Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Organization
Objectives:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Define anatomy and physiology and describe their subdivisions.
Explain the principle of complementarity.
Name the different levels of structural organization that make up the
human body and explain their relationship.
List the 11 organ systems of the body, identify their components, and
briefly explain the major function(s) of each system.
List the functional characteristics necessary to maintain life in humans.
List the survival needs of the body.
Define homeostasis and explain its significance.
Describe how negative and positive feedback maintain body
homeostasis.
Describe the relationship between homeostatic imbalance and disease.
Describe the anatomical position.
Use correct anatomical terms to describe body directions, regions, and
body planes or sections.
Locate and name the major body cavities and their subdivisions and list
the major organs contained within them.
Name the serous membranes and indicate their common function.
I. An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
A. Anatomy –
B. Physiology –
C. Topics of Anatomy
1. __________________________ – study of large body
structures visible to the naked eye
a. ______________ Anatomy – all structures in a region
of the body
b. ______________ Anatomy – all structures in a system
of the body
c. ______________ Anatomy – study of the internal
structures as they relate to the over lying skin surface
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2. ________________ Anatomy – study of structures too
small to be seen with the naked eye
a. ____________________ – study of cells
b. ____________________ – study of tissues
3. _______________________ Anatomy – traces
structural changes that occur throughout a lifetime
a. ____________________ – development changes that
occur before birth
D. Topics of Physiology
1. Topics consider operations of specific systems
a. _________________ Physiology – kidney function
and urine production
b. __________________________ – workings of the
nervous system
c. __________________________ Physiology –
operation of heart & blood vessels
E. Complementarity of Structure and Function
1.
II. Levels of Structural Organization
A.
B. Tissues – groups of cells that have a similar function
1.
2.
3.
4.
C. Organ – groups of tissues that perform a specific function
D. Organ System – groups of organs that work together to
accomplish a common purpose
III. Maintaining Life
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A. Necessary Life Functions
1.
a. Inside needs to remain separate from outside
b. Control of what goes in and out
2.
3.
a. Ability to sense and respond to changes in the environment
4.
5.
a. all chemical reactions that occur within body cells
b. Catabolism –
c. Anabolism –
d. Cellular Respiration –
6.
7.
a. can occur at the cellular level or the organismal level
8. Growth & Development
a. Growth –
b. Development –
B. Survival Needs
1.
a. contain chemical substances used for energy and cell
building
b.
2.
3
a. provides necessary environment for chemical reactions
3.
4.
a. force air exerts on the surface of the body
IV.
Homeostasis
A.
B.
C. ___________________________ Equilibrium – internal
conditions vary but within narrow limits
D. Hemostatic Control Mechanisms
1. Variable – factor or event being regulated
2. Receptor – 1st component
a. monitors environment and responds to changes (stimuli)
b. sends information (input) to 2nd component
3. Control Center – 2nd component
a. determines set point
b. level or range at which variable is to be maintained
c. determines appropriate response
4. Effector – 3rd component
a. provides the means for the control centers response
(output)
b. results of response feedback to influence stimulus
1. negative - depressing stimulus so control mechanism
shuts off
2. positive – enhancing stimulus so reaction continues at
faster rate
E. Negative Feedback Mechanism
1. results in a change of the variable opposite of initial change,
returns variable to “ideal” value
2. body regulating temperature
F. Positive Feedback Mechanism
1. enhances the original stimulus so the activity is accelerated
2. blood clotting
V.
The Language of Anatomy
A. Anatomical Position and Directional Terms
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1. Anatomical Position – standard body position to give an
anatomical reference point
2. DIRECTIONS ALWAYS REFER TO THE “PATIENT’S” BODY, NOT
THE OBSERVER
B. Regional Terms
1. 2 Divisions of the Body
a. Axial Part –
b. Appendicular Part –
C. Body Planes and Sections
1. Sagittal Plane –
a. Midsagittal plane –
b. Parasagittal plane –
2. Frontal Plane –
a. also called a Coronal Plane
3. Transverse or Horizontal Plane –
a. also called Cross Section
D. Body Cavities and Membranes
DORSAL CAVITY
CRANIAL CAVITY
VERTEBRAL CANAL
VENTRALCAVITY
THORACIC CAVITY
ABDOMINOPELVIC
CAVITY
ABDOMINAL
CAVITY
PELVIC
CAVITY
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**Note: The diaphragm muscle separates the thoracic from the
abdominopelvic cavity
1. Viscera –
2. Pleural –
3. Pericardial –
4. Mediastinum –
E. Membranes of the Ventral Body Cavity
1. Serosa
a. Serous Membrane
b. thin double-layered membrane covers walls of cavity and
outer surface of organs
c. Parietal serosa –
d. Visceral serosa –
e. Serous Fluid – thin layer of lubricating fluid secreted by
both membranes
2. Serous Membranes of the Heart
a. Visceral Pericardium – membrane on the surface of the
_________________
b. Parietal Pericardium – membrane lines the _____________
c. Pericardial Cavity – space between the 2 membranes
3. Serous Membranes of the Lungs
a. Visceral Pleura – membrane on the surface of the _______
b. Parietal Pleura – membranes lines the ________________
c. Pleural Cavity – space between two membranes
4. Serous Membranes of the Abdominal Organs
a. Visceral Peritoneum – membrane on surface of
________________________________________
b. Parietal Peritoneum – membrane lines the surface of the
__________________________
c. Peritoneal Cavity – space between two membranes
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F. Terms Referring to Direction/Relative Position
1. Superior =
Inferior =
2. Anterior = Posterior =
3. Ventral =
Dorsal =
4. Medial =
Lateral =
5. Cephalad =
Caudal =
6. Proximal =
Distal =
7. Superficial =
Deep =
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