BIOLOGY II CH1 PPTOL
Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology
NAME____________________________
CHAPTER 1 POWERPOINT OUTLINE
CHAPTER 1:Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology
Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy – study of structure
Physiology – study of ____________________________
Structure is always related to function
Q1. GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF HOW STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION ARE RELATED
Levels of Organization
Atom – Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen
Molecule –Water, Glucose, Carbon Dioxide
Macromolecule- Protein, Lipid, Carbohydrate, _________________________
Organelle- Nucleus, Golgi Apparatus, Mitochondria, Endoplasmic Reticulum
Cell- Muscle Cell, Neuron, Erythrocyte, Leukocyte, Sperm, Ova, Pacinian Corpuscle
Tissue – Epithelia, Connective, Muscle, Nerve
Organ – Heart, Lungs, Brain, Skin,.etc.
Organ System – Respiratory, Circulatory, Nervous. .etc
Organism
Q2. WHAT DOES A PACINIAN CORPUSCLE DO?
Characteristics of Life
Movement – change in position; motion
Responsiveness – reaction to a change
Growth – increase in ______________________________
Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells
Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods
Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids
Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into different substances
Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids
Digestion – breakdown of food substances
Excretion – removal of wastes
Q3. WHAT DO WE CALL THE PROCESS IN WHICH EMBRYONIC CELLS MATURE TO
PERFORM A SPECIFIC FUNCTION?
Requirements of Organisms
Water Most abundant substance in body
Required for metabolic processes and transport
Regulates body temperature
Oxygen _____________% of air
Releases energy from nutrients as ATP
Heat
Food
Supplies energy
and raw materials
Atomic ________________ energy
Controls rate of metabolic reactions
Pressure
Atmospheric pressure important for breathing
Hydrostatic pressure keeps blood flowing
Homeostasis
Body’s maintenance of a stable _______________________ environment
Homeostatic Mechanisms – monitor aspects of the internal environment and corrects any changes
Receptors - provide information
Control center - tells what a particular value should be
Effectors - causes responses to change internal environment
Homeostatic Mechanisms
HOMEOSTASIS: the tendency of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment.
All life processes and metabolic reactions work to maintain homeostasis.
Most homeostatic mechanisms are regulated by _________________________ feedback
Body Cavities and Major Organs
DORSAL
CRANIAL: _____________
VERTEBRAL: Spinal Chord
ABDOMINPELVIC
ABDOMINAL: Stomach, Intestines, Pancreas,
Liver, __________________
THORACIC
PLEURAL: Lungs
MEDIASTENUM: _________
PELVIC: Urinary Bladder, Reproductive Organs
Q4. WHICH ENDOCRINE GLAND LIES SUPERFICIAL TO THE MEDIASTENUM?
Serous Membranes
Visceral layer – covers an organ
Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall
Abdominopelvic Membranes
Visceral peritoneum - covers intestines, liver..etc
Parietal peritoneum - lines abdominal wall
Serous Membranes
Remember !!Parietal Membranes - cover cavities
Serous Fluid – a thin lubricating secretion
Q5. WHY IS SEROUS FLUID SO THIN?
Thoracic Membranes
Visceral pleura – covers lungs
Parietal pleura – lines ribcage
Visceral pericardium – covers heart
Parietal pericardium – lines mediastinum
Visceral Membranes - cover organs
11 Organ Systems
INTEGUMENTARY
LYMPHATIC
SKELETAL
DIGESTIVE
MUSCULAR
RESPIRATORY
NERVOUS
URINARY
ENDOCRINE
REPRODUCTIVE
CIRCULATORY
Q6. WHICH 2 SYSTEMS CIRCULATE FLUIDS IN THE BODY?
Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Position – body standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward
Terms of Relative Position
Superior versus Inferior
Ipsilateral versus Contralateral
Anterior versus Posterior
Proximal versus Distal
Medial versus ___________________
Superficial versus Deep
Q6. DESCRIBE THE RELATIONSHIP OF YOUR NAIL TO THE DISTAL PHALANGE?
Body Sections
Sagittal / Midsagittal or Median
Transverse / Cross
________________________ or Frontal
Oblique
Q7. IF I WANTED TO KNOW HOW STRAIGHT YOUR SPINE WAS WHICH SECTION WOULD I
USE?
Abdominal Subdivisions
Right Hypochondriac
Right Lumbar
Epigastric
_____________________
Left Hypochondriac
Left Lumbar
Q8. WHERE IS YOUR APPENDIX?
Quadrants
Left Upper
Right Upper
Left Lower
Right Lower
Right Iliac
Hypogastric
Left Iliac
SURFACE ANATOMY LANDMARKS
Anterior Landmarks:
a. cranial= skull
b. facial=face
c. cephalic=___________________
d. cervical=neck
e. axillary=armpit
f. brachial=upper arm
g. antecubital=anterior elbow
h. antebrachial=forearm
i. carpal=wrist
j. metacarpal=hand
k. digital=finger
l. femoral=thigh
m. patellar=knee cap
n. crural=_____________________
o. frontal=forehead
p. orbital=eye
q. otic=ear
r. buccal=_____________________
s. nasal=nose
t. oral=mouth
u. mental=____________________
v. mammary=breast
w. umbilical=naval
x. coxal=hip
y. inguinal=groin
aa. pubic=pelvic
bb. tarsal=ankle
Posterior Landmarks
a. acromial=___________________
b. olecranial=elbow
c. gluteal=buttocks
d. popliteal=back of knee
e. pedal=foot
f. plantar=sole
g. dorsal=back
h. lumbar=loin
Q9. WHICH LANDMARK IS CLOSEST TO THE UVULA?
Clinical Application: Medical Imaging
Noninvasive procedures
Provide images of soft internal structures
X- Rays
Use of high-frequency X Rays
Relatively quick and inexpensive
Ultrasonography Use of high-frequency sound waves
Relatively quick and inexpensive
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Requires injection of dye
Produces computerized transverse, frontal, and
sagittal sections of area being studied
Q10. IF YOU SUSPECTED A PATIENT HAD A BRAIN TUMOR WHICH METHODOLOGY WOULD
YOU SELECT AND WHY?