BIOLOGY II: CHAPTER15
NAME_____________________
Chapter 15: Cardiovascular System
I. Introduction
A. The heart pumps _______________________________________________________ liters of blood through the body each day.
B. The cardiovascular system includes __________________________________________________________________________
C.
The pulmonary circuit ___________________________________________________________________________________
D.
The systemic circuit ____________________________________________________________________________________
II. Structure of the Heart
A. Size and Location of the Heart
1. An average size of an adult heart is generally __________________________________________________________
2. The heart is bounded laterally by_______________________, anteriorly by, and posteriorly by ___________________
3. The base of the heart lies beneath ___________________________________________________________________
4. The apex of the heart is at the level of ________________________________________________________________
B. Coverings of the Heart
1. The pericardium is_______________________________________________________________________________
2. The fibrous pericardium is_________________________________________________________________________
3. The visceral pericardium is ________________________________________________________________________
4. The parietal pericardium is ________________________________________________________________________
5. The pericardial cavity is __________________________________________________________________________
6. Serous fluid reduces _____________________________________________________________________________
C. Wall of the Heart
1. The three layers of the heart wall are _________________________________________________________________
2. The epicardium is composed of _____________________________________________________________________
3. The middle layer is the ___________________________________________________________________________
4. The myocardium is composed of____________________________________________________________________
5. The inner layer is the _____________________________________________________________________________
6. The endocardium consists of _______________________________________________________________________
7. The endocardium of the heart is continuous with _______________________________________________________
D. Heart Chambers and Valves
1. The two upper chambers of the heart are ______________________________________________________________
2. Auricles are ____________________________________________________________________________________
3. The two lower chambers of the heart are ______________________________________________________________
4. The interatrial septum separates ____________________________________________________________________
5. The interventricular septum separates ________________________________________________________________
6. An atrioventricular orifice is _______________________________________________________________________
7. An atrioventricular orifice is protected by _____________________________________________________________
8. The atrioventricular sulcus is located ________________________________________________________________
9. The right atrium receives blood from ________________________________________________________________
10. The tricuspid valve is located______________________________and functions to ___________________________
11. Chordae tendinae are______________________________and function to __________________________________
12. Papillary muscles are located______________________________and contract when __________________________
13. The right ventricle receives blood from ______________________________________________________________
14. The right ventricle pumps blood into________________________________________________________________
15. The pulmonary trunk divides into __________________________________________________________________
16. Pulmonary arteries deliver blood to _________________________________________________________________
17. The pulmonary valve is located______________________________and opens when __________________________
18. Pulmonary veins carry blood from the______________________________to the______________________________
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19. Blood passes from the left atrium into the ____________________________________________________________
20. The mitral valve is located______________________________and functions to _____________________________
21. The left ventricle pumps blood into _________________________________________________________________
22. The aortic valve is located ______________________________and opens when _____________________________
23. The tricuspid and mitral valves are also called______________________________because _____________________
24. The pulmonary and aortic valves are also called______________________________because ___________________
E. Skeleton of the Heart
1. The skeleton of the heart is composed of______________________________________________________________
2. The skeleton of the heart provides attachments for ______________________________________________________
F. Path of Blood Through the Heart
1. Blood that is _________ in oxygen and _________________________________________ in carbon dioxide enter the
___________________________________________________ of the heart through venae cavae and the coronary sinus.
2. As the right atrium contracts, blood passes into ________________________________________________________
3. When the right ventricle contracts, blood moves into the _________________________________________________
4. From the pulmonary arteries blood enters the __________________________________________________________
5. The blood loses ____________ in the lungs and picks up _________________________________________________
6. Freshly oxygenated blood returns to the heart through ___________________________________________________
7. The pulmonary veins deliver blood to the _____________________________________________________________
8. When the left atrium contracts, blood passes into _______________________________________________________
9. When the left ventricle contracts, blood passes into _____________________________________________________
G. Blood Supply to the Heart
1. The first two branches of the aorta are _______________________________________________________________
2. Coronary arteries supply __________________________________________________________________________
3. The circumflex artery is located______________________________and supplies _____________________________
4. The anterior interventricular artery is located______________________________and supplies ___________________
5. The posterior interventricular artery is located______________________________and supplies __________________
6. The marginal artery is located______________________________and supplies _______________________________
7. Blood flow in coronary arteries is poorest during______________________________because ___________________
8. Cardiac veins drain ______________________________________________________________________________
9. The coronary sinus is_____________________________________________________________________________
III. Heart Actions
A. Introduction
1. Atrial systole is _________________________________________________________________________________
2. Ventricular diastole is ____________________________________________________________________________
3. Atrial diastole is ________________________________________________________________________________
4. Ventricular systole is _____________________________________________________________________________
5. When the atria of the heart contract, the ventricles ______________________________________________________
6. When the ventricles of the heart contract, the atria ______________________________________________________
B. Cardiac Cycle
1. During a cardiac cycle, the pressure within the heart chambers______________________________which is what causes the
valves to _________________________________________________________________________________________
2. The pressure in the ventricles is low during ___________________________________________________________
3. During diastole, the A-V valves are _________________________________________________________________
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4. About _________________________________________ % of the blood flows passively from the atria into ventricles
and the remaining blood is pushed into the ventricles when the _______________________________________________
5. As ventricles contract, the A-V valves _______________________________________________________________
6. When the pressure in the atria is lower than venous pressure, blood flows from
______________________ into _______________________________________________________________________
7. During ventricular systole, ventricular pressure increases and the______________________________valves open.
8. As blood flows out of the ventricles, ventricular pressure _________________________________________________
9. The semilunar valves close when ___________________________________________________________________
C. Heart Sounds
1. Heart sounds are produced by ______________________________________________________________________
2. The first heart sound is ____________ and occurs during______________________________when _______________
3. The second heart sound is ___________ and occurs during______________________________when______________
4. A murmur is ___________________________________________________________________________________
D. Cardiac Muscle Fibers
1. A functional syncytium is _________________________________________________________________________
2. Two syncytiums of the heart are ____________________________________________________________________
3. The atrial syncytium and ventricular syncytium are connected by __________________________________________
E. Cardiac Conduction System
1. The cardiac conduction system is responsible for _______________________________________________________
2. The S-A node is located______________________________and initiates ___________________________________
3. The S-A node is called the pacemaker because _________________________________________________________
4. As a cardiac impulse travels from the S-A node into the______________________________it goes from cell to cell via
5. Conducting fibers deliver impulses from the S-A node to the ______________________________________________
6. The A-V node is located______________________________and Provides __________________________________
7. Impulses are delayed as they move through the A-V node because__________________________________________
8. From the A-V node, impulses pass to ________________________________________________________________
9. The A-V bundle is located______________________________and gives rise to ______________________________
10. Purkinje fibers carry impulses _____________________________________________________________________
11. The ventricular myocardium contracts as ____________________________________________________________
12. Purkinje fibers are located ________________________________________________________________________
13. The ventricular walls contract with a twisting motion because ____________________________________________
14. Contraction of the ventricles begins at the apex of the heart and pushes blood______________________________
F. Electrocardiogram
1. An electrocardiogram is __________________________________________________________________________
2. An ECG is recorded by ___________________________________________________________________________
3. A P-wave is produced when _______________________________________________________________________
4. A QRS-wave is produced when_____________________________________________________________________
5. A T-wave is produced when _______________________________________________________________________
6. Physician’s use ECG patterns to ____________________________________________________________________
G. Regulation of Cardiac Cycle
1. The volume of blood pumped changes to accommodate __________________________________________________
2. The parasympathetic nerve to the heart is the ______________________________________________________ nerve
3. The vagus nerve innervates the ________________________________________________________________ nodes.
4. The vagus nerve can alter heart rate by _______________________________________________________________
5. Sympathetic fibers reach the heart via the ________________________________________________________ nerves.
6. The endings of accelerator nerves secrete______________________________which increases ___________________
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7. The cardiac control center controls __________________________________________________________________
8. Baroreceptors detect _____________________________________________________________________________
9. When baroreceptors in the aorta detect and increase in pressure, they signal the______________________________
10. If blood pressure is too high, the medulla oblongata sends______________________________to the heart to heart rate.
11. If venous blood pressure increases abnormally, ______________________________ impulses flow to the heart and heart
rate and contraction ________________________________________________________________________________
12. Rising body temperature ________________________________________________________________ heart action.
13. The most important ions that influence heart action are _________________________________________________
IV. Blood Vessels
A. Introduction
1. Blood vessels form a closed ____________ that carries blood _____________________________________________
2. Five types of blood vessels are _____________________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________conduct blood away from the heart and to______________________________
4. ________________________________________________________ conduct blood from capillaries and to the heart.
5. The capillaries are sites of _________________________________________________________________________
B. Arteries and Arterioles
1. Arteries are______________________________that are adapted for________________________________________
2. Arteries give rise to ______________________________________________________________________________
3. The three layers of the wall of an artery are ___________________________________________________________
4. The inner layer of an artery is called______________________________and functions to _______________________
5. The middle layer of an artery is called______________________________andis composed of ___________________
6. The outer layer is______________________________andconsists of _______________________________________
7. The vasa vasorum of an artery is ____________________________________________________________________
8. The______________________________nervous system innervates smooth muscle inarteries and arterioles.
9. Vasomotor fibers stimulate______________________________to contract,_______________the diameter of the vessel.
10. Vasoconstriction is _____________________________________________________________________________
11. Vasodilation is______________________________________________________________________________ and
occurs when ______________________________________________________________________________________
12. Changes in the diameters of arteries and arterioles greatly influence _______________________________________
13. The wall of a very small arteriole consists of _________________________________________________________
14. Metarterioles are______________________________andhelp regulate _____________________________________
15. Arteriovenous shunts are _________________________________________________________________________
C. Capillaries
1. Introduction
a. The smallest diameter blood vessels are _____________________________________________________
b. Capillaries connect _____________________________________________________________________
c. The wall of a capillary consists of __________________________________________________________
2. Capillary Permeability
a. The most permeable capillaries are located ___________________________________________________
b. Protective and tight capillaries are located ____________________________________________________
3. Capillary Arrangement
a. The_______________________________________________________ , the denser its capillary networks.
b. Tissues richly supplied with capillaries are ___________________________________________________
c. Tissues that lack capillaries are ____________________________________________________________
d. During exercise, blood is directed to __________________________ and it bypasses _________________
4. Regulation of Capillary Blood Flow
a. Precapillary sphincters are located______________________________and their function is_____________
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b. When cells have______________________________,precapillary sphincters relax and blood flow _______
5. Exchanges in the Capillaries
a. The vital function of______________________________occurs in the capillaries.
b. Biochemicals move through capillary walls by ________________________________________________
c. ______________________________________________________ is the most important means of transfer.
d. Oxygen and nutrients diffuse out of the capillary walls into surrounding cells because _________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
e. Carbon dioxide and other wastes diffuse into the capillary blood because______________________________
f. Plasma proteins generally remain in the blood because __________________________________________
g. In filtration, hydrostatic pressure ___________________________________________________________
h. In the capillaries, the force for filtration is provided by __________________________________________
i. Blood pressure is greater at the ______________________________________________ end of the capillary.
j. Colloid osmotic pressure is______________________________and is created
by______________________________in the blood of capillaries.
k. At the arteriolar end of the capillary, _____________________________________________ predominates.
l. At the venular end of the capillary, _______________________________________________ predominates.
D. Venules and Veins
1. Venules are ___________________ that continue from ______________________________and merge to form _____
2. The middle layer of the wall of a vein is______________________________compared to that of an artery.
3. The function of valves in veins is ___________________________________________________________________
4. Veins also function as blood _______________________________________________________________________
V. Blood Pressure
A. Introduction
1. Blood pressure is ________________________________________________________________________________
2. Blood pressure most commonly refers to _____________________________________________________________
B. Arterial Blood Pressure
1. Systolic pressure is______________________________and is created when _________________________________
2. Diastolic pressure is______________________________andis created when _________________________________
3. A pulse is______________________________________________________________________________________
4. Common places to detect a pulse are _________________________________________________________________
C. Factors that Influence Arterial Blood Pressure
1. Heart Action
a. Stroke volume is _______________________________________________________________________
b. Cardiac output is _______________________________________________________________________
c. If stroke volume or heart rate increases, cardiac output __________________________________________
2. Blood Volume
a. Blood volume equals ____________________________________________________________________
b. Blood pressure is __________________________________________________________ to blood volume.
3. Peripheral Resistance
a. Peripheral resistance is___________________________________________________________________
b. If peripheral resistance increases, blood flow_______________________and blood pressure ____________
c. Dilation of blood vessels, ________________________________________________ peripheral resistance.
4. Viscosity
a. Viscosity is ___________________________________________________________________________
b. As blood viscosity rises, blood pressure _____________________________________________________
c. ______________________________________________________________ contribute to blood viscosity.
D. Control of Blood Pressure
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1. Blood pressure is determined by ____________________________________________________________________
2. Cardiac output depends on ________________________________________________________________________
3. Stroke volume is the difference between ______________________________________________________________
4. End Diastolic Volume is __________________________________________________________________________
5. End Systolic Volume is ___________________________________________________________________________
6. Factors affecting stoke volume and heart rate are _______________________________________________________
7. Preload is______________________________________________________________________________________
8. The greater the EDV, the greater the _________________________________________________________________
9. Starling’s Law of the Heart is the relationship _________________________________________________________
10. The more blood that enters the heart, the greater the ____________________________________________________
11. The less blood that returns from veins to the heart, the less _______________________________________________
12. Starling’s Law of the Heart ensures _________________________________________________________________
13. If blood pressure rises, ____________ initiate the_______________________ reflex which________ blood pressure.
14. If blood pressure falls, the___________________reflex occurs which_______________increases __________________,
which increases______________________________, which______________________________blood pressure.
15. Other factors that increase heart rate and blood pressure are ______________________________________________
16. When arterial blood pressure suddenly increases, baroreceptors signal______________________________and sympathetic
outflow to arterial walls______________________________which results in ___________________________________
17. Chemicals that influence peripheral resistance are _____________________________________________________
E. Venous Blood Flow
1. Blood pressure____________________________________________________ as the blood moves through the arterial
system into _______________________________________________________________________________________
2. Blood flow through the venous system largely depends on ________________________________________________
3. The ______________________ of skeletal muscles helps push______________________________toward the heart.
4. During inspiration, the pressure in the thoracic cavity______________________________and the pressure in the abdominal
cavity ___________________________________________________________________________________________
5. An increase in abdominal pressure will squeeze blood ___________________________________________________
6. When venous pressure is __________________________________________________ sympathetic reflexes stimulate
________________________________________________________________________________________________
F. Central Venous Pressure
1. Central venous pressure is _________________________________________________________________________
2. Central venous pressure is of special interest because ____________________________________________________
3. Other factors that increase central venous pressure are ___________________________________________________
4. An increase in central venous pressure can lead to ______________________________________________________
VII. Paths of Circulation
A. Introduction
1. The two major pathways of blood vessels are __________________________________________________________
2. The pulmonary circuit consists of ___________________________________________________________________
3. The systemic circuit carries ________________________________________________________________________
B. Pulmonary Circuit
1. Blood enters the pulmonary circuit as it ______________________________________________________________
2. The pulmonary trunk divides into ___________________________________________________________________
3. Within the lungs the pulmonary arteries divide into _____________________________________________________
4. The lobar branches give rise to _____________________________________________________________________
5. The blood in the arteries and arterioles of the pulmonary circuit is low in__________and high in __________________
6. Gases are exchanged between ______________________________________________________________________
7. The arterial pressure in the pulmonary circuit is less than in the systemic circuit because ________________________
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8. _______________________________________________________________ removes any that gets into the alveoli.
9. Blood entering the venules of the pulmonary circuit is_____________rich
and low in _________________________
10. Venules merge to form ___________________________________________________________________________
11. __________________________________________________________________ return blood to the left atrium and
this completes_____________________________________________________________________________________
C. Systemic Circuit
1. Freshly oxygenated blood moves from the left atrium to _________________________________________________
2. Contraction of the left ventricle forces _______________________________________________________________
3. The systemic circuit includes ______________________________________________________________________
VIII. Arterial System
A. Introduction
1. The _________ is the largest diameter artery in the body. 2. The aorta extends ______________________, arches over
________________________, and descends ____________________________________________________________
B. Principal Branches of the Aorta
1. The ascending aorta is ____________________________________________________________________________
2. An aortic sinus is ________________________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________________ arise from the aortic sinus.
4. Aortic bodies are______________________________and contain _________________________________________
5. Three arteries originating from the aortic arch are _______________________________________________________
6. The brachiocephalic artery supplies _________________________________________________________________
7. The brachiocephalic divides into ____________________________________________________________________
8. The common carotids supply_______________________________________________________________________
9. The subclavian arteries supply _____________________________________________________________________
10. The descending aorta moves ______________________________________________________________________
11. The thoracic aorta is ____________________________________________________________________________
12. Branches of the thoracic aorta are __________________________________________________________________
13. The abdominal aorta is __________________________________________________________________________
14. Branches of the abdominal aorta are ________________________________________________________________
C. Arteries of the Neck, Head, and Brain
1. Branches of______________________________supply structures within the neck, head, and brain.
2. The main divisions of the subclavian artery to the neck, head, and brain are __________________________________
3. The common carotid artery communicates with these regions by ___________________________________________
4. The vertebral arteries arise from______________________________and supply ______________________________
5. A basilar artery is formed by _______________________________________________________________________
6. The basilar artery divides into______________________________that supply ________________________________
7. The cerebral arterial circle is formed by ______________________________________________________________
8. Functions of the cerebral arterial circle are ____________________________________________________________
9. Thyrocervical arteries give rise to ___________________________________________________________________
10. Costocervical arteries carry blood to ________________________________________________________________
11. The common carotid arteries ascend ________________________________________________________________
12. The external carotid artery gives off branches to _______________________________________________________
13. Main branches of external carotid arteries are _________________________________________________________
14. The superior thyroid artery supplies ________________________________________________________________
D. Arteries to the Shoulder and Upper Limb
1. As it passes into the arm, the subclavian artery becomes the _______________________________________________
2. The axillary artery supplies ________________________________________________________________________
3. The axillary artery becomes the_____________________________________________________________________
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4. The brachial artery gives rise to ____________________________________________________________________
5. The branches of the brachial artery supplies ___________________________________________________________
6. Within the elbow, the brachial artery divides into _______________________________________________________
7. The branches of the ulnar artery supply_______________________________________________________________
8. The branches of the radial artery supply ______________________________________________________________
9. Blood supply to the wrist, hands, and fingers come from _________________________________________________
E. Arteries to the Thoracic and Abdominal Walls
1. The internal thoracic artery is a branch of _____________________________________________________________
2. The internal thoracic artery gives off two ________________________________________________________ to each
3. The anterior intercostals arteries supply ______________________________________________________________
4. The posterior intercostals arteries arise from______________________________and enter ______________________
5. The posterior intercostals arteries supply _____________________________________________________________
6. Branches of the internal thoracic and external iliac arteries provide blood to __________________________________
7. Phrenic and lumbar arteries supply __________________________________________________________________
F. Arteries to the Pelvis and Lower Limb
1. The abdominal aorta divides to form _________________________________________________________________
2. The common iliac arteries provide blood to ___________________________________________________________
3. Each common iliac divides into_____________________________________________________________________
4. The internal iliac artery gives off branches to __________________________________________________________
5. Branches of the internal iliac artery are _______________________________________________________________
6. The iliolumbar arteries supply ______________________________________________________________________
7. Superior and inferior gluteal arteries supply ___________________________________________________________
8. Internal pudendal arteries supply ____________________________________________________________________
9. Superior and inferior vesical arteries supply ___________________________________________________________
10. Middle rectal arteries supply ______________________________________________________________________
11. Uterine arteries supply___________________________________________________________________________
12. The external iliac artery provides the main blood supply to ______________________________________________
13. Two branches of the external iliac artery are __________________________________________________________
14. The inferior epigastric artery and deep circumflex artery supply___________________________________________
15. The external iliac artery becomes the _______________________________________________________________
16. The femoral artery gives off branches to _____________________________________________________________
IX. Venous System
A. Characteristics of Venous Pathways
1. The vessels of the venous system begin with __________________________________________________________
2. Venous pathways are hard to follow because __________________________________________________________
3. The larger veins typically parallel ___________________________________________________________________
4. The veins from most body parts converge into _________________________________________________________
B. Veins from the Brain, Head, and Neck
1. The external jugular veins drain blood from ___________________________________________________________
2. The external jugular veins empty into ________________________________________________________________
3. The internal jugular veins arise from _________________________________________________________________
4. The brachiocephalic veins are formed from ___________________________________________________________
5. The brachiocephalic veins merge to give rise to ________________________________________________________
C. Veins from the Upper Limb and Shoulder
1. A set of ___________________ and _________________________________________________ drain the upper limb.
2. The deep veins generally parallel ___________________________________________________________________
3. The superficial veins connect ______________________________________________________________________
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and also communicate with _________________________________________________________________________
4. The main vessels of the superficial network are ________________________________________________________
D. Veins from the Abdominal and Thoracic Walls
1. Tributaries of______________________________drain the abdominal and thoracic walls.
2. The azygos vein originates in _____________________________________________________________ and ascends
3. The azygos vein drains ___________________________________________________________________________
4. Tributaries of the azygos vein include ________________________________________________________________
5. The superior and inferior hemiazygos veins drain _______________________________________________________
6. The ascending lumbar veins drain ___________________________________________________________________
E. Veins from the Abdominal Viscera
1. Veins carry blood directly to the atria of the heart, except those of __________________________________________
2. The hepatic portal veins drains______________________________and carries blood to the______________________
3. The hepatic portal system is _______________________________________________________________________
4. Tributaries of the hepatic portal system include ________________________________________________________
5. The gastric veins drain the_________________________________________________________________________
6. Superior mesenteric veins drain the __________________________________________________________________
7. Splenic veins drain ______________________________________________________________________________
8. The blood flowing to the liver in the hepatic portal system is _________poor and ___________________________ rich.
9. The liver ____________________________________________________________________________ the nutrients.
10. Kupffer cells are located _________________________________________________________________________
11. Blood leaves the liver through _____________________________________________________________________
12. Hepatic veins empty blood into ____________________________________________________________________
13. Veins that empty into the inferior vena cava are _______________________________________________________
F. Veins from the Lower Limb and Pelvis
1. Veins that drain the lower limb can be divided into _____________________________________________________
2. The deep veins of the leg have names that correspond to _________________________________________________
3. The popliteal vein is formed from ___________________________________________________________________
4. The femoral vein originates from ___________________________________________________________________
5. The external iliac vein originates from _______________________________________________________________
6. The small saphenous vein begins in______________________________and passes ____________________________
7. The small saphenous vein ascends______________________________and joins the___________________________
8. The great saphenous vein originates on_____________and ascends________and eventually joins the ______________
9. The longest vein of the body is _____________________________________________________________________
10. The saphenous veins communicate with _____________________________________________________________
X. Life-Span Changes
1. _____________________________________ of men over the age of sixty have at least one narrowed coronary artery.
2. Some degree of______________________________deposition in blood vessels may be part of normal aging.
3. During exercise, _________________________________________________________________ decreases with age.
4. _________________________________________________________________ may cause enlargement of the heart.
5. The number of _________________ in the heart fall and______________________________increases.
6. With age, heart valves begin to _____________________________________________________________________
7. Systolic blood pressure ____________________________________________________________________ with age.
8. The increase in systolic blood pressure is due to ________________________________________________________
9. Resting heart rate_________________________________________________________________________ with age.
10. With age, changes in arteries include _______________________________________________________________
11. The number of capillaries _________________________________________________________________ with age.
12. ________________________________________________________ can help maintain a “young” vascular system.
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