A
‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ اﻟﻒ‬
CALCULATION OF ECONOMIC
THICKNESS
‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬1- ‫اﻟﻒ‬
A.1 Introduction
The required thickness of insulation for any
specific
application
depends
upon
the
characteristics of the insulating material and the
purpose of the equipment. Where the sole object is
to achieve the minimum total cost, the appropriate
thickness is known as the economic thickness.
‫ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺮاي ﻫﺮ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﺧﺎص ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻳﮕﺎﻧﻪ‬.‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت ﺟﻨﺲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ و ﻣﻨﻈﻮر دﺳﺘﮕﺎه دارد‬
‫ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻪ‬،‫ﻫﺪف ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ رﺳﺎﻧﺪن ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻛﻠﻲ اﺳﺖ‬
.‫ﻋﻨﻮان ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
The costs to be considered are as follows¹:
:¹‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ را ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮار داد ﺑﻪ ﻗﺮار زﻳﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
a) The cost of heat lost from the insulated
surfaces during the evaluation period;
‫اﻟﻒ( ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺗﻠﻔﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺳﻄﻮح ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺷﺪه در ﺣﻴﻦ زﻣﺎن‬
b) the cost of the insulation system during the
evaluation period.
‫ب ( ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ در دوره ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬
Any increase in the amount of insulation applied
raises the cost of the insulation but decreases the
cost of heat lost. The sum of the two costs may be
shown to lie on a curve with a rather flat region on
either side of a minimum value representing the
economic thickness.
،‫ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ را ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺮده‬،‫ﻫﺮ ﻣﻘﺪار اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ در ﻋﺎﻳﻖ اﻋﻤﺎل ﺷﺪه‬
‫ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻫﺮ دو‬.‫اﻣﺎ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺪر رﻓﺘﻦ ﺣﺮارت را ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ‬
‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺮ روي ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎً ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺖ‬
‫در ﻫﺮ ﻃﺮف ﻳﻚ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﺮف ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ‬
.‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
Alternative systems should therefore be derived
and compared. It should be noted that methods
used for calculating economic thicknesses refer
primarily to application over uniform types of
surface, e.g., straight lengths of pipework. Thus
they do not take account of insulating valves and
bends, nor do they necessarily include the cost of
providing for staggered joints or multiple layers.
Also the method of algebraic solution requires the
assumption that the incremental cost of insulation
can be related to the volume of insulating
material, i.e., per cubic meter or per liner meter
for given diameters of pipe.
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬.‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب و ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ داﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ روﺷﻬﺎي ﺑﻜﺎر رﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ‬
‫ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ‬،‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي اﺻﻮﻻً ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮي روي اﻧﻮاع ﺳﻄﺢ ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺖ‬
‫ ﭼﻮن در اﻳﻦ ﺑﺮداﺷﺘﻬﺎ‬.‫ﻃﻮلﻫﺎي ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ ﺑﺮﻣﻴﮕﺮدد‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎزي ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮآورد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎ و ﺧﻢﻫﺎ ﻧﺒﻮده و ﻻزم ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬
‫ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ روش‬.‫اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﺿﺮﺑﺪري ﻳﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻻﻳﻪ را در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺟﺒﺮي ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ دارد ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮض ﺷﻮد ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ اﻓﺰاﻳﺸﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﺎده ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل ﺑﺮ ﻫﺮ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮ‬
.‫ﻃﻮل ﺧﻄﻲ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
Methods of obtaining economic thickness are
given in A.2 to A.4.
‫ ﺗـﺎ‬2-‫روشﻫﺎي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي در ﺑﻨــﺪﻫﺎي اﻟﻒ‬
.‫ آﻣﺪه اﺳﺖ‬4-‫اﻟﻒ‬
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A.2 Economic Thickness by Tabulation (See
Table A.1)
‫ﺟﺪول ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي )ﺑﻪ ﺟﺪول‬
2-‫اﻟﻒ‬
The cost of insulation (including application and
any normal finish) and of the heat lost are
tabulated for a range of thickness of insulation.
These costs are added for each thickness and the
minimum total becomes apparent. For the purpose
of calculating the cost of heat lost, the surface
coefficient can be taken to be 10.0 W/ (m2.K),
since likely variations from this figure do not
significantly affect the result. The insulating effect
of finishing materials is ignored. The cost of heat
lost is as follows:
‫ ﻣﻮاد ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ راﻳﺞ( و اﺗﻼف ﺣﺮارت‬،‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ )ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد‬
‫ اﻳﻦ‬.‫ﺑﺮاي ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﺪوده ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺟﺪول ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ و ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻛﻞ را ﻧﺸﺎن‬
‫ ﺑـﺮاي ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒـﻪ ﻫـﺰﻳـﻨﻪ اﺗـﻼف ﺣﺮارت ﺿـﺮﻳـﺐ‬.‫ﻣﻴﺪﻫﻨﺪ‬
‫ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻴﮕﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﭼﻮن ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات‬10/0W/ (m2.K) ‫ﺳﻄـﺤـﻲ را‬
‫اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻲ از اﻳﻦ رﻗﻢ ﻧﻤﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺮ روي ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻤﺪهاي‬
.‫ اﺛﺮ ﻣﻮاد ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻧﺎدﻳﺪه ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬.‫داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
:‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ اﺗﻼف ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺮار زﻳﺮ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
(‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬1- ‫اﻟﻒ‬
a) Cost of heat lost from flat surface
= 5400 Hq Y 10-6 cent/m2;
‫اﻟﻒ( ﻫﺰﻳﻨــﻪ اﺗﻼف ﺣــﺮارت ﺳﻄـﻮح ﺻـــﺎف ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ‬
b) Cost of heat lost from cylindrical surfaces
= 5400 Hq1 Y 10-6 cent/m2
5400 ‫ب ( ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ اﺗﻼف ﺣﺮارت ﺳﻄﻮح اﺳﺘﻮاﻧﻪ اي ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ‬
.‫ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬5400 Hq Y 10-6 cent/m2
Hq1 Y 10-6 cent/m2
q1 = 10-3  do q
q1 = 10-3  do q
This method is of advantage if the cost of
increasing thickness of insulating material does
not follow a uniform pattern, e.g., if there is a
transition from a single layer to a double layer
system.
‫اﻳﻦ روش در ﻣﻮاردي ﻣﺰﻳﺖ دارد ﻛﻪ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل‬،‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ از ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮح ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺖ ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺖ ﻧﻤﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‬
.‫ﻣﻮاردي ﻛﻪ از ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻻﻳﻪ ﺑﻪ دو ﻻﻳﻪ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬
‫( ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه ﻛﻪ در ﺣﺎﻟﺖﻫﺎي ﺧﺎص ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ‬1
1) It is recognized that in particular instances
allowances may be necessary for the capital or
operating costs of the installation as a whole,
but these are not considered in this Standard.
‫ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﮔﺬاري ﻳﺎ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎت‬
‫ اﻣﺎ ﻣﻮارد ﻓﻮق در اﻳﻦ‬،‫ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ اﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﻻزم ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ﺑﻄﻮر ﻛﻠﻲ‬
.‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺑﺎ روش ﺣﻞ ﺟﺒﺮي‬3-‫اﻟﻒ‬
A.3 Economic Thickness by Algebraic Solution
A.3.1 Incremental cost derivation
‫ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ اﻓﺰاﻳﺸﻲ‬1-3-‫اﻟﻒ‬
In the derivation of an algebraic expression for
economic thickness, a term arises which is a
function of the insulation cost, and for the
equation given in A.3.2, the term is represented by
the symbol C which is defined as the incremental
cost of insulation.
‫در ﺑﻴﺎن ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﺟﺒﺮي ﺑﺮاي ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻳﻚ واژه ﺑﻮﺟﻮد‬
‫ﻣﻲآﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ از ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ اﺳﺖ و در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ‬
‫ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ اﻓﺰاﻳﺸﻲ‬،‫ آﻣﺪه اﺳﺖ‬C ‫ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺮف‬2-3-‫اﻟﻒ‬
.‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
It is important to realize that this is not the simple
difference in applied cost between one thickness
and the next higher one, but is more strictly
interpreted as the derivative of the applied cost
‫ﻣﻬﻢ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺪاﻧﻴﻢ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر اﺧﺘﻼف ﺳﺎده ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه‬
‫ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺑﻌﻨﻮان‬.‫ﺑﺎزاء ﻳﻚ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ و ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﻌﺪي ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ اﻋﻤﺎل ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﻄﻮر دﻗﻴﻖ ﺗﺮ‬
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with respect to the volume of insulation. It should
be noted that the additional cost of the finish and
accessories resulting from the increasing thickness
of insulation, is included.
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ داﺷﺖ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎي اﺿﺎﻓﻲ در راﺑﻄﻪ‬.‫ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﺷﺶﻫﺎي ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ و ﻟﻮازم ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ در اﺛﺮ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ‬
.‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
Within the context of this method of economic
thickness calculation, therefore, the value of C
should be obtained from a measurement or
deduction of the slope of the curve for the plot of
insulation cost against insulation thickness.
However, in practice, such a graph is unlikely to
exhibit a curve (unless forced smoothing of the
plotted points is carried out) and the alternative
approach, [see (a) and (b) in this clause] is
commonly adopted in these circumstances. By this
method, any one value of C can be estimated from
the costs of two correspondingly successive
thicknesses, with the understanding that the value
applies to neither one, but may relate to a
thickness about midway between them. Sequential
values obtained in this manner can still be very
erratic and should be subsequently smoothed
where the situation calls for an orderly
progression of C values.
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد در ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ‬
‫ از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻧﺪازهﮔﻴﺮي و ﻳﺎ ﻛﻢ ﻛﺮدن ﺷﻴﺐ‬C ‫روش ﻣﻘﺪار‬
‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺑﺮاي رﺳﻢ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺮآورد‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺣﺎل در ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ اﺳﺖ اﻳﻦ ﻧﻮع ﻧﻤﻮدار ﻳﻚ‬.‫ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ را ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ دﻫﺪ )ﻣﮕﺮ اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻮار ﻛﺮدن اﺟﺒﺎري ﻧﻘﺎط‬
‫ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﺷﺪه اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﻮد( و روﻳﻜﺮد ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ )ﺑﻪ اﻟﻒ و ب در‬
‫اﻳﻦ ﺑﻨﺪ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد( ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﺮاي اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻻت ﺑﻜﺎر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬
‫ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻬﻤﺎن‬C ‫ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از اﻳﻦ روش ﻫﺮ ﻣﻘﺪار‬.‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ‬،‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ از ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ دو ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﭘﺸﺖ ﺳﺮﻫﻢ ﺑﺮآورد ﺷﻮد‬
‫ وﻟﻲ‬،‫ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻫﻴﭽﻜﺪام ﻧﺒﻮده‬C ‫درك ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺑﺮآورد ﺷﺪه‬
.‫ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﻲ در ﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺮدو ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻣﺘﻮاﻟﻲ ﺑـﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه از اﻳﻦ روش ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻫﻨﻮز ﻫﻢ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻗﺒﺎً ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ‬
.‫ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﻮد‬C ‫ﺑﺮاي ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ‬
The equations for deriving the incremental cost in
accordance with the two methods described in the
previous paragraph are as follows:
‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آوردن ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ اﻓﺰاﻳﺸﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ دو روش‬
.‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺷﺪه در ﭘﺎراﮔﺮاف ﻗﺒﻠﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ زﻳﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻒ( از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺷﻴﺐ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬
a) From the slope of the cost curve:
:‫( ﺳﻄﻮح اﺳﺘﻮاﻧﻪ اي‬1
1) Cylindrical surfaces:
C
S
 10 6
 dn
2) Flat surfaces
:‫( ﺳﻄﻮح ﺻﺎف‬2
C = S × 103
b) From the
thicknesses
cost
of
two
successive
‫ب ( از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ دو ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﺘﻮاﻟﻲ‬
This is determined from the change in cost
divided by the corresponding change in
volume on insulation:
‫از ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ در ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ در ﺣﺠﻢ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬
.‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
1) Cylindrical surfaces:
‫( ﺳﻄﻮح اﺳﺘﻮاﻧﻪ اي‬1
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IPS-E-TP-700(1)
 p b  p a 10 6
 Lb  La Lb  La 
 d o
2) Flat surfaces:
‫( ﺳﻄﻮح ﺻﺎف‬2
C
 p b  p a 10 3
Lb  La 
:‫ﻛﻪ در آن‬
Where:
S
Is the slope of the curve of P against L;
dn
Is the outermost
insulation (in mm);
P
Is the installed cost of insulation (in $/m
or $/m²);
L
do
C
diameter
of
‫؛‬L ‫ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬P ‫ﺷﻴﺐ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ‬
the
‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ از ﺧﺎرج ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ )ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ(؛‬
‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺪه )دﻻر ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻳﺎ دﻻر ﺑﺮﻣﺘﺮ‬
dn
P
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻊ(؛‬
Is the insulation thickness (in mm);
‫ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ )ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ(؛‬
L
‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ )ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ(؛‬
do
Is the outside diameter of pipe (in mm);
Is the incremental cost (in $/m³).
‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ اﻓﺰاﻳﺸﻲ )ﺑﻪ دﻻر ﺑﺮﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ(؛‬
C
‫ ﺑﻪ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﻌﺪي‬b ‫ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ و زﻳﺮﻧﻮﻳﺲ‬a ‫زﻳﺮﻧﻮﻳﺲ‬
.‫اﺷﺎره ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬
Subscript a refers to one thickness and subscript b
refers to the next higher thickness.
:‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ‬
Symbols:
‫ = دوره ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ )ﻛﺎري(؛‬H
H = Evaluation period in hour (working);
Y = Cost of heat in cent/useful MJ;
‫ = ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﺑﻪ ﺳﻨﺖ ﺑﺮ ﻣﮕﺎژول ﻣﻔﻴﺪ؛‬Y
q = Rate of heat loss through the insulating
material per unit area of hot surface per
second in W/m2;

S
‫ = ﻧﺮخ ﺣﺮارت ﻫﺪررﻓﺘﻪ از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺎده ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺮ واﺣﺪ ﺳﻄﺢ‬q
‫؛‬W/m2 ‫از ﺳﻄﺢ ﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﺑﺮ‬
‫ ؛‬W/mK ‫ = ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺎده ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ‬
= Thermal conductivity of insulation
material in W/mK;
‫ = دﻣﺎي ﺳﻄﺢ ﮔﺮم ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد؛‬ 1
 1 = Hot face temperature in °C;
‫ = دﻣﺎي ﻫﻮاي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد؛‬θ m
 m = Ambient air temperature in °C;
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Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
 = Economic thickness in mm.
.‫ = ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬
For the purpose of the calculation, the incremental
cost C varies from 891 $/m³ (see Table A.2). As
an initial approximation, C is taken as the average
of 698 $/m³.
‫ دﻻر ﺑﺮ ﻫﺮ‬891 ‫ از‬C ‫ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻘﺎﺻﺪ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺗﻲ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ اﻓﺰاﻳﺸﻲ‬
‫ از اﻳﻦ رو ﻳﻚ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ‬.‫( ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬2-‫ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ )ﺟﺪول اﻟﻒ‬
‫ دﻻر ﺑﺮاي ﻫﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌﺐ در‬698 ‫ ﺑﻄﻮر ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬C ‫اوﻟﻴﻪ‬
.‫ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ روشﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬2-3-‫اﻟﻒ‬
A.3.2 Methods of calculation
X ‫اﮔﺮ ﻓﺮض ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺮﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ‬
If it is assumed that the cost per cubic meter of
each increment through the insulation thickness X
is constant, it is possible to give a simple algebraic
expression relating the total cost of the insulation,
plus that of the heat loss in an arbitrary period of
time, to the thickness of insulation. This
expression can then be used to find the thickness
of insulation that gives the minimum total cost.
The economic thickness obtained in this way is
given by the following equation:
‫ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان ﺑﺎ ﺑﻴﺎن ﻳﻚ راﺑﻄﻪ ﺳﺎده ﺟﺒﺮي ﺑﺮ‬،‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫اﺳﺎس ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﻪ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ اﺗﻼف ﺣﺮارت در ﻳﻚ دوره‬
‫ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬.‫زﻣﺎن اﺧﺘﻴﺎري ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ اراﺋﻪ ﻧﻤﻮد‬
‫ﻣﻴﺘﻮان ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻛﻠﻲ را ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬
‫ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از اﻳﻦ روش‬.‫ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آورد‬،‫ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ‬
:‫ﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ زﻳﺮ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ آﻳﺪ‬
HYλ 1   m 
C
# 0 .5
x  5.76
The equation makes only an approximate
allowance for the temperature difference between
the atmosphere and the insulation surface, but this
approximation has little effect on the calculated
economic thicknesses and the method is
applicable to all normal insulation systems.
Appreciable inaccuracies occur when considering
high cost insulation having a high thermal
conductivity and in this case the method given A.2
has to be used.
‫اﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺠﺎز ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ اﺧﺘﻼف دﻣﺎي ﺑﻴﻦ اﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ و‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ را اراﺋﻪ ﻣﻴﻨﻤﺎﻳﺪ وﻟﻲ اﻳﻦ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻛﻤﻲ ﺑﺮ روي‬
‫ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻫﺎي اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪه و روش ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻋﻤﺎل ﺑﺮ‬
‫ ﺧﻄﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬.‫ﺗﻤﺎم ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﻤﻮل ﻋﺎﻳﻖ دارد‬
‫اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮض ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﮔﺮان ﻗﻴﻤﺖ داراي ﺿﺮﻳﺐ‬
2-‫ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ ﺑﻮده و در اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ روش اﻟﻒ‬
.‫ﺑﻜﺎر ﺑﺮده ﺷﻮد‬
In practice it may be found that the incremental
cost of the insulation is not constant. The
expression for economic thickness is given in the
first paragraph of this clause; however; Table A.1
can still be used provided that the value of C taken
is appropriate to the economic thickness. When
making a calculation it is first necessary to take an
approximate value for C which is used to calculate
a value for the economic thickness. If the value of
C taken is found not to be appropriate to the
economic thickness obtained, a more appropriate
value of C should be taken and the calculation
repeated.
‫در ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻣﻌﻠﻮم ﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ اﻓﺰاﻳﺸﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
‫ راﺑﻄﻪ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي در اوﻟﻴﻦ ﭘﺎراﮔﺮاف اﻳﻦ ﺑﻨﺪ‬.‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬
C ‫ ﻣﻘﺪار‬1-‫ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎل ﻫﻨﻮز ﻣﻲﺗﻮان از ﺟﺪول اﻟﻒ‬.‫آﻣﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ در زﻣﺎن‬.‫را ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮط ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻮدن ﺑﺎ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺑﻜﺎر ﺑﺮد‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي‬C ‫ در ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ اول ﻻزم اﺳﺖ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ‬،‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬
‫ اﮔﺮ‬.‫ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﻮد‬.‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺑﻜﺎر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪه ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬C ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮم ﺷﺪ ﻣﻘﺪار‬
‫ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐﺗﺮي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻧﻤﻮد‬C ‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از ﻣﻘﺪار‬، ‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬
.‫و ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺗﻜﺮار ﺷﻮد‬
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Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
‫ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ از ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬4-‫اﻟﻒ‬
A.4 Examples of Calculation of Economic
Thickness
A.4.1 General
‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬1-4-‫اﻟﻒ‬
To illustrate the application of the methods in
A.3.2 the economic thickness for a typical case is
deduced by each method in A.4.2 and A.4.3.
‫ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ‬2-3-‫ﺑﺮاي ﻧﺸﺎن دادن ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد روشﻫﺎي ﺑﻨﺪ اﻟﻒ‬
2-4-‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺑﺮاي ﻳﻚ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻫــﺮ روش در اﻟﻒ‬
.‫ اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬3-4-‫و اﻟﻒ‬
‫ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺟﺪول ﺑﻨﺪي‬2-4-‫اﻟﻒ‬
A.4.2 Economic thickness by tabulation
Cost of heat, Y
‫ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ‬، Y = ‫ ﺳﻨﺖ ﺑﺮ ﻣﮕﺎ ژول ﻣﻔﻴﺪ‬1/14
= 1.14 cent/useful MJ
Evaluation period, H = 40000 h
‫ دوره ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬، H = 40000 ‫ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬
Hot face temperature, 
‫ دﻣﺎي ﺳﻄﺢ ﮔﺮم‬، θ1 = ‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬+500
1
= +500°C
Ambient air temperature, 
m
‫ دﻣﺎي ﻫﻮاي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬، θ m = ‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬+20
= +20°C
Thermal conductivity of the insulation, 
= 0.09 W/(m.K)
Pipe diameter (outside), do = 210 mm
‫ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬،  = ٠/٠٩ W/(m.K)
(‫ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ )ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ‬، do = 210‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬
‫در اﻳﻦ ﻣﺜﺎل ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻛﻞ ﺟﺪول ﺷﺪه ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ‬
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺑﺮاي اﻳﻦ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ را‬100
.‫ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ‬
In this example the least total cost tabulated
occurs at a thickness of 100 mm; this is the
economic thickness for the conditions indicated.
‫ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺑﺎ راه ﺣﻞ ﺟﺒﺮي‬3-4-‫اﻟﻒ‬
A.4.3 Economic thickness by algebraic solution
Cost of heat, Y
‫ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ‬، Y = ‫ ﺳﻨﺖ ﺑﺮ ﻣﮕﺎ ژول ﻣﻔﻴﺪ‬1/14
= 1.14 cent/useful MJ
Evaluation period, H = 40000 h
‫ دوره ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬، H = ‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬40000
Hot face temperature, 
= +500°C
‫ دﻣﺎي ﺳﻄﺢ ﮔﺮم‬، θ1 = ‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬+500
= +20°C
‫ دﻣﺎي ﻫﻮاي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬، θ m = ‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬+20
1
Ambient air temperature, 
m
‫ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬،  = ٠/٠٩ W/(m.K)
Thermal conductivity of the insulation,
 = 0.09 W/(m.K)
Pipe diameter (outside), do
= 219.1 mm
‫ ﻗﻄﺮ )ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ( ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬do = ‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬219/1
:‫ﮔﺎم اول‬
Step 1:
2-3-‫از راﺑﻄﻪ داده ﺷﺪه در اﻟﻒ‬
From the equation given in A.3.2.
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Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬

 40000 × 0.76 × 0.09 × 500 - 20 
x = 5.76 
465

IPS-E-TP-700(1)




0.5
= 306.1 m m
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده در ﻳﻚ ﺳﻄﺢ‬
306/1 ‫ دﻻر ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬C=698 ‫ﺻﺎف ﺑﺎ اﺣﺘﺴﺎب‬
.‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
Therefore the economic thickness for a flat
surface using insulation for which C = 698 $/m³ is
306.1 mm.
:‫ﮔﺎم دوم‬
Step 2:
‫ ﻳــﻚ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﺎ‬L ‫ﺑﺮاي ﭘﻴﺪا ﻛــﺮدن ﺿﺨــﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﻌﺎدل‬
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴـﻤﺘــﺮ از راﺑــﻄـﻪ‬219/1 ‫ﻗﻄــﺮ ﺧﺎرﺟــﻲ‬
:‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬ = 0.5 (do + 2L) ln(1 +2L/do)
The equation  = 0.5 (do + 2L) ln(1 +2L/do) is
used to find the corresponding thickness L for a
pipe of 219.1 mm outside diameter.



2L 
306.1  0.5 219.1  2L In  1 
219.1 

The value of L can not be obtained directly from
this equation. It can however be obtained either by
trial and error or graphically (see Fig. A.2). The
result is L = 192.4 mm (approximately).
‫ در ﻫﺮ‬.‫ را ﻧﻤﻴﺘﻮان ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎً از اﻳﻦ راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آورد‬L ‫ﻣﻘﺪار‬
‫ را ﻣﻴﺘﻮان از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ آزﻣﻮن و ﺧﻄﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻤﻮدار )ﺑﻪ‬L ‫ﺣﺎل ﻣﻘﺪار‬
‫ در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺑﻄﻮر ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ‬.‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد( ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آورد‬2-‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‬
.‫ اﺳﺖ‬L=192/4mm
:‫ﮔﺎم ﺳﻮم‬
Step 3:
‫ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ اﻓﺰاﻳﺸﻲ ﻫــﺎ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻣﻌﻠﻮم ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻛـــﻪ‬
‫ دﻻر ﺑﺮ‬675 ‫ در ﺣﺪود‬C ‫ﺑﺮاي ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺘﻲ ﻣﻘﺪار‬
‫ ﺑـﺎ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﺠﺪد و ﺑﺎ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ‬.‫ﻣﺘـﺮﻣﻜﻌـﺐ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
L=194/9 ‫ و ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ‬ = 311/7 ‫ و ﻣﻘﺪار‬C= 450
.‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
(‫ )ﺑﻄﻮر ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ‬C ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ دوﺑﺎره ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎي اﻓﺰاﻳﺸﻲ ﺑﺮاي‬
‫ دﻻر ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻗﺒﻠﻲ ﺑﻪ‬675 ‫ﻣﻘﺪاري ﺑﻴﺶ از‬
‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ‬.‫ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻻزم ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬.‫دﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ آﻳﺪ‬
.‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ‬195 ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬
If incremental costs are checked, it is found that
for such a thickness the value of C is about 675
$/m3. Recalculation with C = 450 gives
 = 311.7 and L = 194.9 mm (approximately).
Checking incremental costs again gives a further
value of 675 $/m3 (approximately) for C, the same
as the value previously taken. Further calculation
is unnecessary. The economic thickness is
therefore 195 mm.
‫ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻧﻤﻮدار‬5-‫اﻟﻒ‬
A.5 Economic Thickness by Chart
‫ اﺷﻜﺎل‬،2-3-‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺳﺎده ﻧﻤﻮدن ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﺬﻛﻮر در ﺑﻨﺪ اﻟﻒ‬
‫ ﻣﻴﺘﻮان اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز را‬،‫ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ‬2-‫ و اﻟﻒ‬1-‫اﻟﻒ‬
.‫از آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آورد‬
In order to simplify the calculation outlined in
A.3.2, Figs. A.1 and A.2 have been prepared from
which the required information can be obtained.
111
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
TABLE A.1 - ECONOMIC THICKNESS: TYPICAL METHOD BY TABULATION
‫ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ روش ﺑﺼﻮرت ﺟﺪول ﺑﻨﺪي‬:‫ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬1-‫ﺟﺪول اﻟﻒ‬
THICKNESS OF
INSULATION
(mm)
(‫ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ )ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬
RATE OF HEAT
LOSS PER LINEAR
METER PER SECOND
q1 (W/M)
COST (Cent/m) (‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ )ﺳﻨﺖ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮ‬
HEAT LOSS,
‫ﻣﻴﺰان اﺗﻼف ﺣﺮارت در ﻣﺘﺮ ﺧﻄﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬
(‫ )وات ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮ‬q1
3600 Hq1
INSULATION +
LABOUR +
ANCILLARY
MATERIALS
Y × 10-6
‫ ﻧﻴﺮوي اﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ‬+ ‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
‫اﺗﻼف ﮔﺮﻣﺎ‬
TOTAL
‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬
‫ ﻣﻮادﻛﻤﻜﻲ‬+
0
50
100
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
15018
624
388
288
278
269
260
252
245
239
235
228
223
2465335
102437
63695
47279
45636
44159
42681
41369
40220
39234
38250
37428
36608
0
5139
9491
14850
15372
16506
17660
18444
19539
20633
21644
22532
23469
2465335
107576
73186
62129
61008
60665
60341
59813
59759
59867
59894
59960
60077
TABLE A.2 - INCREMENTAL COST OF INSULATION - DOUBLE THICKNESS
‫ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ اﻓﺰاﻳﺸﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ – ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ دوﻻﻳﻪ‬2-‫ﺟﺪول اﻟﻒ‬
Outside
diameter of
steel pipe
(mm)
‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬
THICKNESS (mm)
(‫ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ )ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬
120
to
140
140
to
160
160
to
180
‫ﻓﻮﻻدي‬
200
to
220
220
to
240
240
to
260
260
to
280
280
to
300
Average
cost
(in $/m³)
--------------------------------445
436
434
422
418
---
--------------------------------------421
418
---
632
631
618
552
475
509
436
376
473
487
492
473
450
465
430
452
422
449
443
443
430
552
Incremental cost of insulation (in m³):
(‫)ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬
17.2
21.3
26.9
33.7
42.4
48.3
60.3
76.1
88.9
101.6
114.3
139.7
168.3
219.1
244.5
273.0
323.9
355.6
406.4
457.0
508.0
Over 508
180
to
200
(‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ اﻓﺰاﻳﺸﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ )ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ‬
632
631
618
652
573
553
517
358
362
496
422
404
410
594
382
581
300
599
562
637
548
552
------451
570
557
514
523
510
510
513
489
456
445
439
432
428
407
408
401
405
---
--------283
416
512
523
511
507
513
490
458
447
439
428
436
426
440
425
424
---
------------202
101
508
507
514
493
459
450
439
429
438
436
433
420
410
---
------------------415
499
491
459
449
433
431
445
439
431
419
420
---
508‫ﺑﺎﻻي‬
112
------------------------455
449
442
429
439
431
400
423
416
---
----------------------------439
431
444
416
436
420
415
---
‫)‪IPS-E-TP-700(1‬‬
‫آذر ‪Nov. 2009 / 1388‬‬
‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ دﻣﺎ‬
‫دوره ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﺮاي ‪ 1000‬ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬
‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ اﻓﺰاﻳﺸﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
‫دﻻر ﺑﺮﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪار‪ X‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬
‫ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
‫‪Fig. A.1-CHART FOR ECONOMIC THICKNESS OF THERMAL INSULATING MATERIAL‬‬
‫)‪(SEE A.5‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‪-1 -‬ﻧﻤﻮدار ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺎده ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ )ﺑﻪ اﻟﻒ‪ 5-‬ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد(‬
‫‪113‬‬
‫آذر ‪Nov. 2009 / 1388‬‬
‫)‪IPS-E-TP-700(1‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪار ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ ‪) d0‬ﻗﻄﺮ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ( ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﺸﺮوط ‪ X‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ‪ L‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬
‫)‪Fig. A.C-CHART SOLUTION FOR THE EQUATION  =0.5(d0+2L)In(1 +2L/do‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‪-‬ج‪ -‬ﺣﻞ ﻧﻤﻮداري ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ )‪ =0.5(d0+2L)In(1 +2L/do‬‬
‫‪114‬‬
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
APPENDIX B
‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ب‬
EQUATIONS FOR HEAT TRANSFER
THROUGH THICKNESS OF INSULATION
(THE CALCULATION BASED ON ENERGY
SAVING)
‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺣﺮارت از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
In this Appendix the heat transfer equations which
relate the heat flow through the insulation to the
insulation thickness and to the thermal
conductivity of insulation materials for flat and
cylindrical insulation are presented.
‫در اﻳﻦ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺣﺮارت ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﻮر ﮔﺮﻣﺎ از‬
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ و ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺮاي‬
.‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖﻫﺎي ﻣﺴﻄﺢ و اﺳﺘﻮاﻧﻪ اي اراﺋﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
(‫)ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺻﺮﻓﻪ ﺟﻮﻳﻲ اﻧﺮژي ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
:‫ﻋﻼﻳﻢ و واﺣﺪﻫﺎ‬
The symbols and units:
‫؛‬W/m ‫ = ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ‬Q
Q = heat flow in W/m;
‫ = دﻣﺎي ﺳﻄﺢ ﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد؛‬t1
t1 = temperature of hot surface in °C;
‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد؛‬
t2 = temperature of cold surface in °C;
‫ = دﻣﺎي ﺳﻄﺢ ﺳﺮد ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ درﺟﻪ‬t2
L = thickness of insulation in meter;
‫ = ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ‬L
 = conductivity in W/mK
W/mK ‫ = ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ‬
a) Equation for heat transfer for one thickness
of flat insulation:
‫اﻟﻒ( ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺣﺮارت ﺑﺮاي ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻳﻚ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﺴﻄﺢ‬
Q
t1
 t2
1

In Fig. B1 these factors are shown
schematically:
:‫ اﻳﻦ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺑﻄﻮر اﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ‬1‫در ﺷﻜﻞ ب‬
115
t1  t 2
l

DEGREES OF TEMPERATURE C0
Q
°C ‫درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت‬
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
‫ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ در‬
‫دﻣﺎي ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺖ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺣﺮارت‬
t1 +t2
2
Fig. B.1-SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH A SINGLE FLAT
MATERIAL
‫ ﻧﻤﻮدار اﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﮔﺮﻣﺎ از ﻣﻴﺎن ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎده ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﺴﻄﺢ‬-1-‫ﺷﻜﻞ ب‬
:1 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
Example 1:
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد و در‬148/89 ‫اﮔﺮ دﻣﺎ در ﻳﻚ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
85 ‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد و ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ در‬21/1 ‫ﺳﻄﺢ دﻳﮕﺮ آن‬
‫ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺣﺮارت ﺑﻴﺶ از‬0/062 W/mk ‫درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫ ﭼﻪ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺘﻲ از ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز اﺳﺖ؟‬،‫ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬94/577 W/m²
If the temperature of insulation is 148.89°C on
one surface and 21.1°C on the other surface and
heat conductivity at 85°C is 0.062 W/mk and heat
transfer is not to be over 94.577 W/m², what
thickness of insulation is required?
:‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺎن ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ‬
As stated:
148/89°C = t1
t1 = 148.89°C
21/1°C = t2
t2 = 21.1°C
= 0.062 W/mk
0/062 W/mk = λ
Q = 94.577 W/m2
94/577 W/m2 = Q
λ
116
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
t t
148.89  21.1
I   1 2  0.062
 0.0838 m
Q
94.577
b) Equation for heat transfer for two or more
thicknesses of flat insulation:
Q
‫ب ( ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻫﺎي دو ﻳﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ‬
:‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻫﻤﺴﻄﺢ‬
t1  t S
 L1 L2 L3 
    
 1
2
3 
‫ دوم و‬،‫ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ اول‬L3 ‫ و‬L2 ،L1 ‫در اﻳﻦ راﺑﻄﻪ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ‬λ3 ‫ و‬λ2 ‫ ﺳﻮم‬،λ1 ‫ﺳﻮم ﺑﻪ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ و‬
.‫ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬w/mk ‫ دوم و ﺳﻮم ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ‬،‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ اول‬
. ‫آن ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺎ دﻣﺎي ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺗﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد اﺳﺖ‬
:‫ ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮرﻫﺎ را ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر اﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ‬2-‫ﺷﻜﻞ ب‬
In which L1, L2, L3 are thicknesses of first,
second and third insulation material in meter and
λ1, λ2, λ3 are conductivities of first, second and
third insulation materials in W/mk respectively. It
is lower temperature surface in ºc
figure B.2 the factors are shown schematically:
:2 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
Example 2:
‫ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ دو ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ را ﭘﻴﺪا ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮري ﻛﻪ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل‬
‫( دﻣﺎ در‬t1) ‫ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ وﻗﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ‬315/26 W/m² ‫ﺣﺮارت ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از‬
‫( دﻣﺎ در ﺳﻤﺖ دﻳﮕﺮ‬ts) ‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد و‬760 ‫ﻳﻚ ﺳﻤﺖ‬
‫ ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬.‫ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‬،‫ﺻﻔﺮ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‬.‫ اﺳﺖ‬0/072 W/mk ‫ و ﻋﺎﻳﻖ دﻳﮕﺮ‬0/108 W/mk
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬649 ،‫دﻣﺎي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺗﺮ‬
(t2 ).‫اﺳﺖ‬
Find the thickness of two different insulation so
that the heat transfer will be less than 315.26
W/m² when the temperature on one side is 760°C
(t1) and temperature on the other side is 0°C (ts).
Conductivity of one insulation is 0.108 W/mk and
that of the other is 0.072 W/mk. Maximum
temperature of the insulation with the lower
conductivity is 649°C (t2).
Q
t1  t S
t t
l
l
760  0
 1  2  1 S 
 2.41
1  2
Q
315.26
1  2

1
2
‫ ﻳﺎ‬t1 - t2 = 760 – 649 =111∆˚C ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺎن ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ‬
:‫ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬315/26 w/m2 ‫ از‬Q ‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ و‬
As it is stated that t1 - t2 = 760-649 = 111∆˚C or
less and Q is stated to be no more than 315.26
w/m2 :
 t t 
 760 649
1   1 S  1  
 0.108  0.038 m
Q
 315.26 


 t t
 2   2 s
 Q

 649  0 
 2  
0.072  2.058  0.072
 315.26 

117
:‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
Conductivity :
1
:‫ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ‬
t1  t 2
2
At Mean Temp .
‫در دﻣﺎي ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
2
At Mean Temp .
t 2  t3
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
DEGREES OF TEOPERATURE C0
Note :
‫درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
2
‫در دﻣﺎي ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
3
At Mean Temp .
t3  t S
2
‫در دﻣﺎي ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
Equation : Q 
t
‫ﺟﻬﺖ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺣﺮارت‬
t1  t S
1  2  3
 
1
2
3
Fig. B.2-SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH THREE FLAT
MATERIALS
‫ﻧﻤﻮدار اﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﮔﺮﻣﺎ از ﻣﻴﺎن ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺳﻪ ﻻﻳﻪاي ﻣﺴﻄﺢ‬-2-‫ﺷﻜﻞ ب‬
‫ج( ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺣﺮارت از ﻣﻴﺎن ﻳﻚ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ از ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
c) Equation for heat transfer through one thickness
of cylindrical insulation:
:‫اﺳﺘﻮاﻧـﻪاي‬
118
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
Q 
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
t1  t 2

 r2  
 r 2 log e   
 r1  








in which :
r1
r2
:‫ﻛﻪ در آن‬
= inner radius of a single layer of
cylindrical insulation in meter ;
‫ = ﺷﻌﺎع داﺧﻠﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ اﺳﺘﻮاﻧﻪاي ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ؛‬r1
‫ = ﺷﻌﺎع ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ اﺳﺘﻮاﻧﻪ اي ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ؛‬r2
= outer radius of a single layer of
cylindrical insulation in meter ;
r
r2 log 2 
e r1
r
r 2 log e 2 = equivalent thicknesss
r1
This is a more common method of calculating
heat transfer in which all heat transfer is based on
outer area of the insulation and equivalent
thickness has been used in the formula. The
schematic diagram is shown in Fig. B.3.
‫ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﻌﺎدل‬
‫اﻳﻦ ﻳﻚ روش ﻣﺘﺪاول ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺣﺮارت ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎم اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺣﺮارت ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ و ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ‬
‫ ﻧﻤﻮدار اﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ در ﺷﻜﻞ‬.‫ﻣﻌﺎدل در ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
.‫ ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬3-‫ب‬
119
‫آذر ‪Nov. 2009 / 1388‬‬
‫)‪IPS-E-TP-700(1‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫‪7‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪8‬‬
‫‪9‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫‪11‬‬
‫‪12‬‬
‫‪13‬‬
‫‪ -1‬واﺣﺪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻤﺖ‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺑﺮاي ﺳﻄﻮح ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ در ﻫﺮ ﻃﺮف ﻳﻜﺴﺎن اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬واﺣﺪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺮاي ﺷﻌﺎع داﺧﻠﻲ‬
‫‪ -4‬واﺣﺪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺳﻤﺖ دﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫‪ -5‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫‪ -6‬ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮ از واﺣﺪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺮاي ﺷﻌﺎع داﺧﻠﻲ‬
‫‪ Q -7‬ﻳﻜﺴﺎن اﺳﺖ اﻣﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺷﻌﺎع ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮ از ﺷﻌﺎع داﺧﻠﻲ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ Q -8‬ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ واﺣﺪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻜﺎرﮔﻴﺮي ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫‪ -9‬ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﺴﻄﺢ‬
‫‪ -10‬ﻋﺎﻳﻖ اﺳﺘﻮاﻧﻪ اي‬
‫‪ -11‬ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﻌﺎدل‬
‫‪ -12‬ﺷﻌﺎع ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ واﺣﺪ ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫‪ -13‬وﻗﺘﻲ ‪ Q‬ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﺷﻌﺎع ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﻮد ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﻌﺎدل ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪Fig. B.3-EQUIVALENT THICKNESS OF CYLINDRICAL INSULATION‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ب‪ -3-‬ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﻌﺎدل ﻋﺎﻳﻖ اﺳﺘﻮاﻧﻪ اي‬
‫‪120‬‬
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
Example 3:
If :
:3 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
The temperature of the higher side (inner)
t1= 232.2°C;
t1= 232.2°C (‫ﺳﻤﺖ ﺑﺎ دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ )داﺧﻠﻲ‬
The temperature of the lower (outer) side t2
= 37.7°C;
t2 = 37.7°C (‫ﺳﻤﺖ ﺑﺎ دﻣﺎي ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺗﺮ )ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ‬
The conductivity of the insulation  =
0.0577 W/mK;
 = 0.0577 W/mK ‫ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
The inner radius r1 = 0.0381 m.
:‫اﮔﺮ‬
r1 = 0.0381 m ‫ﺷﻌﺎع داﺧﻠﻲ‬
Determine " L " the thickness and r2 outer
radius of insulation :
Q
:‫ ﺷﻌﺎع ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ را ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬r2 ‫ " ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ و‬L " ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
t1  t 2
r2 log e

r2
r1
r  t  t   232.2  37.7 
 0.0577 0.051
r2 loge 2   1 2    
r1  Q   220.7 
As r2 is the unknown and appears twice in the
remaining factor, it is difficult to compute
directly.
‫ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ و دو ﺑﺎر در ﺑﺨﺶ ﺑﺎﻗﻴﻤﺎﻧﺪه‬r2 ‫ﺑﺎ وﺟﻮد اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ‬
.‫ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ آن ﻣﺸﻜﻞ اﺳﺖ‬، ‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺷﺪه‬
However by looking in Table B.1 for the values of
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ‬1-‫ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺣﺎل ﺑـــﺎ ﺗﻮﺟـــﻪ ﺑـــﻪ ﺟـــﺪول ب‬
r2 loge
r2
. it can be determined that the
r1
r2
r1
:‫ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد ﺑﺎ‬
‫ را ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﻮد و‬r2 = 0.0762 m ‫ ﻣﻴﺘﻮان ﻣﻘـﺪار‬r2 loge.
r2 = 0.0762 m and insulation thickness will be:
r2 - r1 = 0.0762 - 0.0381 = 0.0381 m
r2 - r1 = 0.0762 - 0.0381 = 0.0381 m
d) Equation for heat transfer through two or
more thicknesses of cylindrical insulation.
‫د( راﺑﻄﻪ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺣﺮارت از ﻣﻴﺎن دو ﻳﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
The same form of equation presented to
calculate the heat flow
through
one
thickness of cylindrical insulation should also
be used
where the total thickness is
composed of two or more thicknesses of
different  values. In all cases, however, the
multiplier for loge is the outermost radius:
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺣﺮارت از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻳﻚ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ اﺳﺘﻮاﻧﻪاي اراﺋﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺪه اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻛﻞ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ از دو ﻳﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﻬﺮﺣﺎل در ﺗﻤﺎم ﺣﺎﻻت‬،‫ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ‬
.‫ ﺑﻴﺮوﻧﻲ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺷﻌﺎع ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬loge ‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ‬
r1
= inner radius of innermost insulation in
meters;
‫= ﺷﻌﺎع داﺧﻠﻲ دروﻧﻲ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ؛‬
.‫اﺳﺘﻮاﻧﻪاي‬
121
r1
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
r2 = outer radius of innermost insulation and
inner radius of outermost insulation in meters;
‫= ﺷﻌﺎع ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ دروﻧﻲﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ و ﺷﻌﺎع داﺧﻠﻲ‬
r2
‫ﺑﻴﺮوﻧﻲﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ؛‬
rs =outer radius of outermost insulation in
meters
‫= ﺷﻌﺎع ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﺑﻴﺮوﻧﻲﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ؛‬
rs
= temperature of innermost surface in °C;
‫= دﻣﺎي دروﻧﻲﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد؛‬
t1
t1
t2 = temperature of radius between inner and
outermost insulation in °C;
ts
‫ = دﻣﺎي ﺷﻌﺎع ﺑﻴﻦ دروﻧﻲﺗﺮﻳﻦ و ﺑﻴﺮوﻧﻲﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺮ‬t2
‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد؛‬
= temperature of outer surface in °C;
‫= دﻣﺎي ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد؛‬
‫؛‬W/mk ‫ = ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﺣﺮارت دروﻧﻲﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ‬1
1
= conductivity of innermost insulation in
W/mk;
2
ts
‫؛‬W/mk ‫ = ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﺣﺮارت ﺑﻴﺮوﻧﻲﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ‬ 2
= conductivity of outermost insulation in
W/mk;
Heat transfer through two different types of
cylindrical insulation in W/m² is:
Q 
‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺣﺮارت از ﻣﻴﺎن دو ﻧﻮع ﻋﺎﻳﻖ اﺳﺘﻮاﻧﻪاي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ‬
:‫ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ‬W/m²

 rS log e

1


t1 - t s
r2  
r 
rS log e S 


r1
r2


2
 

 

‫ از ﻣﻴﺎن دو ﻧﻮع ﻋﺎﻳﻖ اﺳﺘﻮاﻧﻪاي ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﺑـﺮ‬Q ،‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺣﺮارت‬
:‫ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ‬W/m² ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬
Heat transfer Q through two different types of
cylindrical insulation in W/m2 is:
Q
t1  t s
rS 
r3  
r2  

 rS log e r   rS log e r   rS log e r 
3
2
1




1
2
2

 

 

 

 

 
 

.‫ ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬4-‫ﻧﻤﻮدار اﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ در ﺷﻜﻞ ب‬
A schematic diagram is shown in Fig. B.4:
122
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
‫ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺳﻮم‬
CONDUCTIVITY OF THIRD INSULATION
‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺳﻮﻣﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
‫ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ دوم‬
CONDUCTIVITY
SECOND
INSULATION
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬OF
‫دوﻣﻴﻦ‬
‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺣﺮاﻳﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ‬
‫ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ اول‬
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬OF
‫اوﻟﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺣﺮارت‬INSULATION
‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل‬
CONDUCTIVITY
FIRST
FIRST INSULATION
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ اول‬
SECOND INSULATION
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ دوم‬
THIRD INSULATION
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺳﻮم‬
:‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ‬
Q
rs log e
1
r2
r1

t1  t s
rs log e rr32
2

rs log e rr3s
3
Fig. B.4-SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH THREE DIFFERENT
TYPES OF CYLINDRICAL INSULATION MATERIALS
‫ ﻧﻤﻮدار اﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺣﺮارت از ﻣﻴﺎن ﺳﻪ ﻧﻮع ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ اﺳﺘﻮاﻧﻪاي‬-4-‫ﺷﻜﻞ ب‬
123
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
TABLE B.1 - EQUIVALENT THICKNESS – METERS
‫ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﻌﺎدل –ﻣﺘﺮ‬1-‫ﺟﺪول ب‬
Tube Size
NOMINAL INSULATION THICKNESS – mm
‫ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ‬
‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬- ‫ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﺳﻤﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
mm
13
25
36
51
64
76
80
102
114
127
140
152
168
178
190
203
216
220
241
250
6.4
0.026
0.003
0.106
0.160
0.202
0.255
0.335
0.376
0.474
0.477
0.544
0.605
0.657
0.731
0.798
0.861
0.901
0.994
1.035
1.130
12.7
0.021
0.051
0.086
0.125
0.167
0.211
0.250
0.306
0.355
0.406
0.458
0.511
0.565
0.620
0.675
0.733
0.791
0.848
0.906
0.967
15.6
0.017
0.042
0.070
0.102
0.135
0.172
0.211
0.251
0.292
0.334
0.378
0.423
0.474
0.516
0.532
0.612
0.661
0.710
0.762
0.812
50.8
0.015
0.035
0.058
0.084
0.111
0.144
0.172
0.204
0.238
0.273
0.309
0.346
0.386
0.422
0.462
0.502
0.543
0.585
0.627
0.670
76.2
0.014
0.032
0.053
0.075
0.099
0.125
0.153
0.182
0.211
0.242
0.274
0.306
0.339
0.374
0.412
0.444
0.482
0.519
0.556
0.592
101.6
0.014
0.031
0.050
0.070
0.092
0.116
0.141
0.167
0.195
0.222
0.252
0.282
0.312
0.344
0.376
0.409
0.440
0.476
0.511
0.546
127.6
0.014
0.030
0.048
0.067
0.088
0.110
0.133
0.158
0.183
0.209
0.236
0.264
0.293
0.322
0.353
0.382
0.413
0.446
0.478
0.511
152.6
0.014
0.029
0.046
0.065
0.084
0.105
0.128
0.150
0.174
0.199
0.224
0.251
0.278
0.306
0.333
0.363
0.391
0.422
0.454
0.484
177.8
0.013
0.029
0.045
0.063
0.082
0.102
0.123
0.145
0.168
0.191
0.216
0.241
0.267
0.293
0.318
0.347
0.375
0.404
0.432
0.463
203.2
0.013
0.028
0.044
0.062
0.080
0.099
0.120
0.141
0.163
0.185
0.209
0.233
0.257
0.282
0.307
0.335
0.362
0.389
0.418
0.445
228.6
0.013
0.028
0.044
0.061
0.079
0.097
0.117
0.137
0.158
0.180
0.203
0.226
0.250
0.274
0.299
0.324
0.350
0.377
0.401
0.431
254.0
0.013
0.028
0.043
0.060
0.077
0.095
0.115
0.134
0.155
0.176
0.198
0.220
0.243
0.266
0.292
0.315
0.340
0.366
0.390
0.418
304.8
0.013
0.027
0.042
0.058
0.075
0.093
0.111
0.130
0.157
0.169
0.190
0.211
0.233
0.255
0.277
0.290
0.324
0.349
0.374
0.411
355.6
0.013
0.027
0.042
0.057
0.079
0.090
0.106
0.126
0.145
0.164
0.184
0.204
0.225
0.246
0.261
0.290
0.311
0.336
0.360
0.382
408.4
0.013
0.027
0.041
0.056
0.072
0.089
0.106
0.123
0.141
0.160
0.179
0.199
0.218
0.239
0.260
0.281
0.306
0.325
0.347
0.370
457.2
0.013
0.027
0.041
0.056
0.071
0.087
0.104
0.121
0.139
0.157
0.175
0.194
0.214
0.234
0.251
0.274
0.293
0.317
0.338
0.360
508.0
0.013
0.027
0.041
0.055
0.071
0.086
0.100
0.119
0.138
0.159
0.172
0.191
0.207
0.229
0.248
0.269
0.291
0.310
0.332
0.352
609.6
0.013
0.026
0.040
0.054
0.069
0.085
0.100
0.116
0.133
0.150
0.167
0.185
0.203
0.221
0.242
0.259
0.281
0.298
0.317
0.337
711.2
0.013
0.026
0.040
0.054
0.068
0.084
0.099
0.118
0.131
0.197
0.164
0.180
0.198
0.216
0.235
0.252
0.279
0.297
0.310
0.326
914.4
0.013
0.026
0.039
0.053
0.067
0.082
0.096
0.112
0.127
0.143
0.158
0.175
0.191
0.206
0.226
0.242
0.262
0.278
0.300
0.314
1016.0
0.013
0.026
0.039
0.053
0.067
0.081
0.096
0.111
0.126
0.141
0.157
0.173
0.189
0.205
0.223
0.239
0.260
0.274
0.299
0.309
1219.2
0.012
0.026
0.039
0.053
0.066
0.080
0.095
0.110
0.124
0.139
0.154
0.170
0.185
0.201
0.216
0.234
0.248
0.268
0.280
0.301
1422.4
0.012
0.026
0.039
0.052
0.066
0.080
0.094
0.108
0.122
0.138
0.152
0.168
0.182
0.198
0.214
0.230
0.245
0.262
0.276
0.295
1625.6
0.012
0.026
0.039
0.052
0.066
0.080
0.093
0.108
0.121
0.136
0.151
0.165
0.180
0.196
0.210
0.226
0.243
0.259
0.274
0.289
1928.8
0.012
0.026
0.039
0.052
0.065
0.079
0.093
0.107
0.121
0.135
0.150
0.164
0.179
0.194
0.209
0.224
0.239
0.255
0.270
0.286
:‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
Note :
Tabular values are those of the Equivalent
Thickness
Lm = r 2m log
e
Lm = r 2m log e
r2 m
for the Nominal
r1m
:‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﺳﻤﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
Insulation Thickness given:
r 1m
r2 m
‫ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﺟﺪول ﺷﺪه ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﻌﺎدل‬
r1m
‫= ﺷﻌﺎع داﺧﻠﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ‬
= Inside radius of insulation in meters ;
‫ ( ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ‬L m ) ‫= ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ واﻗﻌﻲ‬
r 1m -r 2m = Actual thickness ( L m ) in meters ;
r 1m
r 1m -r 2m
‫ = ﺷﻌﺎع ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ‬r 2m
r 2m
= Outside radius of insulation in meters ;
Lm
= Equivalent thickness in meters .
‫= ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﻌﺎدل ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ‬
124
Lm
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
APPENDIX C
‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ج‬
CALCULATION OF THICKNESS OF
INSULATING MATERIAL REQUIRED TO
PREVENT CONDENSATION
‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﺎده ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺟﻬﺖ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از‬
‫ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ‬
‫ ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت‬1-‫ج‬
C.1 Equations
‫وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﺤﺪودﻛﻨﻨﺪه در ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ در ﺳﻄﺢ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎده‬
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ وﻗﺘﻲ اﺗﻔﺎق ﻣﻲاﻓﺘﺪ ﻛﻪ دﻣﺎي ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺴﺎوي دﻣﺎي ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬
The limiting condition for the formation of
condensation on the surface of an insulating
material occurs when the surface temperature
equals the dew point temperature  d , i .e. when
 2  d ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ زﻣﺎﻧﻴﻜﻪ‬
θd ,
‫ﺷﺒﻨﻢ‬
 2  d .
From the heat transfer equation:
Q
1   2
R
Also: Q 
Therefore:

:‫از ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺣﺮارت‬
1   m
Q
R  RS
1   2
R

1   m
R  RS
2 m
Q
RS
1   2
R

or in the limiting case:
d2 m
1   2
RS
R
1   d
R

d m
1   d
RS
R
R

d m
RS
RS
d2 m
RS
:‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬
:‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‬
:‫ﻳﺎ در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﺤﺪود‬
‫ دﻣﺎي ﺳﻄﺢ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ زﻳﺮ‬،‫وﻗﺘﻲ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺳﺎز اﺳﺖ‬
When surface condensation is a problem, the
insulated surface is below the ambient air
temperature, i.e.,  m >  d >  1 and the latter
equation is written more conveniently as follows:
 d  1


2 m
‫ و ﻟﺬا ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ اﺧﻴﺮ را‬ m >  d >  1 ‫دﻣﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﻮده ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‬
:‫ﺑﻪ راﺣﺘﻲ ﻣﻴﺘﻮان ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ زﻳﺮ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ‬
 m  1
RS
or
  1
R
 d
RS  m   d
‫ را ﻣﻴﺘﻮان ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﺴﻂ داد‬R/Rs ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬
:‫و ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ زﻳﺮ ﺧﻮاﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻮد‬
The ratio R/Rs can be expanded using the
resistance equations and the result are as follows:
125
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
:‫اﻟﻒ( ﺳﻄﺢ اﺳﺘﻮاﻧﻪاي‬
a) Cylindrical surface:
d
d
Where : R  10 3 o In  1
2
 do
Then :
:‫ﻛﻪ در آن‬

d
 and R S  O

hd1

d 
hd1
R
In  1 
10 3
RS
2
 dO 
d 
hd 1
R
 10  3
In  1  :‫ﺳﭙﺲ‬
d 
RS
2
 O
b) Flat surface:
Where : R  10 3
Then :
:‫ب ( ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺴﻄﺢ‬
L

and RS 
1
h
R  10 3
R
h
 10 3 L

RS
L

and RS 
1
h
:‫ﻛﻪ در آن‬
R
h
 10 3 L :‫ﺳﭙﺲ‬

RS
The equation can be expressed as follows :
:‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ را ﻣﻲﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﺑﻴﺎن ﻛﺮد‬
R
h
 10 3 
RS

The final equation therefore becomes:
10 3
h


:‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ زﻳﺮ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‬
 d  1
   
or   10 3  2 1
m d
h  m d



،‫( ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﮔﺮدد‬3-‫ )از راﺑﻄﻪ ج‬h ‫ و‬ ‫وﻗﺘﻲ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﺑﺮاي‬
‫ را ﻣﻲﺗﻮان ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻛﻠﻲ‬X ‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻣﻘﺪار‬
‫ ﻳﺎ دﻳﮕﺮ روﺷﻬﺎي ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬2-‫ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﺷﺪه از ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‬
.‫ﻧﻤﻮد‬
Given an appropriate value for  and assigning a
value to h (from C.3), the minimum value of X
can be calculated from which the least overall
thickness is derived by using either Fig. A.2 or
other appropriate means.
‫ دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺷﺒﻨﻢ ﺑﺮاي ﻫﻮا‬2-‫ج‬
C.2 Dew Point Temperatures for Air
.‫ آﻣﺪه اﺳﺖ‬1-‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ارﻗﺎم ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ در ﺟﺪول ج‬
Some typical figures are shown in Table C.1.
126
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
The symbols and units:
Q =
:‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ و واﺣﺪﻫﺎ‬
Rate of heat loss through the
insulating material per unit area of
hot surface per second in W/m²;
‫ = ﻣﻴﺰان اﺗﻼف ﺣﺮارت از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺎده ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺮ واﺣﺪ‬Q
‫؛‬W/m² ‫ﺳﻄﺢ از ﺳﻄﺢ ﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ‬
‫ = دﻣﺎي ﺳﻄﺢ ﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد؛‬ 1
 1 = Temperature of hot surface in °C;
‫ = دﻣﺎي ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ )دﻣﺎي ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎده ﻋﺎﻳﻖ( ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ‬ 2
‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد؛‬
 2 = Temperature of the exterior (surface
temperature of the insulating material)
in °C;
‫ = دﻣﺎي ﻫﻮاي ﺳﺎﻛﻦ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد؛‬ m
 m = Temperature of the ambient still air in
°C;
 d = Dew point temperature in °C;
R =
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
‫ = دﻣﺎي ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺷﺒﻨﻢ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد؛‬ d
Thermal resistance of the insulation
per square meter of hot surface in
W/m²;
‫= ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺳﻄﺢ ﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ‬
‫ ؛‬m²K/W ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬
R
‫ = ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮز ﻫﻮا ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ‬Rs
‫؛‬m²K/W
Rs = Thermal resistance of the insulation
surface to air boundary in m²K/W;
 =
Thermal conductivity of insulating
material in W/mK;
do =
Outside diameter of pipe or tube in
mm;
d1 =
Outside diameter of the layer of
insulating material in contact with the
hot surface in mm;
‫ = ﻗﻄﺮ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻣﺎده ﻋﺎﻳﻖ در ﺗﻤﺎس ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ ﮔﺮم‬d1
‫ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ؛‬
h =
Heat transfer surface coefficient per
square meter of external surface of
insulation in W/m²K;
‫= ﺿﺮﻳﺐ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺣﺮارت ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫؛‬W/m²K ‫ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ‬
L =
Overall thickness of insulation in mm;
 =
Provisional thickness adopted
calculation purposes in mm.
‫؛‬W/mK ‫ = ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻣﺎده ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ‬
‫ = ﻗﻄﺮ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻴﻮب ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ؛‬do
h
‫ = ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ؛‬L
‫ = ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﻮﻗﺖ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺑﺮ‬
.‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬
for
127
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
TABLE C.1 - DEW POINT FOR RELATIVE HUMIDITIES FOR AMBIENT STILL AIR
TEMPERATURES FROM -20°C TO +50°C WITH STANDARD BAROMETRIC PRESSURE
‫ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺷﺒﻨﻢ ﺑﻪ ازاي رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻧﺴﺒﻲ در دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﻫﻮاي ﺳﺎﻛﻦ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ از‬1-‫ﺟﺪول ج‬
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺎ روﻣﺘﺮﻳﻚ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬+50 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬-20
AMBIENT
TEMPERATURE
(°C)
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%)
(‫)درﺻﺪ‬
50
55
60
65
‫دﻣﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
70
75
80
85
90
95
-22.3
-17.5
-12.5
-10.5
-8.6
-6.6
-4.6
-2.7
-1.0
0.9
2.8
4.8
6.7
8.7
10.5
12.5
14.5
16.4
18.4
20.3
22.3
24.2
26.2
31.0
35.9
40.7
45.5
-21.7
-16.7
-11.8
-9.8
-7.9
-5.9
-3.9
-1.9
-0.2
1.7
3.7
5.7
7.6
9.6
11.5
13.4
15.5
17.4
19.4
21.3
23.3
25.3
27.2
32.1
37.0
42.0
46.8
-21.1
-16.2
-11.2
-9.2
-7.2
-5.3
-3.3
-1.3
0.5
2.5
4.5
6.5
8.4
10.4
12.4
14.3
16.3
18.3
20.3
22.2
24.2
26.2
28.1
33.1
38.0
42.9
47.9
-20.5
-15.6
-10.6
-8.6
-6.6
-4.6
-2.6
-0.6
1.3
3.3
5.3
7.3
9.2
11.2
13.2
15.2
17.2
19.2
21.2
23.1
25.1
27.1
29.1
34.1
39.0
44.0
49.0
Dew point temperature (°C):
‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
-20
-15
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
35
40
45
50
‫رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬
(‫)ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
-27.0
-22.3
-17.6
-15.7
-13.9
-12.0
-10.1
-8.1
-6.5
-4.9
-3.2
-1.5
0.1
1.9
3.7
5.6
7.4
9.2
11.0
12.9
14.8
16.6
18.4
23.0
27.6
32.2
36.7
-26.0
-21.3
-16.6
-14.7
-12.8
-10.9
-9.0
-7.1
-5.4
-3.8
-2.1
-0.5
1.4
3.4
5.1
6.9
8.8
10.7
12.6
14.4
16.2
18.1
19.9
24.5
29.3
33.8
38.5
-25.2
-20.4
-15.7
-13.7
-11.8
-9.9
-8.0
-6.0
-4.4
-2.7
-1.0
0.7
2.6
4.5
6.4
8.2
10.1
12.0
13.9
15.8
17.6
19.5
21.4
26.0
30.7
35.4
40.1
-24.5
-19.6
-14.7
-12.8
-10.9
-9.0
-7.1
-5.1
-3.4
-1.5
0.1
1.8
3.7
5.7
7.5
9.4
11.3
13.2
15.1
17.0
18.9
20.8
22.7
27.4
32.2
37.0
41.6
‫دﻣﺎي ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺷﺒﻨﻢ‬
-23.7
-18.8
-13.9
-12.0
-10.1
-8.1
-6.2
-4.2
-2.6
-0.9
0.9
2.9
4.8
6.7
8.6
10.5
12.4
14.4
16.3
18.2
20.1
22.0
23.9
28.7
33.5
38.2
43.0
-22.9
-18.0
-13.2
-11.3
-9.9
-7.4
-5.4
-3.4
-1.7
0
2.0
3.9
5.8
7.7
9.7
11.6
13.5
15.4
17.4
19.3
21.2
23.1
25.1
29.9
34.7
39.5
44.7
TABLE C.2 - VARIATION OF OUTER SURFACE COEFFICIENT WITH TEMPERATURE
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SURFACE AND AIR FOR VARIOUS OUTER DIMENSIONS OF
INSULATION
‫ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺿﺮ ﻳﺐ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﺑﺎ اﺧﺘﻼف دﻣﺎي ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ و ﻫﻮا ﺑﺮاي اﺑﻌﺎد ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬2-‫ﺟﺪول ج‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
Outer
diameter
insulation
(mm)
`
High emissivity surface
Low emissivity surface
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﺎﺑﻨﺪﮔﻲ زﻳﺎد‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﺎﺑﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﻛﻢ‬
Temperature difference (qm - q2) (K)
‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
(‫)ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬
(‫اﺧﺘﻼف دﻣﺎ )ﻛﻠﻮﻳﻦ‬
1
2
5
10
1
2
5
10
3.9
3.5
3.1
2.8
2.4
4.7
4.2
3.8
3.4
3.0
5.4
4.9
4.4
4.0
3.6
Outer surface coefficient, k (W/(m².K)):
،‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ‬
40
60
100
200
Vertical flat
surface
8.0
7.6
7.3
7.0
6.6
8.4
8.0
7.7
7.4
7.0
9.1
8.7
8.3
7.9
7.5
9.7
9.3
8.8
8.4
8.0
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﺨﺖ ﻋﻤﻮدي‬
128
3.4
3.1
2.7
2.4
2.0
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
:‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
Note:
The above figures refer to the outer surface
of the insulation.
.‫ارﻗﺎم ﺑﺎﻻ اﺷﺎره ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ دارد‬
The values given in Table C.2 are typical for
heat gain situations under conditions of natural
convection.
‫ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻛﺴﺐ ﺣﺮارت در‬2-‫ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﺟﺪول ج‬
.‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﺜﺎل ﻫﺎ‬4-‫ج‬
C.4 Examples
C.4.1 Example 1: To calculate the minimum
thickness
to
prevent
condensation using the
equation in C.1.
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از‬:1 ‫ ﻣﺜﺎل‬1-4-‫ج‬
A pipe of 60.3 mm outside diameter containing
fluid at 0°C is insulated with material of
thermal conductivity 0.039 W/(m.K), to
prevent condensation when in air at +22°C and
85% relative humidity. Calculate the minimum
insulation thickness needed for finishes of high
emissivity.
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﺣﺎوي ﺳﻴﺎل در ﺻﻔﺮ درﺟﻪ‬60/3 ‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪاي ﺑﺎ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ‬
0/039W/(m.K) ‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد ﺑﺎ ﻣﺎدهاي ﻛﻪ ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ آن‬
‫ درﺟﻪ‬22 ‫ ﺗﺎ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ دﻣﺎي ﻫﻮاي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬،‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ درﺻﺪ اﺳﺖ از ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي‬85 ‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد و رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬
‫ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻻزم ﺑﺮاي ﭘﺎﻳﺎن دادن ﺑﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﻨﺪﮔﻲ زﻳﺎد را‬.‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
.‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬
From Table C.1 the dew point temperature
 d = +19.4°C
 d = +19.4°C ‫ دﻣﺎي ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺷﺒﻨﻢ‬1-‫از ﺟﺪول ج‬
.‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬1-‫ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ از ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ج‬
:1-‫ﺳﭙﺲ از ﺟﺪول ج‬
Then from C.1:
 19.4  0
x  
 22  19.4
 0.039  10 3

h

‫ﻓﻌﻼً ﻳﻚ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺟﻬﺖ ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ اوﻟﻴﻪ‬
.‫ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
An approximate value for the surface
coefficient is now taken to an initial assessment
of the thickness.
Assume h = 7.0, then x 
 291
 
 h
291
= 41.5 ‫ ﭘﺲ‬h = 7.0 ‫ﻓﺮض ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬x =
291
 41.5 mm
7.0
7.0
From Fig. A.2, L = 30 mm
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬L=30 ‫ و‬2-‫از ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‬
An approximate outer insulation diameter can
now be determined, i.e., 120 mm, from which a
better surface coefficient is selected.
120 ‫ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬،‫اﻛﻨﻮن ﻣﻴﺘﻮان ﻗﻄﺮ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ را ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﻮد‬
.‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﻛﻪ از آن ﻳﻚ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
Thus a second approximation for h is 7.7 W
‫ و‬7.7 W (m².K) ‫ ﻋﺒﺎرت اﺳﺖ از‬h ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ دوﻣﻴﻦ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﺑﺮاي‬
129
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
(m².K) and
x
291
 37.8 mm
7.7
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬x  291  37.8 mm
7.7
From which L = 28 mm (approximately).
(‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ )ﺑﻄﻮر ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ‬L=28 ‫ﻛﻪ در آن‬
Further approximations to the surface
coefficient do not affect this result significantly
and therefore the required thickness is not less
than 28 mm.
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐﻫﺎي ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺮاي ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ در اﻳﻦ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬
.‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬28 ‫ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ و ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از‬
C.4.2 Example 2:
To check the outer
surface temperature of a given thickness of
insulation for comparison with the dew point
temperature using the heat loss equations
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻛﻨﺘﺮل دﻣﺎي ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ‬:2 ‫ ﻣﺜﺎل‬2-4-‫ج‬
The user is frequently faced with a limited
choice of insulation thicknesses. It is necessary
to compare the outer surface temperature of a
selected thickness with the dew point
temperature, to determine whether or not
condensation is likely to occur.
.‫ﻛﺎرﺑﺮ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺎً ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﻮاﺟﻪ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻻزم اﺳﺖ دﻣﺎي ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ دﻣﺎي‬
‫ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ آﻳﺎ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ اﺗﻔﺎق‬،‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺷﺒﻨﻢ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺷﺪه‬
:‫ﻣﻲاﻓﺘﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺧﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ در ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ دﻣﺎي ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺷﺒﻨﻢ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت‬
.‫اﺗﻼف ﺣﺮارت‬
‫ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه از ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ را ﻣﻲﺗﻮان ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﻘﺪار‬
‫ ﻳﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪاي ﺑﺮاي دﻣﺎي ﺳﻄﺢ اﻧﺠﺎم‬1-‫ و ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ج‬2-‫اﻟﻒ‬
.‫داد‬
The calculation can be made using the value of
 obtained from Fig. A.2 and the equation
from C.1 or using an equation for the surface
temperature.
‫ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﻴﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺎ دﻣﺎي ﺻﻔﺮ‬،‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬168/3 ‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ اي ﺑﺎ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ‬
‫ درﺻﺪ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬85 ‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد و‬+26 ‫درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد در ﻫﻮاي‬
0/035W/(m.K) ‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﻗﺮار اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺎده داراي ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬40 ‫ و‬30 ‫ دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﺳﻄﺢ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺎ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖﻫﺎي‬.‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﺑﺮاي ﺳﻄﻮﺣﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺎﺑﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﺎﻻ و ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ دﻣﺎي ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺷﺒﻨﻢ را‬
.‫ﺣﺴﺎب ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬
A pipe of 168.3 mm outside diameter carrying
fluid at 0°C and located in air at +26°C and
85% relative humidity is to be insulated with
material of thermal conductivity 0.035
W/(m.K). Calculate the surface temperatures of
insulation thicknesses of 30 mm and 40 mm for
finishes of high emissivity and compare them
with the dew point temperature.
From the heat transfer equation:
:‫از ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺣﺮارت‬
Q
Also :  2 
1   m
R  RS
R 103
d 
dO
d
In  1  RS  O
2
hd1
 dO 
qd O
m
hd1
2 
130
qd O
  m :‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬
hd1
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
:‫ﺑﺎ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﻧﻤﻮدن‬
By substitution:
1   m
2 
10
3
d 
hd1
In  1   1
2
 dO 
m
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﻄـﺎﺑﻖ زﻳـﺮ‬40 ‫ و‬30 ‫دﻣﺎي ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺎ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ‬
:‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬
The outer surface temperature of a 30 mm and
a 40 mm insulation thickness is calculated as
follows:
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬30 ‫اﻟﻒ( ﺑﺮاي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺎ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ‬
a) For 30 mm insulation thickness
‫ از‬.‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬d1 = 168.3 + 60 = 228.3 ‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
.‫ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ آﻳﺪ‬h ‫ ﺑﺮاي‬7.2 ‫ اﻧﺪازه ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ‬2-‫ﺟﺪول ج‬
Insulation outside diameter, d1 = 168.3 + 60
= 228.3 mm. From Table C.2 an
approximate value of 7.2 is taken for h.
There for :
:‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‬
2 
0.26
 26  22.8C 0
7
.
2

228
.3  228.3 

3
10
In
 1
2  0.035  168.3 
 m -  2 = 26°C - 22.8°C = +3.2°C. Thus, a
second, closer approximation of 7.5 is taken
for h, from which  2 = +22.9°C.
‫ ﺑﻨــﺎ ﺑــﺮ اﻳــﻦ‬ m -  2 = 26°C - 22.8°C = +3.2°C
‫ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷـــﺪ ﻛـــﻪ از آن‬h ‫ ﺑـــﺮاي‬7.5 ‫ﻧﺰدﻳﻜﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻘـــﺮﻳﺐ دوم‬
.‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬ 2 = +22.9°C
From Table C.1, the dew point θd = +23.2°C
and therefore condensation would occur.
‫ و ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‬θd = +23.2°C ‫ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺷﺒﻨﻢ ﻣﺴﺎوي‬1-‫از ﺟﺪول ج‬
.‫ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ رخ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ داد‬
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬40 ‫ب ( ﺑﺮاي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺎ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ‬
b) For 40 mm insulation thickness
‫ از‬.‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬d1 = 168.3 + 80 = 248.3 ‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
.‫ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ آﻳﺪ‬h ‫ ﺑﺮاي‬7.2 ‫ اﻧﺪازه ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ‬2-‫ﺟﺪول ج‬
Insulation outside diameter, d1 = 168.3 + 80
= 248.3 mm. From Table C.2 an
approximate value of 7.2 is taken for h.
:‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‬
There for
θ2 
0.26
7.2  248.3
 248.3 
10 -3
In 
 1
2  0.035
131
 168.3 
 26  23.6C
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
‫ ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﻧﺰدﻳﻜﺘـﺮﻳﻦ‬ m -  2 = 26°C - 23.6°C = +2.4°C
 2 = +23.7°C ‫ ﺑــﻮده ﻛــﻪ از آن‬h ‫ ﺑــﺮاي‬7.5 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳــﺐ دوم‬
.‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ و ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ اﺣﺘﻤـﺎل‬θd = +23.3°C ‫ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺷﺒﻨﻢ‬1-‫از ﺟﺪول ج‬
.‫ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪارد‬
 m -  2 = 26°C – 23.6°C = +2.4°C. Thus, a
second, closer approximation of 7.5 is taken
for h, from which  2 = +23.7°C.
From Table C.1, the dew point θd = +23.3°C
and therefore condensation is unlikely to
occur.
132
‫آذر ‪Nov. 2009 / 1388‬‬
‫)‪IPS-E-TP-700(1‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ د‬
‫‪APPENDIX D‬‬
‫ﻧﻔﻮذﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﺑﺨﺎر آب ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﺑﺨﺎرﺑﻨﺪﻫﺎ و‬
‫‪WATER-VAPOR PERMEANCE FOR SOME‬‬
‫‪VAPOR-BARRIERS AND THE‬‬
‫‪CONVERSION FACTORS‬‬
‫ﺿﺮاﻳﺐ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ‬
‫‪TABLE D.1 - WATER-VAPOR PERMEANCE CONVERSION FACTORS‬‬
‫ﺟﺪول د‪ 1-‬ﺿﺮاﻳﺐ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻧﻔﻮذ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﺑﺨﺎر‪ -‬آب‬
‫‪Tropical‬‬
‫)‪g/ (m2 24h‬‬
‫اﺳﺘﻮاﻳﻲ‬
‫ﮔﺮم‪) /‬ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ در‬
‫‪ 24‬ﺳﺎﻋﺖ(‬
‫‪Temperate‬‬
‫)‪g/ ( m2 24 h‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺘﺪل‬
‫ﮔﺮم‪) /‬ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ در‬
‫‪ 24‬ﺳﺎﻋﺖ(‬
‫)‪gr/ ( ft2 h inHg‬‬
‫‪= 1 perm‬‬
‫)ﮔﺮم‪/‬ﻓﻮت ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬
‫در ﻓﺸﺎراﻳﻨﭻ ﺟﻴﻮه(‬
‫= درﺟﻪ ﺗﺮاواﻳﻲ‬
‫‪1b / ( ft2 h‬‬
‫)‪mbar‬‬
‫)‪(see note 4‬‬
‫ﭘﻮﻧﺪ‪/‬ﻓﻮت ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﺎر‬
‫)ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎدآوري‪ 4‬ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻮد(‬
‫)‪1b / ( ft2 h atm‬‬
‫)‪(see note 2‬‬
‫ﭘﻮﻧﺪ‪) /‬ﻓﻮت ﻣﺮﺑﻊ در‬
‫ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر آﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ(‬
‫)ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎدآوري‪ 2‬ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻮد(‬
‫‪g /( m2 24h‬‬
‫)‪mmHg‬‬
‫ﮔﺮم‪) /‬ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ در‬
‫‪24‬ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬
‫اﺧﺘﻼف ﻓﺸﺎر‬
‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﺟﻴﻮه(‬
‫‪g/ (cm2 s‬‬
‫)‪mbar‬‬
‫ﮔﺮم‪/‬‬
‫)ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﺎر(‬
‫) ‪g/ ( s MN‬‬
‫ﮔﺮم‪) /‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬
‫ﻣﮕﺎﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ(‬
‫‪5.149×102‬‬
‫‪2.052×102‬‬
‫‪1.749×10‬‬
‫‪5.161×10-2‬‬
‫‪7.471×10-2‬‬
‫‪1.152×10‬‬
‫‪1×10-8‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪5.149×1010‬‬
‫‪2.052×1010‬‬
‫‪1.749×109‬‬
‫‪5.161×107‬‬
‫‪7.471×106‬‬
‫‪1.152×109‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪1×108‬‬
‫‪4.472×10‬‬
‫‪1.782×10‬‬
‫‪1.517‬‬
‫‪4.481×10-2‬‬
‫‪6.486×10-3‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪8.681×10-10‬‬
‫‪8.681×10-2‬‬
‫‪6.896×103‬‬
‫‪2.747×103‬‬
‫‪2.339×102‬‬
‫‪6.909‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪1.542×102‬‬
‫‪1.339×10-7‬‬
‫‪1.339×10‬‬
‫‪9.980×102‬‬
‫‪3.975×102‬‬
‫‪3.388×10‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪1.447×10-1‬‬
‫‪2.233×10‬‬
‫‪1.937×10-8‬‬
‫‪1.937‬‬
‫‪2.948×10‬‬
‫‪1.174×10‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪2.951×10-2‬‬
‫‪4.275×10-3‬‬
‫‪6.590×10-1‬‬
‫‪5.719×10-10‬‬
‫‪5.719×10-2‬‬
‫‪-3‬‬
‫‪-4‬‬
‫‪-2‬‬
‫‪-11‬‬
‫‪-3‬‬
‫)‪g/ (S . MN‬‬
‫ﮔﺮم‪)/‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﻣﮕﺎ ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ(‬
‫)‪g/ ( cm2 s mbar‬‬
‫ﮔﺮم‪)/‬ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﺎر(‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫)‪g/ (m 24 h mm Hg‬‬
‫ﮔﺮم‪)/‬ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ در ‪ 24‬ﺳﺎﻋﺖ اﺧﺘﻼف ﻓﺸﺎر ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﺟﻴﻮه(‬
‫)‪1b ( ft2 h atm ) (see note 2‬‬
‫ﭘﻮﻧﺪ‪)/‬ﻓﻮت ﻣﺮﺑﻊ درﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر آﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ()ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎدآوري‪ 2‬ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻮد(‬
‫)‪gr/ ( ft2 h mbar) (see note 4‬‬
‫ﮔﺮم‪)/‬ﻓﻮت ﻣﺮﺑﻊ درﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﺎر()ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎدآوري ‪ 4‬ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد(‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪-2‬‬
‫‪gr/ ( ft h inHg)) = 1 perm‬‬
‫ﮔﺮم‪)/‬ﻓﻮت ﻣﺮﺑﻊ درﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر اﻳﻨﭻ ﺟﻴﻮه(= درﺟﻪ ﺗﺮاواﻳﻲ‬
‫)‪Temperature g / (m 24h‬‬
‫‪See note 3‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪8.514×10‬‬
‫‪2.515×10‬‬
‫‪3.641×10‬‬
‫‪5.613×10‬‬
‫‪4.874×10‬‬
‫‪4.874×10‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺘﺪل ﮔﺮم‪)/‬ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ در ‪24‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪See note 3‬‬
‫‪3.392×10-2‬‬
‫‪1.002×10-3‬‬
‫‪1.450×104‬‬
‫‪2.236×102‬‬
‫‪1.942×10-11‬‬
‫‪1.942×10-3‬‬
‫اﺳﺘﻮاﻳﻲ ﮔﺮم‪)/‬ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ در ‪ 24‬ﺳﺎﻋﺖ(‬
‫ﻳﺎدآوري ﻫﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫)‪Tropical g/(m2 24h‬‬
‫‪Notes:‬‬
‫‪ (1‬ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ واﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﺳﺘﻮن اول ﺑﻪ واﺣﺪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ در‬
‫ﻋﻨﺎوﻳﻦ ﺟﺪول ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺿﺮب آن در‬
‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ ردﻳﻒ و ﺳﺘﻮن اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ‬
‫دﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ آﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪1) To convert units in the first column to the‬‬
‫‪units shown in the heading, multiply by the‬‬
‫‪factor given at the intersection of the‬‬
‫‪appropriate row and column.‬‬
‫‪ (2‬اﻳﻦ واژه ﺑﺮاي ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻣﻴﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪2) This was the term used by the building‬‬
‫‪industry.‬‬
‫‪ (3‬ﻫﻴﭻ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻠﻲ از ﻣﻌﺘﺪل ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﻮاﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ دﻻﻳﻞ اراﺋﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺪه ﺑﻨﺪ ‪ 46‬اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ‪ BS 2972:1989‬ﻧﺸﺎن داده‬
‫ﻧﺸﺪه اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪3) No conversion from temperate to tropical is‬‬
‫‪shown for the reasons given in Clause 46 of‬‬
‫‪BS 2972:1989.‬‬
‫‪4) The symbol ’gr’ refers to grains.‬‬
‫‪ (4‬ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ‪ gr‬اﺷﺎره ﺑﻪ داﻧﻪﻫﺎ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪133‬‬
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
Vapour barriers
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
‫ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﻨﺪﻫﺎ‬
Suggested values for water vapour permeance
‫ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاي ﻧﻔﻮذﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﺑﺨﺎرآب‬
(‫ )ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﻣﮕﺎﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ‬/‫ﻧﻔﻮذﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﺑﺨﺎر آب ﮔﺮم‬
Water vapour permeance g/(S .MN)
Based on ambient air at 10 °c (dry bulb)
.‫ )ﺣﺒﺎب ﺧﺸﻚ( ﻗﺮار دارد‬10°c‫ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻫﻮاي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ در‬
Fig. D.1-TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE K (AMBIENT AIR – COLD SURFACE )
VAPOR BARRIERS: SUGGESTED VALUES FOR WATER VAPOR PERMEANCE
‫اﺧﺘﻼف دﻣﺎ )ﻫﻮاي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ – ﺳﻄﺢ ﺳﺮد( ﻛﻠﻮﻳﻦ‬-1-‫ﺷﻜﻞ د‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاي ﻧﻔﻮذﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﺑﺨﺎر آب‬:‫ﺑﺨﺎرﺑﻨﺪﻫﺎ‬
134
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
:‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
Note:
‫ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس اﺧﺘﻼف دﻣﺎي ﺑﻴﻦ ﺣﺒﺎب ﺧﺸﻚ ﻫﻮاي‬1-‫ﺷﻜﻞ د‬
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد و دﻣﺎي ﻛﺎرﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬10 ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ در‬
‫ﻋﺎدي ﻛﺎر ﺑﺎ اﺣﺘﺴﺎب ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬
‫دﻗﻴﻖ درﺑﺎره ﺧﻮاص و رﻓﺘﺎر ﺑﺨﺎرﺑﻨﺪﻫﺎ و ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﻧﻔﻮذﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎد‬.‫ﻣﺘﻨﻮع ﺗﺤﺖ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺨﺎرﺑﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺳﺎﻳﻪدار ﺗﺎ ﺧﻄﻮط ﻣﻤﺘﺪ ﻧﺸﺎن‬
.‫داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
Figure D-1 is based on the difference between the
dry bulb temperature of a ambient air at 10oC and
the temperature of the plant under normal working
conditions on account of a lack of vapor barriers
under precise knowledge about the properties and
behavior of vapor barriers under all conditions and
with a variety of insulating materials. The
suggested permeance values for the vapor barrier
are indicate by shaded area rather than by
continuous line.
135
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
APPENDIX E
‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ﻫ‬
CORROSION CONSIDERATION IN
DESIGN AND APPLICATION OF
THERMAL INSULATION
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ و اﺟﺮاي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬1- ‫ﻫ‬
E.1 General
The proliferation in recent years of corrosion
failures of both steel and stainless steel under
insulation has caused this problem to be of great
concern to the operators of petroleum-, gas-, and
chemical-processing plants. Piping and vessels are
insulated to conserve energy by keeping cold
processes cold and hot processes hot. Once a
vessel is covered with insulation and operating
satisfactorily, concern for the condition of the
metal under insulation usually diminishes. Thus,
corrosion of steel and SCC of stainless steel
begins and develops insidiously, often with
serious and costly consequences many years later.
To deal with corrosion under insulation effectively
and economically, a systems approach must be
developed that considers the metal surface,
temperatures, water, insulation, and design.
‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮش ﺷﻜﺴﺖ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در ﺳﺎلﻫﺎي اﺧﻴﺮ ﺑﺮاي‬
‫ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻧﮕﺮاﻧﻲ زﻳﺎدي‬،‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ و ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن زﻳﺮ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
‫ ﮔﺎز و ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬،‫ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻬﺮهﺑﺮداران ﻛﺎرﺧﺎﻧﺠﺎت ﻧﻔﺖ‬
‫ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ و ﻣﺨﺎزن ﺑﺮاي ﺣﻔﻆ اﻧﺮژي ﺑﺎ ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري‬.‫ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺳﺮد و ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ ﺑﻼﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﺮدن‬.‫ ﻋﺎﻳﻖﻛﺎري ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬،‫ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮم‬
‫ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬،‫ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن و ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ آﻣﻴﺰ آن‬
‫ از اﻳﻦ رو ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﻮﻻد و ﺗﺮك‬.‫ﻓﻠﺰ زﻳﺮ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ از ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻲرود‬
‫ و ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻧﺎﻣﺤﺴﻮس‬،‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﺷﺮوع‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ و ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺪ آن اﻏﻠﺐ ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﺳﺎل ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺮﺧﻮرد ﻣﻮﺛﺮ و اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺑﺎ‬.‫ﺟﺪي و ﭘﺮ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ روﻳﻜﺮدي اﻳﺠﺎد ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ‬،‫ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ زﻳﺮ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
.‫ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ و ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬،‫ آب‬،‫ دﻣﺎﻫﺎ‬،‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻠﺰ‬
Corrosion of steel under insulation did not receive
a great deal of attention by the corrosion
engineering community until the late 1970s and
early 1980s. Although considerable attention was
being given to the SCC of stainless steel under
insulation (see below), steel vessels and piping
were rarely mentioned. This situation existed
because of the slow corrosion rate of the steel
equipment, together with the fact that many large
hydrocarbon-processing plants were built 10 to 20
years earlier.
‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﻮﻻد زﻳﺮ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ از ﻃﺮف‬1980 ‫ و اواﻳﻞ‬1970 ‫ﺗﺎ اواﺧﺮ‬
‫ ﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺑﻪ‬.‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﭼﻨﺪان ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻧﺒﻮد‬
‫ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن زﻳﺮ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻮد اﻣﺎ ﺑـــﻪ ﻧﺪرت در ﻣﻮرد ﻇﺮوف ﻓـﻮﻻدي‬
‫ اﻳﻦ وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬.‫و ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ اﺷﺎره ﻣﻲﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﻛﻪ‬،‫ﺗﺪرﻳﺠﻲ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﻓﻮﻻدي اداﻣﻪ داﺷﺖ‬
‫ ﺳﺎل‬20 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬10 ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ واﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﺑﺰرگ‬
.‫زودﺗﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ‬
The most significant turn of events, which
fortunately revealed the corrosion problem to
many, was the energy shortage and the resultant
emphasis on energy conservation. The effort to
conserve energy soon led to replacement of much
of the 10 to 20 year-old insulation with more
efficient systems. As the old insulations were
removed, localized, often severe corrosion
damage was found.
‫ و ﺧﻮﺷﺒﺨﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ‬،‫ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺣﻮادﺛﻲ ﻛﻪ اﺗﻔﺎق اﻓﺘﺎد‬
‫ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﻛﻤﺒﻮد اﻧﺮژي و‬،‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ را ﺑﺮاي اﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ روﺷﻦ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬
‫ ﺗﻼش ﺑﺮاي ﺣﻔﻆ اﻧﺮژي ﺑﻪ‬.‫ﺑﺮآﻳﻨﺪ آن ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺣﻔﻆ اﻧﺮژي ﺑﻮد‬
‫ ﺳﺎﻟﻪ و ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﻧﻤﻮدن ﺑﺎ‬20 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬10 ‫زودي ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
‫ ﺑﺎ ﺧﺎرج ﻧﻤﻮدن ﻋﺎﻳﻖﻫﺎي ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻲ‬.‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻛﺎر آﻣﺪﺗﺮ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ‬
.‫اﻏﻠﺐ ﺻﺪﻣﺎت ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﺷﺪ‬
136
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﻮﻻد و ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن در زﻳﺮ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر‬
،‫ ﺟﺪا از ﺣﻀﻮر ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬،‫ زﻳﺮا ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ‬،‫ﺟﺪاﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺤﺚ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه‬
.‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت اﺳﺖ‬
Corrosion of steel and of stainless under thermal
insulation are discussed separately, because the
nature of the problem, aside from the presence of
insulation, is different.
‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﻮﻻد زﻳﺮ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬2- ‫ﻫ‬
E.2 Corrosion of Steel Under Insulation
‫ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ‬1-2- ‫ﻫ‬
E.2.1 The problem
Steel does not corrode simply because it is
covered with insulation. Steel corrodes when it
contacts water and a free supply of oxygen. The
primary role of insulation in this type of corrosion
is to produce an annular space in which water can
collect on the metal surface and remain, with full
access to oxygen (air).
‫ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ دﻟﻴﻞ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬،‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﺑﻪ راﺣﺘﻲ ﺧﻮرده ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻓﻮﻻد زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺧﻮرده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ در ﺗﻤﺎس ﺑﺎ‬.‫ﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪه ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﻧﻘﺶ اوﻟﻴﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ در اﻳﻦ‬.‫آب و اﻛﺴﻴﮋن آزاد ﻗﺮار داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻧﻮع ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻋﺒﺎرت اﺳﺖ از ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻳﻚ ﻓﻀﺎي ﺣﻠﻘﻮي ﺑﺮاي‬
‫ﺟﻤﻊ ﺷﺪن آب و ﻣﺎﻧﺪن روي ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺑﺎ و دﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻪ‬
.‫اﻛﺴﻴﮋن )ﻫﻮا( اﺳﺖ‬
The most active sites are those where the steel
passes through the insulation and on horizontal
metal shapes, for example, insulation support
rings where water can collect.
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻓﻌﺎل ﺟﺎﻫﺎﻳﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻮﻻد از وﺳﻂ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ و‬
‫ ﺣﻠﻘﻪﻫﺎي‬،‫روي ﺷﻜﻞﻫﺎي ﻓﻠﺰي اﻓﻘﻲ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺬرد ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل‬
.‫ در ﻣﺤﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ آب ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺷﻮد‬،‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪارﻧﺪه ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
The other major corrosion problem develops in
situations where there are cycling temperatures
that vary from below the dew point to above
ambient. In this case, the classic wet/dry cycle
occurs when the cold metal develops water
condensation that is then baked off during the
hot/dry cycle. The transition from cold/wet to
hot/dry includes an interim period of damp/warm
conditions with attendant high corrosion rates.. In
both cases, if the lines had operated constantly
either cold or hot, no significant corrosion would
have developed.
‫ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻤﺪه ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﺴﺘﺮش ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
.‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ دﻣﺎﻫﺎ از زﻳﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺷﺒﻨﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎﻻي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺧﺸﻚ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺳﺮد‬/‫ ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﻣﺘﻌﺎرف ﺗﺮ‬،‫در اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬
‫ﺧﺸﻚ‬/‫ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ آب ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد ﻣﻲآورد ﻛﻪ ﺑﻌﺪاً در ﭼﺮﺧﻪ داغ‬
‫ﺧﺸﻚ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﻚ‬/‫ﺗﺮ ﺑﻪ داغ‬/‫ در اﻧﺘﻘﺎل از ﺳﺮد‬.‫دﻓﻊ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ﮔﺮم ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ ﻧﺮخﻫﺎي ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﺎﻻ‬/‫دوره ﻣﻮﻗﺘﻲ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻣﺮﻃﻮب‬
‫ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺧﻄﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر داﺋﻢ ﺑﻪ‬،‫ در ﻫﺮ دو ﻣﻮرد‬.‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ‬،‫ﺻﻮرت ﺳﺮد ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮم در ﺳﺮوﻳﺲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
.‫ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد ﻧﺨﻮاﻫﺪ آﻣﺪ‬
E.2.2 The mechanism
‫ ﺳﺎز و ﻛﺎر‬2-2- ‫ﻫ‬
The corrosion rate of steel in water is largely
controlled by two factors: Temperature and
availability of oxygen. In the absence of oxygen,
steel corrosion is negligible.
‫ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﻮﻻد در آب ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﮔﺴﺘﺮده ﺗﻮﺳﻂ دو ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‬
،‫ در ﻏﻴﺎب اﻛﺴﻴﮋن‬.‫ دﻣﺎ و ﺣﻀﻮر اﻛﺴﻴﮋن‬:‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬
.‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﻮﻻد ﻧﺎﭼﻴﺰ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﻣﻴﺰان اﻛﺴﻴﮋن ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ دﻣﺎ ﺗﺎ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬،‫در ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎز‬
‫اي ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺣﺘﻲ اﮔﺮ دﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ اﺧﻴﺮاً ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﭽﻪ ﺗﻌﺪادي از‬.(1-‫اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺧﻮد اداﻣﻪ دﻫﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫ‬
‫ﻣﻮارد ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در زﻳﺮ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و ﻧﺮﺧﻬﺎي‬
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ زده ﺷﺪه ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻧﻘﺸﻪ در ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ دادهﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻳﮕﺎﻧﻲ ﺷﺪه ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ‬.‫ رﺳﻢ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه اﺳﺖ‬1-‫ﻫ‬
In an open system, the oxygen content decreases
with increasing temperature to the point where
corrosion decreases even though the temperature
continues to increase (Fig.E.1). A number of
recent case histories of corrosion under insulation
have been reviewed, and the estimated corrosion
rates have also been plotted in Fig.E.1. These filed
data confirm that corrosion of steel under
insulation increases steadily with increasing
137
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﻮﻻد زﻳﺮ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ دﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ آراﻣﻲ‬
.‫اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ و ﺑﺎ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ دارد‬
Corrosion rate, mils/yr ‫ﺳﺎل‬/‫ ﻣﻴﻞ‬،‫ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
Corrosion rate, mm/yr ‫ﺳﺎل‬/‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬،‫ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
temperature, matching the curve for a closed
system.
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
Closed system‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎز‬
Fig. E.1-EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON CORROSION OF STEEL IN WATER. DATA POINTS
ARE FROM ACTUAL PLANT MEASUREMENTS OF CORROSION UNDER INSULATION
‫ ﻧﻘﺎط دادهﻫﺎ از اﻧﺪازه ﮔﻴﺮيﻫﺎي واﻗﻌﻲ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در ﻛﺎرﺧﺎﻧﻪ و‬.‫اﺛﺮ دﻣﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﻮﻻد در آب‬-1- ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫ‬
.‫در زﻳﺮ ﻣﺎده ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
The problems of steel corrosion under insulation
can be classified as equivalent to corrosion in a
closed hot-water system. The thermal insulation
does not corrode the steel, but, more correctly,
forms an annular space where moisture collects.
The insulation also forms a barrier to the escape of
water or water vapors, which hastens the normal
corrosion rate of wet steel.
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﻮﻻد در زﻳﺮ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ را ﻣﻴﺘﻮان ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬.‫در ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ آب ﮔﺮم ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﻧﻤﻮد‬
‫ اﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺮ ﻓﻀﺎي‬،‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﻮﻻد ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮد‬
.‫ﺣﻠﻘﻮي را ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ در آن ﺟﻤﻊ ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه از ﻓﺮار آب ﻳﺎ ﺑﺨﺎرات آب‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮري ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﻊ در ﻧﺮخ ﻋﺎدي‬،‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﻧﻤﻮده‬
.‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﻮﻻد ﺗﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
In an attempt to determine which insulation
contributes most and which contributes least to
corrosion of steel, tests were conducted that
compared 12 common insulation materials.
‫در ﻳﻚ اﻗﺪام ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺪام ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ در‬
‫ ﻧﻮع‬12 ‫ آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎﺗﻲ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ‬،‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﻮﻻد ﻧﻘﺶ دارد‬
.‫ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ را ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﻨﺪ‬
After a 1-year exposure to the elements, dousing
with water, and daily heating with steam, it was
concluded that, although the insulation materials
that absorbed water developed higher corrosion
‫ ﺧﻴﺲ‬،‫ﺑﻌﺪ از ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎل در ﻣﻌﺮض ﻗﺮار دادن ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﺘﺸﻜﻠﻪ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬،‫ﻛﺮدن ﺑﺎ آب و ﺣﺮارت دادن روزاﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺨﺎر‬
‫رﺳﻴﺪﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ وﺟﻮد اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﻪ آب ﺟﺬب‬
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Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
rates than those that did not the difference
between the two was not great. Therefore, efforts
to select a type of insulation to prevent corrosion
would not be practical. Field observation and
reports from the literature confirm that corrosion
of steel occurs under any and all types of
insulation.
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
‫ اﻳﻦ‬،‫ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻮد‬،‫ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮادي ﻛﻪ آب ﺟﺬب ﻧﻜﺮده‬،‫ﻛﺮده‬
‫ ﺗﻼش ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻧﻮﻋﻲ از‬،‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‬.‫اﺧﺘﻼف ﭼﻨﺪان زﻳﺎد ﻧﺒﻮد‬
.‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻧﺨﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‬،‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪات ﻣﻴﺪاﻧﻲ و ﮔﺰارﺷﺎت ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺷﺪه ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲدﻫﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
.‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﻮﻻد در زﻳﺮ ﺗﻤﺎم اﻧﻮاع ﻋﺎﻳﻖﻫﺎ اﺗﻔﺎق ﻣﻲاﻓﺘﺪ‬
‫ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي‬3-2- ‫ﻫ‬
E.2.3 Prevention
One attempt to prevent corrosion damage involves
adding a corrosion inhibitor to the insulation.
Inhibitors such as Na2SiO3 are added for this
purpose. The practical effects of such an approach
are questionable. In one set of laboratory tests,
inhibited insulation material was submerged in
water, then set out to dry. After several cycles of
wetting and drying, the insulation was found to
have no benefit over uninhibited insulation of the
same brand.
‫ﻳﻜﻲ از راﻫﻬﺎي ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﺻﺪﻣﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻛﺮدن‬
‫ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪهﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬.‫ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ اﺛﺮات ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻳﻚ‬.‫ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬Na2SiO3
‫ در ﻳﻚ ﺳﺮي از آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎت‬.‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ روﺷﻲ ﺳﺌﻮال ﺑﺮاﻧﮕﻴﺰ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﺎده ﻋﺎﻳﻖ آﻏﺸﺘﻪ ﺑــﻪ ﻣﺎده ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه در آب‬،‫آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﺑﺎر‬.‫ﻏﻮﻃﻪ ور و ﺳﭙﺲ ﺧﺎرج و ﺧﺸﻚ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ اﻣﺘﻴﺎز‬،‫ﺗﺮ و ﺧﺸﻚ ﻛﺮدن‬
.‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮي ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺪون ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه از ﻫﻤﺎن ﻧﻮع ﻧﺪارد‬
A corrosion inhibitor for insulation must be water
soluble so that it can be dissolved and carried to
the steel surface. If the insulation is waterproofed
on the outside, water will enter through cracks and
openings in the insulation system. This water is in
the annulus and contacts only the inner surface of
the insulation. The water-soluble inhibitor will
soon be extracted and displaced by the water
running down the vessel walls. Therefore, relying
upon a consumable inhibitor for long-term
protection may not be dependable.
‫ ﺑﻪ‬،‫ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل در آب ﺑﻮده‬
‫ اﮔﺮ‬.‫ﻃﻮري ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﺣﻞ ﺷﺪه و ﺑﺮ روي ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻮﻻد ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
‫ آب از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺮك ﻫـــﺎ‬،‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ از ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﻴﺮون ﺿــﺪآب ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ آب در ﺑﻴﻦ‬.‫و ﻣﺤﻞ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎز وارد ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ﻓﻀﺎي ﺣﻠﻘﻮي ﻣﺤﺼﻮر ﺷﺪه و ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ داﺧﻠﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ در‬
‫ ﻣﺎده ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﻣﺤﻠﻮل در آب ﺑﻪ زودي ﺑﺎ آب‬.‫ﺗﻤﺎس اﺳﺖ‬
،‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‬.‫ﺟﺎري ﺷﺪه از دﻳﻮارﻫﺎي ﻇﺮف ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎ و ﺧﺎرج ﻣﻴﮕﺮدد‬
‫اﺳﺘﻨﺎد ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ درازﻣﺪت ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬
.‫اﺳﺖ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
If water entry to the insulation/steel annulus is the
problem, perhaps the solution lies in more
effective waterproofing. Advancements in various
metal jacketing, sealants, and mastics have
improved the protection of insulation materials
from water, weather, and man. However, these
waterproofing systems probably do not prevent
water entry, because, in order to seal and prevent
the annulus form breathing with temperature
changes, the seal would have to be equivalent to a
pressure vessel.
‫اﮔﺮ آب وارد ﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ ﻓﻀﺎي ﺣﻠﻘﻮي ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ و ﻓﻮﻻد ﻳﻚ‬
‫ ﺷﺎﻳﺪ راه ﺣﻞ آن ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ در ﺿﺪ آب ﻛﺮدن ﻣﻮﺛﺮ‬،‫ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
،‫ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖﻫﺎﻳﻲ در اﻧﻮاع ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ روﻛﺶ ﺑﻴﺮوﻧﻲ ﻓﻠﺰ‬.‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫آﺑﺒﻨﺪﻫﺎ و ﻣﻼتﻫﺎي ﻗﻴﺮي ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ از‬
‫ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎل‬.‫ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺟﻮي و اﻧﺴﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ آﻣﺪه اﺳﺖ‬،‫آب‬
،‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺿﺪ آب اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻً ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ورود آب ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر آﺑﺒﻨﺪي و ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ورود ﻫﻮا در اﺛﺮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات‬،‫زﻳﺮا‬
‫ آﺑﺒﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﻌﺎدل ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺗﺤﺖ‬،‫دﻣﺎ در ﻓﻀﺎي ﺣﻠﻘﻮي‬
.‫ﻓﺸﺎر ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
Waterproofing systems are designed to keep the
insulation dry. They are not capable of preventing
water vapor and air from contacting the annular
space. In fact, a waterproofing system keeps the
water vapor in the annulus and effectively
‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫــﺎي ﺿﺪآب ﺑﺮاي ﺧﺸﻚ ﻧﮕﻬﺪاﺷﺘﻦ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺷﺪه‬
‫ آﻧﻬﺎ ﻗﺎدر ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ از ﺑﺨﺎر آب و ﻫﻮا در ﺗﻤﺎس ﺑﺎ ﻓﻀﺎي‬.‫اﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺨﺎر‬،‫ در ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺿﺪآب‬.‫ﺣﻠﻘﻮي ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬
‫آب را در ﻓﻀﺎي ﺣﻠﻘﻮي ﺣﻔﻆ ﻛﺮده و ﺑﻄﻮر ﻣﻮﺛﺮي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬
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Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
produces the hot-water closed system, with
attendant high corrosion rates.
‫ﺑﻮﺟﻮد‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
‫آب ﮔﺮم‬
.‫ﻣﻲآورد‬
‫ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻛﺮدن ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﺑﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ و ﺿﺪ‬،‫ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬،‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‬
‫ در ﻋﻮض ﻳﻚ‬.‫ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬،‫آب ﻛﺮدن ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻄﻮر اﺻﻮﻟﻲ ﻗﺒﻞ از ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
‫ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ در دراز ﻣﺪت ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ را‬،‫ﻛﺮدن روي ﻓﻮﻻد اﻋﻤﺎل ﺷﻮد‬
.‫ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
Therefore, selection of insulation, inhibiting the
insulation, and waterproofing of insulation are not
effective deterrents to corrosion. Instead, a highquality protective coating, correctly applied to the
steel before insulation, can offer long term
protection.
‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰان‬
‫ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺮاه‬
‫ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎً زﻳﺮ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬،‫ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ از آﺳﺘﺮي‬،‫در ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
‫ ﻫﺪف از ﺑﻜﺎرﮔﻴﺮي آﺳﺘﺮي اﻳﺠﺎد‬.‫ﻓﻮم ﭘﺎﺷﺸﻲ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از رﻧﮓﻫﺎي‬.‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺮاي ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫آﺳﺘﺮي ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﺒﻮده زﻳﺮا ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ آب ﮔﺮم‬
‫ در راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ راﻫﻨﻤﺎي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ رﻧﮓ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺨﺎﻃﺮ‬.‫ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ در ﻣﻌﺮض ﺑﺨﺎرات آب ﮔﺮم ﻗﺮار ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‬
.‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﺑﺮاي رﻧﮓ اﻳﺠﺎد ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬
‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از رﻧﮓ روي ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان آﺳﺘﺮي ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ آب ﮔﺮم‬
‫ روي و ﭼﺴﺐ‬.‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﻮﻻد ﻧﺨﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺣﺘﻲ اﮔﺮ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬.‫ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎت ﻫﺮ دو در آب ﮔﺮم ﺣﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﭼﺴﺐ‬،‫اﻳﺪهآل روي داراي ﻧﻘﺶ ﻛﺎﺗﺪي ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻮﻻد ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﺣﻞ ﺷﺪه و ﭘﻮﺷﺶ از ﺑﻴﻦ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ رﻓﺖ‬
In the insulation industry, a primer is sometimes
used, particularly under spray-on foam insulation
materials. It should be understood that the purpose
of the primer is to present a clean surface for
bonding of the insulation. The primer-type paints
are not intended to and will not prevent corrosion
by hot water. The key to specifying a paint system
is to remember that it will be exposed to hot water
vapors, a very severe environment for paints.
The use of inorganic zinc paint as a primer,
coupled with the hot water, will not cause
accelerated corrosion of the steel. Zinc and the
silicate binder are both dissolved by hot water.
Even if conditions favored the zinc becoming
cathodic to steel, the protective coating binder
would dissolve and the coating would break
down.
‫ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺖ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روي ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ در زﻳﺮ ﭘﻮﺷﺶﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ‬
‫ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎت ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد‬.‫دﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻛﺎﻣﻞ روﺷﻦ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬
‫ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎت ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲدﻫﻨﺪ ﻛــﻪ‬.‫ﺧﻮﺑﻲ را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲدﻫﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﺷﺶﻫﺎي ﻓﻮﻗﺎﻧﻲ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‬، ‫آﺳﺘﺮيﻫﺎي داراي ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه‬
،‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‬.‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد را در ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي آب ﮔﺮم دارﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ آن در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ آب‬،‫ﻣﻼك اﺻﻠﻲ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ زﻳﺮ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﺳﺨﺖ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ‬.‫ﮔﺮم و ﺑﺨﺎرات آب ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺘﺨﺎب‬.‫آﻣﺎده ﺳﺎزي ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ داﺷﺖ‬
.‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬IPS-E-TP-100 ‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ رﻧﮓ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻪ‬
The advisability of using inorganic zinc under
other protective coatings is not as clear. Some
tests seem to indicate good performance. Others
show that inhibited primers with topcoats achieve
maximum performance in hot-water systems.
Therefore, the main criterion for a protective
coating under insulation is that it resist hot water
and water vapors. This severe service will also
require high-quality surface preparation. For
selecting the suitable paint system. See
IPS-E-TP- 100.
-‫ روش‬،‫زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛـــﻪ اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺷﺪن ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﻣﻄﺮح ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﺑﺮاي اﻳﺠﺎد ﻻﻳﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ روي ﺳﻄﺢ آﻫﻦ و ﻓﻮﻻد‬
،‫ روي ﻛﺎري ﺧﺸﻚ‬،‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل ﮔﺎﻟﻮاﻧﻴﺰه ﻛﺮدن‬،‫وﺟﻮد دارد‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺑﻬﺒﻮد‬،‫ آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮمﻛﺎري و ﻏﻴﺮه‬،‫ﻓﺴﻔﺎﺗﻪ ﻛﺮدن‬
‫ ﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد اﺻﻠﻲ آﻧﻬﺎ‬،‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺷﺪن ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ اﻣﻜﺎن ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ اﺛﺮ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ در‬.‫ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻮاد ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ درﺟﻪ‬65 ‫ در دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎﻻي ﺣﺪود‬،‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‬.‫ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
When the oxidation of carbon steel is involved
various methods are available for depositing
protective films on the surface of iron and steel,
e.g., galvanizing, sheradizing, parkerizing,
aluminzing, etc., and these can improve the
resistance to oxidation, although often their main
application is for accessory materials. Attention
should be paid to the possible effect of change of
conditions in service. Thus, at temperatures over
about 65°C under conditions of high humidity, the
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IPS-E-TP-700(1)
zinc and iron of galvanized wire netting can
undergo reversal of polarity, so that the iron may
become sacrificial rather than the zinc surface
film. In any case galvanized wire shall not be used
at temperatures above 350°C.
،‫ در ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺗﻮري ﮔﺎﻟﻮاﻧﻴﺰه‬،‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ زﻳﺎد‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮري ﻛﻪ آﻫﻦ‬،‫ﻗﻄﺒﻴﺖ روي و آﻫﻦ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﻌﻜﻮس ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ در ﻫﺮ ﺣﺎل‬.‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻻﻳﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ روي ﻓﺪا ﺷﻮد‬
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬350 ‫ﺳﻴﻢ ﮔﺎﻟﻮاﻧﻴﺰه را ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ در دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎﻻي‬
.‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻧﻤﻮد‬
Oxidation, with severe scaling and possible loss of
mechanical strength, may occur when a metal is
heated to relatively high temperatures in air, e.g.,
of about 400°C and above for carbon steel, the
condition that may be aggravated by the incorrect
use of thermal insulating material on the external
surface of refractory-lined equipment. This may
raise the metal temperature to dangerous levels. If
it is essential to have both internal and external
insulation, great care is necessary in considering
the effect on the metal temperature.
‫اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺷﺪن ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪاي ﺷﺪن ﺷﺪﻳﺪ و اﺣﺘﻤﺎل از دﺳﺖ دادن‬
‫ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺣﺎدث ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﻓﻠﺰ در‬،‫اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬
400 ‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل ﺣﺪود‬،‫دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎً ﺑﺎﻻ در ﻫﻮا ﮔﺮم ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﺷﺮاﻳﻄﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬،‫درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد و ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
‫اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻜﺎرﮔﻴﺮي ﻧﺎدرﺳﺖ ﻣﺎده ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ در روي ﺳﻄﺢ‬
.‫ﺑﻴﺮوﻧﻲ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰاﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮاد ﻧﺴﻮز ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ ﺑﺪﺗﺮ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ اﮔﺮ‬.‫اﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ دﻣﺎي ﻓﻠﺰ را ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪ ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎﻛﻲ ﺑﺮﺳﺎﻧﺪ‬
،‫ﺿﺮوري اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ دو ﻗﺴﻤﺖ داﺧﻠﻲ و ﺑﻴﺮوﻧﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺖ زﻳﺎدي ﺑﺮاي در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ آن ﺑﺮ روي دﻣﺎي ﻓﻠﺰ‬
.‫ﻻزم ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
The formation of white deposits of oxide on the
surface of zinc and certain types of aluminum
sheet, particularly under moist conditions, may be
unsightly rather than dangerous. Both may be
eliminated by cleaning, followed by painting as
necessary or, in the case of aluminum, by the use
of sheets that have received a chemical or
electrolytic oxidation treatment.
‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ رﺳﻮﺑﺎت ﺳﻔﻴﺪ اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺑﺮ روي ﺳﻄﺢ روي و اﻧﻮاع ﺧﺎﺻﻲ‬
‫ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ‬،‫ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎً ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻣﺮﻃﻮب‬،‫از ورق آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم‬
‫ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻫﺮ دو ﺑﺎ‬.‫ﺗﺎ اﻧﺪازهاي ﺑﺪﻣﻨﻈﺮه ﺗﺎ ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎك ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫در‬، ‫ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﻛﺮدن و ﺑﻪ دﻧﺒﺎل آن در ﺻﻮرت ﻧﻴﺎز رﻧﮓ آﻣﻴﺰي ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻮرد آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ورق ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬
.‫اﻛﺴﺎﻳﺶ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻳﺎ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻟﻴﺘﻲ ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ ﺣﺪف ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
E.3 Other form of corrosion which is possible to
occur on carbon steel and the methods of
prevention are as following:
‫ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ اﺷﻜﺎل ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ و روﺷﻬﺎي‬3- ‫ﻫ‬
:‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از آن ﺑﻪ ﻗﺮار زﻳﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ اﺳﻴﺪي‬1-3- ‫ﻫ‬
E.3.1 Acidic corrosion
،‫اﻳﻦ ﻧﻮع ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ در ﻣﻮرد ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ راﻳﺞ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺜﺎل‬.‫ﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻓﻠﺰات ﻏﻴﺮآﻫﻦ ﻫﻢ آﺳﻴﺐﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ وﻗﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ‬،‫ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي اﺳﻴﺪي در دودﻛﺶ ﻓﻠﺰي‬،‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬
‫ ﺳﻮﺧﺖ‬،‫دﻣﺎي ﺣﺎوي ﮔﺎز ﻣﺠﺎز اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ زﻳﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺷﺒﻨﻢ ﺑﺮﺳﺪ‬
ً‫ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ‬، ‫ﻣﺸﻌﻞﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻔﺖﻫﺎي ﻛﻮره ﻳﺎ ﭘﺲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﺎي ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ دردﺳﺮ آﻓﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﺗﻮﺟﻪ وﻳﮋه ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﻮح ﻓﻠﺰ ﻧﺎزك‬
‫ در ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬.‫ ﻓﺎﻧﻮﺳﻪ اﻧﺒﺴﺎﻃﻲ ﻻزم اﺳﺖ‬،‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل‬،‫آﺳﻴﺐ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻮارد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺟﻨﺲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺎ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮاي‬
‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ داﺧﻠﻲ ﻣﻮﺛﺮﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮي اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ‬
.‫ﺑﻮد‬
This type of attack is most prevalent with carbon
steels, although many of the non-ferrous metals
are also vulnerable. A typical example is the
condensation of acidic gases inside a metal flue
when the temperature is allowed to fall below the
dew point of the contained gas; firing with heavy
fuel oils or sulphite residues can be particularly
troublesome, and special attention should be paid
to vulnerable areas of thin metal, e.g., metal
expansion bellows. In most cases the use of
adequate thickness of insulating material to
prevent internal condensation will be an effective
safety measure.
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Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
As most insulating materials absorb water in the
event of unsatisfactory or damaged weather
proofing, there is a serious risk of corrosion from
wet insulation the risk is increased in the presence
of chlorides, nitrates and sulphates which may be
introduced with rain water.
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻳﺎ ﺻﺪﻣﻪ‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺧﻄﺮ‬.‫ آب ﺟﺬب ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬، ‫دﻳﺪه ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺟﻮي‬
‫ﺟﺪي ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﺮﻃﻮب و اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻀﻮر‬
‫ ﻧﻴﺘﺮاتﻫﺎ و ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬،‫ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪﻫﺎ‬
.‫ورود آب ﺑﺎران اراﺋﻪ ﮔﺮدد‬
Acidic corrosion on the external surface of carbon
steel can result from the decomposition of
chlorinated organic compounds in certain types of
foamed plastics insulating materials. Normally
this occurs when the products are heated in the
presence of moisture; the attack may be
minimized if the base metal is suitably painted
prior to the application of insulating material. It
should be remembered that even refrigeration
plant may be heated on occasions, e.g., for
defrosting, and that consequent decomposition of
chlorinated organic compounds may occur.
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ اﺳﻴﺪي ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از‬
‫ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت آﻟﻲ ﻛﻠﺮدار در اﻧﻮاع ﺧﺎص ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻋﺎدي اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮرد زﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬.‫ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚﻫﺎي ﻓﻮم ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ اﮔﺮ ﻓﻠﺰ‬،‫اﺗﻔﺎق ﻣﻲاﻓﺘﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻫﺎ در ﻣﺠﺎورت رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﮔﺮم ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎن ﻗﺒﻞ از اﻋﻤﺎل ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻜﺎري ﺑﻄﻮر ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ رﻧﮓ ﺷﺪه‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ داﺷﺖ ﺣﺘﻲ‬.‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻣﻴﺮﺳﺪ‬،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻫﻨﮕﺎم ذوب ﻳﺦ و‬،‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل‬،‫واﺣﺪ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﮔﻬﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﮔﺮم ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬
.‫ﺑﺪﻧﺒﺎل آن ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت آﻟﻲ ﻛﻠﺮ دار ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ رخ دﻫﺪ‬
The leakage of acidic gases through areas of faulty
welding or faulty joints can result in corrosive
attack on insulated metal surfaces, and this is the
more dangerous because it is hidden from view.
Also, any sulphur residues, e.g., certain slag
wools, can produce acidic corrosion in the
presence of moisture.
‫ﻧﺸﺖ ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي اﺳﻴﺪي از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ ﺟﻮش ﻛﺎري ﻳﺎ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬
‫ﻣﻌﻴﻮب ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه ﺑﺮ روي ﺳﻄﻮح ﻓﻠﺰي‬
‫ ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎك ﺗﺮ‬،‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺷﻮد و اﻳﻦ اﻣﺮ ﺑﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﺨﻔﻲ ﺑﻮدن از دﻳﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل‬،‫ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻗﻴﻤﺎﻧﺪه ﻫﺎي ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎت ﮔﻮﮔﺮد‬.‫اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺳﺮﺑﺎرهﻫﺎي ﭘﺸﻢ ﺳﻨﮓ ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ در ﻣﺠﺎورت رﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬
.‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ اﺳﻴﺪي ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﺪ‬
Corrosive attack on unprotected underground
pipework can be dangerous, and effective
measures should be adopted to avoid this.
Insulating material of low capillarity can retain
local concentration of water inside an insulation
system. Also, the sulphate-reducing action of soil
bacteria under anaerobic conditions can produce
corrosive sulphide compounds; this action is
especially dangerous with pipework buried
directly in the ground. Protective measures will
include coating the metal surface with asphaltic
compounds, and these should be reinforced with
inorganic woven fabric or staple tissue. For some
buried pipework systems, cathodic protection,
e.g., by the use of zinc or magnesium sacrificial
anodes or impressed current at intervals, may be
effective, but generally specialist advice should be
sought for difficult installations, particularly if
there is a danger of contamination by sea water.
‫ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه ﺑﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي زﻳﺮ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﺪون ﺣﻔﺎظ ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎك ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮي ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺟﻬﺖ اﺟﺘﻨﺎب از آن‬
‫ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﻣﻮﻳﻴﻨﮕﻲ ﻛﻢ ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ در‬.‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ آﻳﺪ‬
.‫داﺧﻞ ﺗﻐﻠﻴﻆ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ آب در ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻲ را ﺣﻔﻆ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ اﺣﻴﺎء ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎت ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮي ﺧﺎك ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬
‫ ﻛﻪ‬،‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﻫﻮازي ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ را ﺑﻮﺟﻮد آورد‬
‫ﺑﺨﺼﻮص ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎرﻫﺎي ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎً در ﺧﺎك ﻣﺪﻓﻮن‬
‫ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮي ﻫﺎي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬.‫ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎك ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻛﻪ‬،‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻧﻤﻮدن ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﻗﻴﺮ ﻧﻔﺘﻲ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي‬.‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ اﻟﻴﺎف ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮاد ﺧﺎم ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﺷﻮد‬
،‫ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻛﺎﺗﺪي ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل‬،‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ ﻣﺪﻓﻮن‬
‫ﺑﻜﺎرﮔﻴﺮي آﻧﺪﻫﺎي ﻓﺪا ﺷﻮﻧﺪه روي و ﻣﻨﻴﺰﻳﻢ ﻳﺎ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن اﻋﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ اﻣﺎ ﺑﻄﻮر ﻛﻠﻲ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ‬،‫در ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﻴﻦ را ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎت واﻗﻊ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬
‫ﺳﺨﺖ ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه اﮔﺮ در ﺧﻄﺮ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ آب درﻳﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬
.‫ﻗﺮار داد‬
‫ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺧﻮردﻧﺪه ﻗﻠﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬2-3- ‫ﻫ‬
E.3.2 Alkaline corrosive attack
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﻓﻠﺰات ﻏﻴﺮآﻫﻨﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻮاد ﻗﻠﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺧﺎرج‬
Some non-ferrous metals may be attacked by
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Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
alkalis extracted from certain types of insulating
material under moist conditions, e.g., those that
contain appreciable amounts of sodium silicate.
Similar effects may occur with copper, brass, etc.,
and with zinc coating on galvanized surfaces.
Aluminum sheet used to protect calcium silicate is
also vulnerable. Protective measures will include
keeping water out of the system and painting the
metal surface as appropriate or using a factoryapplied moisture barrier.
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
‫ﺷﺪه از اﻧﻮاع ﺧﺎﺻﻲ از ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻣﺮﻃﻮب ﻣﻮرد ﺣﻤﻠﻪ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل آﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ اي‬.‫ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺮﻧﺞ‬،‫ اﺛﺮات ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺲ‬،‫ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎت ﺳﺪﻳﻢ دارﻧﺪ‬
.‫و ﻏﻴﺮه و ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻓﻠﺰ روي ﺑﺮ ﺳﻄﻮح ﮔﺎﻟﻮاﻧﻴﺰه رخ دﻫﺪ‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ورق آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم ﻛﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎت ﻛﻠﺴﻴﻢ‬
‫ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮيﻫﺎي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬.‫ﺑﻜﺎر رﻓﺘﻪ آﺳﻴﺐ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ اﺳﺖ‬
‫دورﻧﮕﻬﺪاﺷﺘﻦ آب از ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ و رﻧﮓآﻣﻴﺰي ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻠﺰ ﻳﺎ‬
.‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه رﻃﻮﺑﺖ اﺟﺮا ﺷﺪه در ﻛﺎرﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‬
‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ داﻧﻪاي‬3-3- ‫ﻫ‬
E.3.3 Intergranular corrosion
Normally this consists of localize attack at the
grain boundaries of ferritic and some austenitic
alloy steels, which arises from the internal
migration and deposition of chromium carbide at
sensitizing temperature over about 400°C.
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً اﻳﻦ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ در ﻣﺮزداﻧﻪﻫﺎي‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي آﻟﻴﺎژي ﻓﺮﻳﺘﻲ و ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲﻫﺎ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ‬
‫از ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮت داﺧﻠﻲ و رﺳﻮب ﻛﺎرﺑﻴﺪ ﻛﺮوم در دﻣﺎي ﺣﺴﺎس‬
.‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬400 ‫ﺷﺪن ﺑﻴﺶ از‬
Where doubt exists, it is recommended that the
accessories should be selected from "stabilized" or
special "low carbon" alloy steels.
‫ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﻣﻴﺸﻮد ﻛﻪ ﻟﻮازم ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ از‬،‫ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻚ وﺟﻮد دارد‬
.‫آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻓﻮﻻد ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺷﺪه ﻳﺎ ﻛﻢ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﻮد‬
(‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ دوﻓﻠﺰي )ﮔﺎﻟﻮاﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬4-3- ‫ﻫ‬
E.3.4 Bimetallic (galvanic) corrosion
It is well known that direct contact between many
dissimilar metals in the presence of moisture,
particularly in a marine environment or near the
sea, can result in rapid corrosion of one of the
metals.
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﺎس ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻓﻠﺰات‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮﻫﻤﺠﻨﺲ در ﻣﺠﺎورت رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه در ﻣﺤﻴﻂ درﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﻳﺎ‬
.‫ﻧﺰدﻳﻚ درﻳﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻳﻜﻲ از آﻧﻬﺎ ﮔﺮدد‬
When two different metals are in electrical contact
and are also bridged by water containing an
electrolyte (e.g., water containing salt, acid,
combustion product, etc.) current flows through
the solution from the anodic or baser metal to the
cathodic or nobler metal. As a result, the nobler
metal tends to be protected, but the baser metal
may suffer greater corrosion. In the past,
schedules of electrode potentials have been
published which have been of value in drawing
the attention of designers to the dangers of
bimetallic corrosion. Such schedules can,
however, be misleading since the potential
difference between metals, although it is the prime
driving force of the corrosion current, is not a
reliable guide to the rate and form of corrosion
suffered at any particular area of contact. In
particular, statements claiming that specific
differences of potential are safe or unsafe are
unreliable. Thus the use of unsuitable metals for
screws, rivets, welded attachments, and even
‫وﻗﺘﻲ دو ﻓﻠﺰ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ در ﺗﻤﺎس اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬
،‫ اﺳﻴﺪ‬،‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ آب داراي اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻟﻴﺖ )ﻳﻌﻨﻲ آب ﻣﺤﺘﻮي ﻧﻤﻚ‬
‫ ﺟﺮﻳﺎنﻫﺎي اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬،‫ﻓﺮآورده اﺣﺘﺮاق و ﻏﻴﺮه( ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل از آﻧﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻓﻠﺰ ﻓﻌﺎلﺗﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮف ﻛﺎﺗﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻓﻠﺰ‬
‫ در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻓﻠﺰ ﻧﺠﻴﺐﺗﺮ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ‬.‫ﻧﺠﻴﺐﺗﺮ ﺑﺮﻗﺮار ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ داﺷﺘﻪ و ﻓﻠﺰ ﻓﻌﺎلﺗﺮ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻣﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫ در ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺟﺪاول ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞﻫﺎي اﻟﻜﺘﺮود ﭼﺎپ‬.‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮي ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ آن در ﺟﻠﺐ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻃﺮاﺣﺎن ﺑﻪ ﺧﻄﺮات‬
‫ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎل ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺟﺪاوﻟﻲ‬.‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از دوﻓﻠﺰي ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﮔﻤﺮاه ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ در ﺣﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ اﺧﺘﻼف ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ ﻧﻴﺮوي ﻣﺤﺮﻛﻪ اوﻟﻴﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ اﺳﺖ اﻣﺎ راﻫﻨﻤﺎي‬،‫ﻓﻠﺰات‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻋﺘﻤﺎدي ﺑﺮاي ﻧﺮخ و ﺷﻜﻞ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ اﻳﺠﺎد ﺷﺪه در ﻫﺮ‬
‫ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ادﻋﺎﻫﺎ ﻛﻪ اﺧﺘﻼف‬،‫ ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه‬.‫ﺳﻄﺢ وﻳﮋه ﺗﻤﺎس ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞﻫﺎي ﺧﺎﺻﻲ اﻳﻤﻦ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺎاﻳﻤﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻋﺘﻤﺎد‬
،‫ در اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻓﻠﺰات ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮاي ﭘﻴﭻﻫﺎ‬،‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‬.‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
143
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
bands, should receive careful attention when such
items are to be selected.
‫ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺎت ﺟﻮش داده ﺷﺪه و ﺣﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻤﻪ و زﻧﺠﻴﺮﻫﺎ‬،‫ﻣﻴﺦ ﭘﺮچﻫﺎ‬
.‫ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ دﻗﻴﻘﻲ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﻴﺮد‬،‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎم اﻧﺘﺨﺎب‬
Where there is a danger of bimetallic corrosion,
the metals should be isolated from each other, e.g.,
by plastics washers, insulation tape, bitumen
mastic, or an appropriate paint of adequate film
thickness.
‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬،‫در ﺟﺎﻳﻴﻜﻪ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ دوﻓﻠﺰي وﺟﻮد دارد‬
‫ ﻣﻼت ﻗﻴﺮي ﻳﺎ‬،‫ ﻧﻮار ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬،‫ﻓﻠﺰات ﺗﻮﺳﻂ واﺷﺮﻫﺎي ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ‬
.‫ﻻﻳﻪاي از رﻧﮓ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ از ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺟﺪا ﺷﻮد‬
E.4
Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) of
Stainless Steel Under Insulation
‫ ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن‬4- ‫ﻫ‬
‫زﻳﺮ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
E.4.1 The problems
‫ ﻣﺸﻜﻼت‬1-4- ‫ﻫ‬
During and after World War II, many new
petrochemical plants were built in the United
States. Many of these plants contained equipment
built with the new austenitic stainless steels.
These alloys, such as types 304, 316, and 347,
were widely used to combat process corrosion and
to maintain product purity. As in all chemical
processes, a large percentage of this equipment
was insulated for thermal efficiency.
‫در ﺟﺮﻳﺎن و ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺟﻨﮓ دوم ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ در اﻳﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﺘﺤﺪه آﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬
‫ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬.‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ واﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﭘﺘﺮوﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات اﻳﻦ واﺣﺪﻫﺎ از ﺟﻨﺲ ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬
‫ ﺑﻄﻮر وﺳﻴﻌﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ‬347 ‫ و‬316 ،304 ‫ آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي‬.‫ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ‬.‫ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ و ﺣﻔﻆ ﺧﻠﻮص ﻓﺮآورده ﺑﻜﺎر ﺑﺮده ﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻃﻮري ﻛﻪ در ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ درﺻﺪ زﻳﺎدي از اﻳﻦ‬
.‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺎﻻﺑﺮدن راﻧﺪﻣﺎن ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖﻛﺎري ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ‬
During this period, corrosion and materials
engineers discovered some of the limitations of
these stainless "wonder metals". In addition to
crevice corrosion and weld decay, the engineers
encountered SCC.
‫ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﺎن ﻣﻮاد و ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬،‫در ﻃﻮل اﻳﻦ ﻣﺪت‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖﻫﺎي اﻳﻦ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن "ﻓﻠﺰات ﻋﺠﻴﺐ" را‬
،‫ ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺷﻜﺎﻓﻲ و ﺗﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﺟﻮش‬.‫ﻛﺸﻒ ﻛﺮدﻧﺪ‬
.‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﺎن ﺑﺎ ﭘﺪﻳﺪه ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ ﻣﻮاﺟﻪ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‬
As the insulation systems and their weather barrier
coatings aged, more incidents of SCC under
insulation began to occur in the chemicalprocessing industry. In the following years, much
work was done to investigate the problem and the
counter measures.
‫وﻗﺘﻲ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ و ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺟﻮي‬
‫ رﺧﺪاد ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ در زﻳﺮ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ در‬،‫ﭘﻴﺮ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ در‬.‫ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺮوع ﺑﻪ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺷﺪن ﻣﻴﻜﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎي اﺧﻴﺮ ﻛﺎرﻫﺎي زﻳﺎدي ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ و اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت‬
.‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮاﻧﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﺳﺎز و ﻛﺎر‬2-4- ‫ﻫ‬
E.4.2 The mechanism
‫ﺑﻼﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮوع اﺳﺘﻔﺎده وﺳﻴﻊ از ﻓﻮﻻدﻫـﺎي آﺳـﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ زﻧـﮓ‬
‫ روﺷﻦ ﺷﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﻳـﻮن ﻛﻠـﺮ در‬، 1930 ‫ در اواﺧﺮ ﺳﺎل‬18-8 ‫ﻧﺰن‬
‫ ﻋـﻼوه ﺑـﺮ اﻳﺠـﺎد ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ‬.‫آب ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑـﺴﻴﺎر ﻣﺨـﺮب ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‬
‫ ﺧﺮاﺑﻲ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﺷـﺒﻜﻪ‬،‫ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺣﻔﺮهاي و ﺷﻜﺎﻓﻲ‬
‫ اﻳـﻦ ﻧـﻮع ﺗـﺮك‬.‫رﻳﺰ ﺗﺮك ﺳﺮاﺳﺮ داﻧـﻪﺑﻨـﺪي ﻣـﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﮔﺮدﻳـﺪ‬
‫ﺧﻮردن ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻣﺨﺮب اﺳﺖ و ﺑﺮ روي ﺳﻄﺢ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺳـﻄﺢ‬
.‫ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
Soon after the widespread use of the 18-8
austenitic stainless steels, beginning in the late
1930s, it became clear that the Cl- ion in water
could be very damaging. In addition to causing
localized corrosion, such as pitting and crevice
corrosion, rapid failure was seen in the form of a
fine network of transgranular cracking. This
pattern of cracking is very destructive and is found
on the surface as well as in cross section .
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‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﺗﺌﻮرﻳﻚ ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎل‬.‫ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ اﺳﺖ‬18-8 ‫ﻓﻮﻻدﻫــﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪه ﺟﻬﺖ ﮔﺴﺘﺮش ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ‬
:‫ﭼﻬﺎر ﺷﺮط زﻳﺮ ﻻزم اﺳﺖ‬
The theoretical processes of chloride SCC of the
18-8 stainless steels are under investigation.
However, it has been established that four
conditions are necessary for SCC to develop:
- An 18-8 austenitic stainless steel.
- The presence of residual or applied surface
tensile stresses.
- The presence of chlorides; bromide (Br) and
fluoride (F) ions may also be involved.
- The presence of an electrolyte (water).
.‫ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬18-8 ‫ﻳﻚ ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن آﺳﺘﻴﻨﺘﻲ‬
-
‫ﺣﻀﻮر ﭘﺲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻨﺶﻫﺎي ﻛﺸﺶ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ اﻋﻤﺎل‬
.‫ﺷﺪه‬
-
.‫ ﻓﻠﻮر ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻻزم ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ ﺑﺮم‬،‫ﺣﻀﻮر ﻳﻮﻧﻬﺎي ﻛﻠﺮ‬
-
(‫ﺣﻀﻮر ﻳﻚ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻟﻴﺖ )آب‬
-
When these conditions are present, the occurrence
of SCC is highly probable.
‫ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺑﺎﻻي ﺗﺮك‬،‫وﻗﺘﻲ اﻳﻦ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
.‫ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ اﺳﺖ‬
The stainless steel alloys susceptible to SCC are
generally classified as the 18-8’s. This includes
the molybdenum containing grades (types 316 and
317), the carbon-stabilized grades (types 318, 321,
and 347), and the low-carbon grades (types 304L
and 316L). Many variations of the basic 18-8 have
been developed in order to combat SCC. These
variations are higher in nickel, chromium, and
molybdenum, and there are also grades with lower
nickel and higher chromium (duplex stainless
steels). All of these alloys are highly resistant to
SCC and therefore not part of the problem of SCC
under insulation.
‫آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ‬
‫ دﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي‬18-8 ‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎً ﺑــﻪ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي‬،‫ﺣﺴﺎس ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ و‬316 ‫ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﺣﺎوي ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺒﺪن ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ردهﻫﺎي )اﻧﻮاع‬.‫ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ‬
‫( و‬347 ‫ و‬321 ،318 ‫ ردهﻫﺎي ﭘﺎﻳﺪار ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ )اﻧﻮاع‬،(317
‫( ﺷﺎﻣﻞ اﻳﻦ دﺳﺘﻪ‬316L ‫ و‬304L ‫ردهﻫﺎي ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻛﻢ )اﻧﻮاع‬
‫ ﺻﻮرت‬18-8 ‫ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات زﻳﺎدي ﺑﺮ روي ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬.‫ﺑﻨﺪي ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﺪ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ‬
‫ ﻛﺮم و ﻣﻮﻟﺒﻴﺪن و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬،‫ اﻳﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات در ﻧﻴﻜﻞ‬.‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ردهﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ ﻧﻴﻜﻞ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ و ﻛﺮم زﻳﺎدﺗﺮ )ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن‬
‫ ﺗﻤﺎم اﻳﻦ آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎ در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از‬.‫ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻒ( ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺑﻮده و در زﻣﺮه ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ‬
.‫از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ در زﻳﺮ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
For SCC to develop, sufficient tensile stress must
be present in the material. If the tensile stress is
eliminated or greatly reduced, cracking will not
occur. The threshold stress required to develop
cracking depends somewhat on the severity of the
cracking medium. Most mill products, such as
sheetplates, pipes and tubing, contain enough
residual tensile stresses from processing to
develop cracks without external stresses. When
the austenitic stainless steels are cold formed and
welded, additional stresses are imposed. As the
total stress increases, SCC becomes more severe.
‫ ﺗﻨﺶ ﻛﺸﺸﻲ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ‬، ‫ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ‬
‫ اﮔﺮ ﺗﻨﺶ ﻛﺸﺸﻲ ﺣﺬف ﺷﻮد و ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ‬.‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺗﻨﺶ آﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ‬.‫ ﺗﺮك اﻳﺠﺎد ﻧﺨﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‬،‫ﻣﻘﺪار زﻳﺎدي ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬
.‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺗﺮك ﺗﺎﺣﺪي ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪت ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺗﺮك دارد‬
‫ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ‬، ‫ ﺻﻔﺤﺎت ورق‬،‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﻛﺎرﺧﺎﻧﺠﺎت ﻧﻮرد ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬
‫ داراي ﺗﻨﺶ ﻫﺎي ﻛﺸﺸﻲ ﭘﺲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪه ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ‬،‫و ﺗﻴﻮب‬
‫ وﻗﺘﻲ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي‬.‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺗﺮكﻫﺎ ﺑﺪون ﺗﻨﺸﻬﺎي ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺳﺮد ﺷﻜﻞ داده و ﺟﻮش ﻛﺎري‬
‫ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮر ﻛﻪ‬.‫ ﺗﻨﺶ ﻫﺎي اﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﻪ آن ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬،‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ‬،‫ﺟﻤﻊ ﺗﻨﺸﻬﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬
.‫ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺗﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
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IPS-E-TP-700(1)
The Cl- ion is damaging to the passive protective
layer on the 18-8 stainless steels. Once the passive
layer is penetrated, localized corrosion cells
become active. Under the proper set of
circumstances, SCC can lead to failure in only a
few days or weeks. Sodium chloride, because of
its high solubility and widespread presence, is the
most common culprit. This neutral salt is the most
common, but not the most aggressive. Chloride
salts of the weak bases and light metals, such as
LiCl, MgCl2, and AlCl3, can rapidly crack the 188 stainless steels under the right conditions of
temperature and moisture content.
‫ﻳﻮن ﻛﻠﺮ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ آﺳﻴﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻓﻌﺎل ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ روي‬
‫ ﺑﻼﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﻔﻮذ‬.‫ ﻣﻴﮕﺮدد‬18-8 ‫ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن‬
‫ ﭘﻴﻞﻫﺎي ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﻓﻌﺎل‬،‫ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻓﻌﺎل‬
‫ ﺗﺮك ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ‬،‫ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺮي ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻣﻨﻈﻢ‬.‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ‬.‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻇﺮف ﭼﻨﺪ روز ﻳﺎ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﺧﺮاﺑﻲ اﻳﺠﺎد ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺳﺪﻳﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺣﻼﻟﻴﺖ زﻳﺎد و ﺣﻀﻮر وﺳﻴﻊ راﻳﺞ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻧﻤﻚ ﺧﻨﺜﻲ از ﻣﻌﺮوﻓﺘﺮﻳﻦ اﻣﺎ راﻳﺞﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬.‫ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﻧﻤﻜﻬﺎي ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ از ﻗﻠﻴﺎﻫﺎي ﺿﻌﻴﻒ و ﻓﻠﺰات‬.‫ﻣﻬﺎﺟﻢ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﻴﺰﻳﻢ و ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم‬،‫ﺳﺒﻚ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪﻟﻴﺘﻴﻢ‬
‫ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬18-8 ‫ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ در ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن‬
.‫ ﺗﺮك اﻳﺠﺎد ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬،‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ دﻣﺎ و ﻣﻴﺰان رﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬
The concentration of chlorides necessary to
initiate SCC is difficult to ascertain. Researchers
have developed cracking in solutions with
remarkably low levels of chlorides (<10ppm). The
situation of chlorides under insulation is unique
and ultimately depends on the concentration of
chlorides deposited on the external surface of the
metal. The concentrating mechanism is discussed
in some detail in the following paragraphs.
Therefore, the amount of chlorides present
becomes a debatable issue. If any chlorides are
detected, there will probably be some localized
sites of high concentration.
‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪﻫﺎي ﻻزم ﺑﺮاي ﺷﺮوع ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از‬
‫ ﻣﺤﻘﻘﻴﻦ ﺗﻮاﻧﺴﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺧﻴﻠﻲ‬.‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ اﺳﺖ‬
.‫<( در ﻣﺤﻠﻮلﻫﺎ ﺗﺮك اﻳﺠﺎد ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬10ppm) ‫ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪﻫﺎ‬
‫وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ زﻳﺮ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺑﻔﺮد و ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﺎً ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ‬
‫ ﻧﺤﻮه ﺗﻐﻠﻴﻆ‬.‫ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ ﺗﻪﻧﺸﻴﻦ ﺷﺪه روي ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻓﻠﺰ دارد‬
‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‬.‫ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت در ﭘﺎراﮔﺮافﻫﺎي زﻳﺮ آﻣﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ در ﺻﻮرت‬.‫وﺟﻮد ﻣﻘﺪار ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻً در ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻧﻘﺎط ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﺎ‬،‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪﻫﺎ‬
.‫ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ وﺟﻮد ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ داﺷﺖ‬
The most important condition affecting chloride
concentration is the temperature of the metal
surface. Temperature has a dual effect: First,
elevated temperatures will cause water
evaporation, which in turn concentrates the
chloride salts, and, second, as the temperature
increases, the rate of the corrosion reaction
increases.
‫ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ وﺿﻌﻴﺖ اﺛﺮﮔﺬار ﺑﺮ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ دﻣﺎي ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻠﺰ‬
‫ اول اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ دﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ آب‬،‫ دﻣﺎ دو اﺛﺮ دارد‬.‫اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮد ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺗﻐﻠﻴﻆ ﻧﻤﻜﻬﺎي ﻛﻠﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد و دوم‬
.‫ﺑــﺎ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺷﺪن دﻣـﺎ ﺷﺪت واﻛﻨﺶ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬
Finally, chlorides have been discussed because
they are the most common and aggressive of the
halogen family. Bromides and fluorides may also
cause SCC, but are less common and probably
less aggressive.
‫ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ دﻟﻴﻞ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺤﺚ ﺑﻮدهاﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ آﻧﻬﺎ راﻳﺞ‬،‫در ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‬
‫ ﺑﺮوﻣﻴﺪﻫﺎ و‬.‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﻢ ﻣﺨﺮب از ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﻫﺎﻟﻮژن ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻓﻠﻮرﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ‬
.‫ اﻣﺎ اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻً ﻛﻤﺘﺮ راﻳﺞ و ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﻢ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬،‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
Water is the fourth necessary ingredient in SCC
Because SCC is an electrochemical reaction, it
requires an electrolyte. As water penetrates the
insulation system, it plays a key role at the metal
surface, depending on the equipment operating
‫آب ﭼﻬﺎرﻣﻴﻦ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻻزم در ﺑﺮوز ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ‬
‫ زﻳﺮا ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻓﻌﻞ و اﻧﻔﻌﺎل‬،‫ﺑﻮده‬
‫ وﻗﺘﻲ آب ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ‬.‫ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻮده و ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻟﻴﺖ دارد‬
‫ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻛﻠﻴﺪي در ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻠﺰ را ﺑﺎزي‬،‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻧﻔﻮذ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬
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conditions.
‫ ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات‬،‫ﻣﻴﻨﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
.‫دارد‬
Examination of the phenomenon of corrosion of
steel under insulation provides a better
appreciation of the widespread intrusion of water.
‫ درك ﺑﻬﺘﺮي از‬،‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﭘﺪﻳﺪه ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﻮﻻد در زﻳﺮ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
.‫ﻣﺰاﺣﻤﺖ وﺳﻴﻊ آب را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ‬
In effect, water must be expected to enter the
metal/insulation annulus at joints or breaks in the
insulation and its protective coating. The water
then condenses or wets the metal surface, or if it is
too hot, the water is vaporized.
‫ اﻧﺘﻈﺎر ﻣﻴﺮود آب وارد ﻓﻀﺎي ﺣﻠﻘﻮي ﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﻠﺰ و ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬،‫در ﻋﻤﻞ‬
‫در ﻣﺤﻞ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﻳﺎ ﺷﻜﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﻫﺎي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ و ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ‬
‫ ﺳﭙﺲ آب ﺳﺮد ﺷﺪه ﻳﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻠﺰ را ﻣﺮﻃﻮب ﻣﻴﻨﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬.‫آن ﺷﻮد‬
.‫و ﻳﺎ اﮔﺮ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﮔﺮم ﺑﺎﺷﺪ آب ﺑﺨﺎر ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬
This water vapor (steam) penetrates the entire
insulation system and settles into places where it
can recondense. Because the outer surface of the
insulation is designed to keep water out, it also
serves to keep water in. The thermal insulation
does not have to be in poor condition or constantly
water soaked. A common practice in chemical
plants is to turn on the fire protection water
systems on a regular basis. This deluges the
equipment with chloride-bearing water. Some
seacoast locations use seawater for the fire
protection water. Hot food-processing equipment
is regularly washed with tap water, which contains
chlorides. All insulation system water barriers
eventually
develop
defects.
As
the
vessel/insulation system breathes, moist air
contacts the metal surface. From the insulation
standpoint, the outer covering acts as a weather
barrier to protect the physical integrity of the
insulation material. The outer coverings are not
intended, nor can they be expected, to maintain an
air-and water-tight system.
‫اﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺎر آب )ﺑﺨﺎر( ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻧﻘﺎط ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻧﻔﻮذ ﻧﻤﻮده و در‬
‫ ﭼﻮن‬.‫ﻧﻘﺎﻃﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﺠﺪداً ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﮔﺮدد ﺗﻪ ﻧﺸﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
،‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﻴﺮون ﻧﮕﻬﺪاﺷﺘﻦ آب ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺷﺪه‬
‫ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬.‫در ﻋﻴﻦ ﺣﺎل ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ آب را در ﺧﻮد ﻧﮕﻪ دارد‬
‫ در‬.‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺑﺪ ﻳﺎ داﺋﻤﺎً ﺧﻴﺲ ﺷﺪه ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
‫ﻛﺎرﺧﺎﻧﺠﺎت ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎز ﻛﺮدن ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي آب اﻃﻔﺎء ﺣﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ ﻟﺬا ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺗﺤﺖ‬.‫ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﻋﺎدي اﺳﺖ‬
‫ در ﺑﻌﻀﻲ از ﺳﻮاﺣﻞ از آب درﻳﺎ‬.‫رﻳﺰش آب ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪدار ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﻣﻮاد ﻏﺬاﻳﻲ‬.‫ﺑﺮاي اﻃﻔﺎء ﺣﺮﻳﻖ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬
‫ﮔﺮم ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﺮﺗﺐ ﺑﺎ آب ﺟﺎري ﻛﻪ ﺣﺎوي ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪهﻫﺎي آب ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻋﺎﻗﺒﺖ‬.‫ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮ ﻣﻴﮕﺮدﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﺨﺰن‬/‫ وﻗﺘﻲ ﻫﻮا وارد ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬.‫ﻋﻴﻮب را ﮔﺴﺘﺮش ﻣﻴﺪﻫﻨﺪ‬
‫ از‬.‫ ﻫﻮاي ﻣﺮﻃﻮب ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺗﻤﺎس ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻣﻴﻨﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬،‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ‬،‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
‫ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ از ﻳﻜﭙﺎرﭼﮕﻲ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻋﻤﻞ‬،‫ﺟﻮي ﺑﺮاي‬
‫ ﻫﺪف از ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ اﻳﻦ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ و اﻧﺘﻈﺎر‬.‫ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
.‫ﻧﻤﻴﺮود ﻛﻪ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ آب و ﻫﻮا را ﺣﻔﻆ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
E.4.3 Prevention of external SCC
‫ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ‬3-4- ‫ﻫ‬
‫ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ‬
As an understanding of external SCC and its
mechanisms developed, selection of a preventive
method became much easier. Table E.1
summarizes the possible methods of prevention
that apply to each causative agent. As can be seen,
application of a suitable protective coating system
is generally the most economical method,
although other methods are included and may be
practical under certain circumstances.
‫درك ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ و ﺳﺎز و ﻛﺎر‬
.‫ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب روش ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮي را ﺧﻴﻠﻲ آﺳﺎنﺗﺮ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬،‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ آن‬
‫ ﺧﻼﺻﻪاي از روﺷﻬﺎي ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮي در‬1-‫در ﺟﺪول ﻫـ‬
‫ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ‬.‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻫﺮ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد آورﻧﺪه آﻣﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ اﻋﻤﺎل ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﭘﻮﺷﺸﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎً اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬،‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬
‫ ﮔﺮﭼﻪ روﺷﻬﺎي دﻳﮕﺮي ﻫﻢ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬،‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ روش اﺳﺖ‬
.‫اﺳﺖ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
The critical step then becomes the implementation
of whichever preventive method has been
‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﻲ ﺑﻌﺪي اﺟﺮاي ﻫﺮ روش ﭘﻴﺶ ﮔﻴﺮي اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪه‬
‫ ﻓﺮض ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪه‬.‫ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‬
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Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
selected. Assuming a protective coating has been
chosen, it is necessary to convince project or
operating managers of the benefits of painting
stainless steel. Although painting stainless steel
may at first seem unusual, experienced field
personnel will usually understand the need for
preventive measures.
‫ ﻻزم اﺳﺖ ﻣﺪﻳﺮان ﭘﺮوژه ﻳﺎ ﻣﺪﻳﺮان ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ را ﻣﺘﻘﺎﻋﺪ‬،‫اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﮔﺮﭼﻪ رﻧﮓ‬.‫ﻛﺮد ﻛﻪ رﻧﮓ آﻣﻴﺰي ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻣﺰاﻳﺎﻳﻲ دارد‬
‫ اﻣﺎ‬،‫آﻣﻴﺰي ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن در اﺑﺘﺪا ﻏﻴﺮﻣﻌﻤﻮل ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺮﺳﺪ‬
‫ﻛﺎرﻛﻨﺎن ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮاﻧﻪ را‬
.‫درك ﺧﻮاﻫﻨﺪ ﻛﺮد‬
Application of any protective coating requires a
good specification and inspection. The use of
manufacturer application guidelines and the
knowledge of an experienced inspector are
indispensable in producing an acceptable
protective coating.
.‫اﻋﻤﺎل ﻫﺮ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻓﻨﻲ و ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ دارد‬
‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺎي اﻋﻤﺎل ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪﮔﺎن و‬
‫آﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎزرس ﻣﺠﺮب در ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻳﻚ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬
.‫ﻗﺒﻮل ﻻزم اﻻﺟﺮا ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
Fortunately, protective coatings work very well on
stainless steel because the metallic substrate does
not oxidize or rust. Therefore, coating adhesion
failures are very rare. The main objective is to
achieve a continuous coating at a reasonable cost
that will resist the hot-water environment
encountered
under
insulation
(see
also
IPS-E-TP-100).
‫ﺧﻮﺷﺒﺨﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻫﺎي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﺑﺮ روي ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن‬
‫ زﻳﺮا ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻠﺰ اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻳﺎ زﻧﮓ‬،‫ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺧﻮب ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻴﻨﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬
.‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺑﻨﺪرت از ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﺮود‬.‫ﻧﻤﻲزﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻫﺪف اﺻﻠﻲ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آوردن ﻳﻚ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ داﻳﻤﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻣﻌﻘﻮل‬
‫اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در ﺗﻤﺎس ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ آﺑﮕﺮم زﻳﺮ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ‬
(‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬IPS-E-TP-100 ‫ﺑﻮد)ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
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TABLE E.1 - GUIDELINES FOR SELECTING EXTERNAL SCC PREVENTIVE
‫ راﻫﻨﻤﺎي اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ‬1-‫ﺟﺪول ﻫ‬
Causative agent
‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﻳﺠﺎد ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
Austenitic stainless steel
‫ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن آﺳﺘﻴﻨﺘﻲ‬
Preventive method
‫روش ﭘﻴﺶ ﮔﻴﺮي‬
Change to SCC resistant alloy
‫ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ آﻟﻴﺎژ ﻣﻘﺎوم در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺗﺮك‬
‫ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ‬
Comments
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت‬
Evaluation
‫ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬
Stainless steel alloys with > 30% Ni and the duplex stainless
alloys are alternative choices, but cost considerably more and
may not be readily available.
Extra cost compared to
other preventive methods
makes this an unwise
choice.
‫ درﺻﺪ ﻧﻴﻜﻞ و آﻟﻴﺎژﻫـﺎي ﻓـﻮﻻد زﻧـﮓ‬30 ‫آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﺑﺎ ﺑﻴﺶ از‬
‫ اﻣﺎ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ داﺷـﺘﻪ و ﺑـﻪ‬،‫ﻧﺰن دوﺗﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
.‫آﺳﺎﻧﻲ در دﺳﺘﺮس ﻧﻤﻴﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨــﻪ اﺿــﺎﻓﻲ در ﻣﻘﺎﻳــﺴﻪ ﺑــﺎ‬
‫ آﻧــﺮا‬،‫روﺷــﻬﺎي دﻳﮕــﺮ ﺟﻠــﻮﮔﻴﺮي‬
.‫ﻳﻚ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻧﺎﻣﻌﻘﻮل ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎزد‬
Annealing at 1065° C (1950 ° F) followed by water quenching
will distort and scale equipment severely.
‫ درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( ﺑﻪ دﻧﺒﺎل آن‬1950) ‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬1065 ‫ﻧﺮم ﻛﺮدن در‬
‫ﻓﺮو ﻧﺸﺎﻧﺪن ﺑﺎ آب ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﭘﻴﭽﺶ و ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺷﺪن ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات‬
.‫ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‬
Thermal treatment (anneal or
stress relieve)
Tensile stress
‫ﺗﻨﺶ ﻛﺸﺸﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ )ﻧﺮم ﻛﺮدن ﻳـﺎ ﺗـﻨﺶ‬
(‫زداﻳﻲ‬
Stress relieving at 955° C (1750 ° F) and slow cooling will
sensitize the grain structure and cause some warpage and
scaling.
Note: A stress-relieved vessel or pipe will be subjected to
tensile stresses in assembly and under operating conditions
may over ride the thermal treatment.
‫ درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( و آﻫﺴﺘﻪ‬1750) ‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬955 ‫ﺗﻨﺶ زداﻳﻲ در‬
‫ﺳﺮدﻧﻤﻮدن ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر داﻧﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي را ﺣﺴﺎس و ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﺎب ﺑﺮداﺷﺘﻦ و ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ‬
.‫ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺷﺪن ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‬
Generally not practical for
piping and vessels: may be
used for small individual
components.
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﺮاي ﻇﺮوف و ﻟﻮﻟـﻪﻛـﺸﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ و ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺮاي‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌــﺎت ﻛﻮﭼــﻚ ﻣﺠــﺰا اﺳــﺘﻔﺎده‬
.‫ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻇﺮف ﻳﺎ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻨﺶ زداﻳﻲ ﺷﺪه در زﻣﺎن ﻧﺼﺐ و ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬:‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
‫ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬،‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ در ﻣﻌﺮض ﺗﻨﺶﻫﺎي ﻛﺸﺸﻲ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‬
.‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ را ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺸﻌﺎع ﻗﺮار دﻫﺪ‬
Shot peen
‫ﭼﻜﺶ ﻛﺎري‬
‫ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺣﺬف ﻳﺎ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻳﻮن ﻛﻠﺮ‬
Apply barrier
stainless steel
coating
Should be considered. But
may be more costly and
difficult to obtain than
other prevention methods.
‫ﭼﻜﺶ ﻛﺎري ﺗﻨﺶ ﻫﺎي ﺳﻄﺤﻲ را ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﺶ ﻓـﺸﺎري ﺗﺒـﺪﻳﻞ ﻣـﻲﻛﻨـﺪ و ﻳـﻚ‬
‫ اﺳﺖ اﻳﻦ ﻓﺮاﻳﻨﺪ ﻇﺮﻳﻒ ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ ﻣﻬﺎرت و‬SCC ‫روش ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺷﺪه ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از‬
.‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ داﺷﺘﻪ و ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻳﺎ اﻋﻤﺎل آن ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ اﻣــﺎ‬،‫ﺑﺎﻳــﺪ ﺑــﻪ آن ﺗﻮﺟــﻪ داﺷــﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻤﻜــﻦ اﺳــﺖ ﻫﺰﻳﻨــﻪ زﻳــﺎد و‬
‫دﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ آن از دﻳﮕﺮ روﺷـﻬﺎي‬
.‫ﭘﻴﺶ ﮔﻴﺮي ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
Because of their widespread occurrence highly soluble chloride
salts are difficult to avoid or keep of equipment.
Remove or eliminate Cl– ion
Chlorides
Shot peening converts the surface stresses to compressive
stress and is proven SCC preventive method. It is a delicate
process requiring specific skills and experience may be costly
or difficult to apply in the field.
to
‫اﻋﻤﺎل ﭘﻮﺷـﺶ ﺑﺎزدارﻧـﺪه ﺑـﺮاي ﻓـﻮﻻد‬
‫زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن‬
Not practical
‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠـﺖ ﭘﻴـﺪاﻳﺶ وﺳـﻴﻊ ﻧﻤﻜﻬـﺎي ﻛﻠﺮﻳـﺪ ﺑـﺴﻴﺎر ﻣﺤﻠـﻮل اﺟﺘﻨـﺎب ﻳـﺎ دور‬
.‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪاﺷﺘﻦ آﻧﻬﺎ از دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﻣﺸﻜﻞ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬
Use of a protective coating on the stainless steel surface can
prevent CI – contact with the alloy.
This is practical and
proven preventive method
Being used with success :
‫ﺑﻜﺎرﺑﺮدن ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ روي ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧـﺪ از ﺗﻤـﺎس ﻳـﻮن‬
.‫ﻛﻠﺮ ﺑﺎ آﻟﻴﺎژ ﻓﻮﻻد ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
Wrap stainless steel with aluminum foil, which serves as both a
barrier coating and cathodic protection anode.
‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ورﻗﻬﺎي ﻧﺎزك آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴـﻮم روي ﻓـﻮﻻد زﻧـﮓ ﻧـﺰن ﻫـﻢ ﻧﻘـﺶ ﭘﻮﺷـﺶ‬
.‫ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه و ﻫﻢ آﻧﺪ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻛﺎﺗﺪي را اﻳﻔﺎ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠــﻲ اﺳــﺖ و روش ﭘﻴــﺸﮕﻴﺮي‬
‫ ﺑـﺎ ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴـﺖ‬.‫ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺷﺪهاي اﺳـﺖ‬
.‫ﺑﻜﺎر رﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ‬
Extended life of the
aluminum has not been
determined.
‫دوام ﻋﻤﺮ آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﺸﺪه‬
‫اﺳﺖ‬
149
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IPS-E-TP-700(1)
TABLE E.1 (continued)
(‫ )اداﻣﻪ‬1- ‫ﺟﺪول ﻫ‬
Causative agent
‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﻳﺠﺎد ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
Preventive method
‫روش ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮي‬
Improve waterproofing
prevent water entry
Water
‫آب‬
to
‫اﺻﻼح ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺿﺪآب ﺟﻬﺖ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي‬
‫از ورود آب‬
Comments
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت‬
Evaluation
‫ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬
No type of coating, cementing or wrapping of insulation can
keep air and water from entering the insulation system. Except
for constructing an external pressure shell.
Note: The application and maintenance of a weather barrier is
important to good insulation performance and should have a
high maintenance priority.
Not practical to expect a
wrap or coating to keep
water out
‫ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻮار ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻲ ﻧﻤﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ از ورود ﻫـﻮا و آب ﺑـﻪ‬،‫ ﺳﻴﻤﺎن ﻛﺎري‬،‫ﻫﻴﭻ ﻧﻮع ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‬
.‫ ﻣﮕﺮ ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ‬.‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫اﻧﺘﻈﺎر از ﻧﻮار ﭘﻴﭽـﻲ ﻳـﺎ ﭘﻮﺷـﺶ‬
‫ﻛﺮدن ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈـﻮر دورﻧﮕﻬﺪاﺷـﺘﻦ‬
‫آب ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬
‫ اﻋﻤﺎل و ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺟـﻮي در ﻋﻤﻠﻜـﺮد ﺧـﻮب ﻳـﻚ‬:‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
.‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ دارد و ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد داراي اوﻟﻮﻳﺖ ﺑﺎﻻ در ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
Apply barrier
stainless steel
coating
to
‫ﺑﻜﺎرﺑﺮدن ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﺑﺮاي ﻓـﻮﻻد‬
‫زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن‬
A carefully selected protective coating can provide long-term
protection for stainless steel equipment.
This is a practical and
proven preventive method.
‫اﻧﺘﺨﺎب دﻗﻴﻖ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﻓﻮﻻدي زﻧﮓ‬
.‫ﻧﺰن را ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﺳﺎزد‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠــﻲ اﺳــﺖ و روش ﭘﻴــﺸﮕﻴﺮي‬
.‫ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺷﺪهاي اﺳﺖ‬
Use of aluminum foil wrap as above.
Limited
success.
‫اﻋﻤﺎل ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ورق آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻓﻮق‬
use
but
with
‫ اﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ‬، ‫ﻛﺎرﺑﺮي ﻣﺤﺪود‬
Note: Use of inorganic zinc primer or paint system is not safe
due to the possibility of liquid-metal embitterment upon
subsequent welding or exposure to extreme heat.
‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از آﺳﺘﺮي روي ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ رﻧﮓ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ اﻣﻜـﺎن ﺗُـﺮد‬:‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
‫ اﻳﻤـﻦ‬، ‫ﺷﺪن ﻓﻠﺰ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ در اﺛﺮ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻣﻜﺮر ﻳﺎ در ﻣﻌﺮض ﺣﺮارت ﻓﻮقاﻟﻌﺎده‬
.‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬
‫ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺗﻨﺶ روي ﻓﻠﺰات دﻳﮕﺮ‬5-‫ﻫ‬
E.5 Stress-Corrosion Attack on other Metals
May alloys, when subjected to the combined
effects of stress and corrosion under conditions
specific to the individual alloy, can develop
cracking, although the incidence may not be
frequent under normal operating conditions.
‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ وﻗﺘﻴﻜﻪ آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ از ﺗﻨﺶ و‬
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺧﺎص در ﻫﺮ آﻟﻴﺎژ ﻣﺠﺰا‬
‫ ﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ اﻳﻦ اﺗﻔﺎق در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻋﺎدي‬،‫ﺗﺮك اﻳﺠﺎد ﺷﻮد‬
.‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺑﻄﻮر ﻣﻜﺮر رخ ﻧﺪﻫﺪ‬
Carbon steel (mild steel) can be attacked by
soluble nitrates present as contamination in water
from external sources, under conditions of mild
acidity and temperatures above about 80°C.
Commercial thermal insulating materials do not
contain nitrates, but these may be present in
natural waters. Thus, it is dangerous to allow
water of any kind to penetrate and, above all, to
saturate insulation systems where contaminants
may concentrate at the metal surface. As a general
rule, the danger of cracking from this type of
attack is remote, but suitable painting of the
surface should be adopted as a precaution where
the consequences of fracture of the metal could be
serious.
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ )ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﻢ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ( ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﻴﺘﺮاتﻫﺎي‬
‫ در‬، ‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان آﻻﻳﻨﺪه آب از ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ‬
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد ﻣﻮرد‬80 ‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اﺳﻴﺪي ﻛﻢ و دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﺣﺪود‬
‫ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺗﺠﺎري ﻋﺎري از ﻧﻴﺘﺮاتﻫﺎ‬.‫ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
. ‫ اﻣﺎ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ در آﺑﻬﺎي ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ وﺟﻮد داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬، ‫اﺳﺖ‬
‫ و ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ از آن اﺷﺒﺎع ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي‬،‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ اﺟﺎزه ﻧﻔﻮذ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻮع آﺑﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ در ﺟﺎﻳﻴﻜﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ آﻻﻳﻨﺪهﻫﺎ روي ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻠﺰ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻛﻠﻲ ﺧﻄﺮ اﻳﺠﺎد ﺗﺮك‬.‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎك اﺳﺖ‬
‫ وﻟﻲ ﺑﻌﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ اﻗﺪام‬،‫ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از اﻳﻦ ﻧﻮع ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ اﺳﺖ‬
‫اﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﻲ رﻧﮓآﻣﻴﺰي ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺳﻄﺢ در ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺪ ﺧﻄﺮ‬
.‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﻮد‬،‫ﺷﻜﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﻓﻠﺰ ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﺟﺪي ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
150
Nov. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-TP-700(1)
،‫ آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم‬-‫ﻓﻠﺰات ﻏﻴﺮآﻫﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻲاﻟﺨﺼﻮص آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي روي‬
‫ آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم و اﻧﻮاع آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻣﺲ و روي ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬-‫ روي‬-‫ﻣﻨﻴﺰﻳﻢ‬
‫اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺗﻨﺶ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮص در ﻣﺠﺎورت رﻃﻮﺑﺖ و‬
‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺘﻲ‬.‫ﻣﻮاد ﻗﻠﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺣﺴﺎس ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ورود رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﻮد و در ﻣﻮارد‬
‫ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ از ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ‬،‫ﻣﻘﺘﻀﻲ‬
.‫ﺷﻮد‬
Non-ferrous metals, notably the aluminum-zinc,
aluminum-zinc-magnesium alloys, and various
copper-zinc alloys may be sensitive to stress
corrosion attack, particularly in the presence of
moisture and of alkalis. Precautions should be
taken to exclude moisture from the system and,
where appropriate, the surface of the metal should
receive a protective coating of suitable compound.
‫ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻓﻠﺰات ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‬6-‫ﻫ‬
E.6 Attack by Liquid Metals
Although thermal insulation materials themselves
do not contain zinc, this metal is commonly
associated with securing and reinforcing materials,
usually as a protective coating, e.g., galvanized
carbon steel.
‫ اﻳﻦ‬،‫ﺑﺎ وﺟﻮدي ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺧﻮد داراي روي ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﻪ‬،‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮاد ﻧﮕﻬﺪارﻧﺪه و ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻫﻢراه‬
‫ ﺑﻜﺎر‬،‫ ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﮔﺎﻟﻮاﻧﻴﺰه ﺷﺪه‬،‫ﻋﻨﻮان ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ‬
.‫ﻣﻴﺮود‬
E.6.1 The melting point of zinc is 419°C and at
temperatures above 450°C molten zinc will
diffuse and penetrate stainless steel, although
embitterment is unlikely to occur until a
temperature of about 750°C is reached. The depth
of penetration will depend on the time and
temperature of the exposure, and the structure and
composition of the steel. It will also depend on the
degree of applied stress. In the absence of stress it
is unlikely that very rapid embitterment will
occur.
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد ﺑﻮده و در‬419 ‫ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ذوب روي‬1-6-‫ﻫ‬
E.6.2 Below 750°C, the influence of stress upon
the rate of diffusion and penetration is relatively
small. At temperatures above 750°C, however, the
tensile stress in the steel will bring about rapid
penetration, and cracking may occur in a matter of
minutes or even seconds in the area of
contamination. Zinc is volatile at such high
temperatures and, whilst the major hazard arises
from molten zinc, there is evidence that
embitterment can even be caused from the
gaseous phase.
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد اﺛﺮ ﺗﻨﺶ‬750 ‫ در دﻣﺎي ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦ ﺗﺮ از‬2-6-‫ﻫ‬
E.6.3 As it is thought that embitterment arises
from interaction between zinc and nickel in the
steel, it may be anticipated that the austenitic
chromium-nickel family of stainless steels will be
particularly susceptible to zinc embattlement.
‫ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺼﻮر ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﺷﻜﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﻓﻌﻞ و‬3-6-‫ﻫ‬
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد روي ﻣﺬاب ﭘﺨﺶ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ‬450 ‫دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎﻻي‬
‫ ﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺷﻜﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ‬،‫ﺷﺪ و در ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻧﻔﻮذ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﻛﺮد‬
‫ درﺟﻪ‬750 ‫ ﻣﮕﺮ اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ دﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪود‬،‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺤﺘﻤﻞ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻧﻔﻮذ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ زﻣﺎن و دﻣﺎي در ﻣﻌﺮض‬.‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد ﺑﺮﺳﺪ‬
‫ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻧﻔﻮذ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬.‫و ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر و ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻓﻮﻻد ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ داﺷﺖ‬
‫ در ﻏﻴﺎب‬.‫ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺗﻨﺶ اﻋﻤﺎل ﺷﺪه ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ داﺷﺖ‬
.‫ وﻗﻮع ﺷﻜﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻞ اﺳﺖ‬، ‫ﺗﻨﺶ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮﺣﺎل در دﻣﺎي‬.‫روي ﻣﻴﺰان اﻧﺘﺸﺎر و ﻧﻔﻮذ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎً ﻛﻢ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد ﺗﻨﺶ ﻛﺸﺸﻲ ﻓﻮﻻد ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻧﻔﻮذ‬750 ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ از‬
‫ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺷﺪه و در ﻇﺮف ﭼﻨﺪ دﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺘﻲ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ روي در ﭼﻨﻴﻦ‬.‫اﺳﺖ در ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ آﻻﻳﻨﺪه ﺷﻜﺴﺘﮕﻲ رخ دﻫﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎل ﺧﻄﺮ اﺻﻠﻲ از ﻃﺮف‬، ‫دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ ﻓﺮار ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺷﻮاﻫﺪي وﺟﻮد دارد ﻛﻪ ﺷﻜﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ‬.‫روي ﻣﺬاب اﻳﺠﺎد ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
.‫ﺣﺘﻲ ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﻓﺎز ﮔﺎزي ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ‬،‫اﻧﻔﻌﺎل ﺑﻴﻦ روي و ﻧﻴﻜﻞ در ﻓﻮﻻد اﻳﺠﺎد ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﻛﺮم‬
.‫ﻧﻴﻜﻞ ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ درﮔﻴﺮي ﺑﺎ روي ﺣﺴﺎس ﺧﻮاﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻮد‬
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E.6.4 Under no circumstances should galvanized
steel be welded and, additionally, contact between
galvanized accessories, e.g., galvanized wire
netting, and steels that are intended for use at
service temperatures above about 350°C should be
rigorously avoided.
‫ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺷﺮاﻳﻄﻲ ﻓﻮﻻد ﮔﺎﻟﻮاﻧﻴﺰه ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬4-6-‫ه‬
E.6.5 Paints containing metallic zinc should not
be used as surface protection for insulated
austenitic steel surfaces in areas of high fire risk
where the temperature can exceed 350°C.
‫ رﻧﮕﻬﺎي ﺣﺎوي ﻣﻮاد روي ﻓﻠﺰي ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ‬5-6-‫ﻫ‬
E.6.6 Embrittlement also can occur if molten zinc
is allowed to drop on to heated alloy steel
surfaces, e.g., under conditions of external fire.
This is of particular importance when the plant is
under stressed conditions, particularly if the
contents are flammable.
‫ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺷﻜﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ در ﺻﻮرت رﻳﺨﺘﻪ ﺷﺪن‬6-6-‫ﻫ‬
‫ﺷﻮد و ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ آن از ﺗﻤﺎس ﺑﻴﻦ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﮔﺎﻟﻮاﻧﻴﺰه ﺷﺪه‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻮرﻫﺎي ﺳﻴﻤﻲ ﮔﺎﻟﻮاﻧﻴﺰه و ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ در دﻣﺎﻫﺎي‬
‫ اﻛﻴﺪاً ﭘﺮﻫﻴﺰ‬،‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد ﺑﻜﺎر ﻣﻲروﻧﺪ‬350 ‫ﻛﺎرﺑﺮي ﺑﺎﻻي‬
.‫ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺮاي ﺳﻄﻮح ﻓﻮﻻد آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺷﺪه در ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺧﻄﺮ وﻗﻮع آﺗﺶ ﺳﻮزي زﻳﺎد و ﻳﺎ ﺟﺎﺋﻴﻜﻪ دﻣﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻴﺶ‬
.‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد‬،‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬350 ‫از‬
‫ ﺑﻪ‬،‫روي ﻣﺬاب ﺑﺮ روي ﺳﻄﻮح ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻓﻮﻻد آﻟﻴﺎژي ﮔﺮم ﺷﺪه‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‬.‫ ﺑﻮﺟﻮد آﻳﺪ‬،‫ﻃﻮر ﻣﺜﺎل ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺣﺮﻳﻖ از ﺧﺎرج‬
‫ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎً اﮔﺮ‬،‫وﻗﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎت ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ ﺑﻮده‬
. ‫ ﺣﺎﺋﺰ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ وﻳﮋه اﺳﺖ‬،‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت آﻧﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
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IPS-E-TP-700(1)
APPENDIX F
‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ و‬
INSULATION MATERIALS
SPECIFICATION GUIDE FROM THE NIA.
‫راﻫﻨﻤﺎي ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ از ﻃﺮف اﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﻣﻠﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬
This chart provides the reader with physical
properties as typically specified in ASTM
material specifications and is a guide to material
properties, but may not be sufficient for writing
specifications.
‫اﻳﻦ ﻧﻤﻮدار ﺧﻮاص ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ را ﺑﺮاي ﺧﻮاﻧﻨﺪه ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬
‫ اراﺋﻪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬ASTM ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪه در ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻣﻮاد اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
‫ اﻣﺎ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺮاي‬، ‫و ﻳﻚ راﻫﻨﻤﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﺧﻮاص ﻣﻮاد اﺳﺖ‬
.‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
( NIA)
Note:
1) All properties are for the generic material
type and will vary by grade and by
manufacturer. All properties should be
verified with individual manufacturers.
Properties that are not stated may or may not
be an indication that a material is not
appropriate for applications depending on that
property. This should be verified with the
specific manufacturer.
:‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
‫( ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺧﻮاص ﺑﺮاي ﻧﻮع ﻛﻠﻲ ﻣﻮاد ﺑﻮده و ﺑﺎ ﻧﻮع درﺟﻪ ﻣﻮاد‬1
‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺧﻮاص‬.‫و ﻫﺮ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪه ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﻛﺮد‬
‫ ﺧﻮاﺻﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻗﻴﺪ‬.‫ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪﮔﺎن ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺑﺎزﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻧﮕﺮدﻳﺪهاﻧﺪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻮدن ﻣﺎده ﺑﺮاي‬
‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد اﻳﻦ‬.‫ﺧﻮاص ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪه ﺧﺎص ﺑﺎزﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﮔﺮدد‬
‫( وﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎي اﺣﺘﺮاق ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻳﻚ اﻳﻨﭻ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬2
2) Surface burning characteristic are valid for
1 inch thickness, verify results for type and
any other thickness with the manufacturer.
‫ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮع و ﻫﺮ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ دﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪه‬،‫اﺳﺖ‬
.‫ﺑﺎزﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫( زﻣﺎﻧﻴﻜﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﺧﺎرج از داﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﺼﺮف ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪه‬3
‫ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺧﻮاﺻﻲ‬.‫ ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬N/A3 ‫ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬،‫اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻛﻪ در ﻧﻤﻮدار ﻧﻴﺎﻣﺪه ﻳﺎ ﻗﻴﺪ ﻧﺸﺪه اﺳﺖ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺻﻮرت ﻧﺸﺎن‬
.‫داده ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ‬
‫( ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺧﻮاص در ﻧﻤﻮدار ﺑﺎﻻ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺎده اﺻﻠﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬4
‫ﺑﻮده و ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻛﻨﺪ‬
.‫ ﭼﺴﺐﻫﺎ و آب ﺑﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ‬
3) When a property is out of the specified
usage range it is shown by N/A3 . Properties
that are not listed or stated are so shown.
4) All properties listed above are for the core
insulation material only and may not be
indicative of the performance of an insulation
system including vapor retarders, adhesives
and sealants.
5) Many materials can be used for
applications outside of the ranges listed above
but additional precautions must be followed.
The specific manufacture should be consulted
for detailed recommendations.
‫( ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺧﺎرج از داﻣﻨﻪﻫﺎي داده ﺷﺪه در‬5
.‫ اﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﺣﺘﻴﺎط ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮي ﺑﻌﻤﻞ آﻳﺪ‬،‫ﻧﻤﻮدار ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﻜﺎر روﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪه ﺧﺎص ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎت ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬
.‫ﻣﺸﻮرت ﺷﻮد‬
‫( ﺑﻌﻀﻲ از ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ وﻳﮋه در دﻣﺎﻫﺎي‬6
6) Some values such as specific thermal
conductivities at various mean temperature
may be interpolated value.
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮن ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻣﻘﺪار درونﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺷﺪه از‬
.‫ﻧﻤﻮدار ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي‬ASTM ‫( اﻳﻦ ﻧﻤﻮدار ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﺟﺎري‬7
7) This chart has been established for products
with current ASTM standards.
.‫ﻓﺮآوردهﻫﺎ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
153
‫اﻟﻴﺎﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻗﻴﺪ ﻧﺸﺪه‬
‫‪Fibrous‬‬
‫‪Not stated‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺒﻚ‬
‫داﻧﻪاي‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬
‫‪Cellular‬‬
‫‪Granular‬‬
‫‪N/A‬‬
‫‪154‬‬
‫ﺑﻠﻮك و ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻮر ﺳﻴﻤﻲ‬
‫ﺷﺪه‬
‫ﺑﻠﻮك و ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎت‬
‫ﻛﻠﺴﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ اﻟﻴﺎف ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ اﻟﻴﺎف ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ اﻟﻴﺎف ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ‬
‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺗﻮري ﻓﻠﺰي‬
‫اﻟﻴﺎف ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ‬
‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ اﻟﻴﺎف ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ‬
‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ اﻟﻴﺎف ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ‬
‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ اﻟﻴﺎف ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ‬
‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ اﻟﻴﺎف ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ اﻟﻴﺎف ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ اﻟﻴﺎف ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ اﻟﻴﺎف ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻮم ﭘﻠﻲ اﻳﻤﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻓﻮم ﭘﻠﻲ اﻳﻤﻴﺪ‬
‫ورق و ﻟﻮﻟﻪ اﻻﺳﺘﻮﻣﺮي دﻣﺎي‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬
‫ﺑﺪون ﻫﺎﻟﻮژن‬
‫ورق و ﻟﻮﻟﻪ اﻻﺳﺘﻮﻣﺮي‬
‫ﺑﻠﻮك ﺷﻴﺸﻪاي ﻣﺸﺒﻚ‬
‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺷﻴﺸﻪاي ﻣﺸﺒﻚ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﭘﻠﻲ اﺳﺘﺎﻳﺮن‬
‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﭘﻠﻲ اﺳﺘﺎﻳﺮن‬
‫ﭘﻠﻲ اﻳﺰو ﺳﻴﺎﻧﻮرات‬
‫ﻓﻮم ﻓﻨﻮﻟﻴﻚ ﺑﺪون ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫ﻓﻮم ﻣﻼﻣﻴﻦ‬
‫ورق و ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي ﭘﻠﻲ اﻟﻔﻴﻦ‬
‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ و )اداﻣﻪ(‬
‫)‪APPENDIX F (continued‬‬
‫ورق و ﻟﻮﻟﻪ اﻻﺳﺘﻮﻣﺮي‬
‫)‪IPS-E-TP-700(1‬‬
‫آذر ‪Nov. 2009 / 1388‬‬
‫ﺧﻮاص ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫اﻧﻮع ﻣﻮاد‬
‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
‫‪ASTM‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻓﺸﺎري)‪( Psi‬‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ‪ 165‬درﺟﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺧﻄﻲ در دﻣﺎي‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫)‪( C356/D2126‬‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم‬
‫ﺧﻤﺸﻲ)‪( Psi‬‬
‫)ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ‪ 230‬درﺟﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد(‬
‫ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ وﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎي‬
‫ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫‪( E 84)2‬‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ دﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ دﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﻣﺎي ﻇﺎﻫﺮي‪ ،‬در‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪل دﻣﺎﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻧﻔﻮذ‬
‫ﺑﺨﺎر آب داﺋﻤﻲ‬