Document 14217458
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Objectives Describe the underlying causes of WWI Explain the chain of events that trigger WWI Outline the chain of events through which America entered WWI Essential Questions: 1. What were the causes of WWI? 2. How did the US respond? 3. Why did the US eventually declare war? 4. How did the US mobilize for the war? 5. What was Wilson’s vision for a post war world? Which ideas were included in the Treaty of Versailles? 6. What effects did US involvement have at home? 7.What repressive actions by the gov. were taken during the war? What were the causes of World War I? Militarism…Weapons Alliances…Secret Imperialism…Economic Nationalism…Pride Queen Victoria was sometimes called the Grandmamma of Europe... – During World War One there were no less than seven of the Queen's direct descendants, and two more of her Coburg relations, on European thrones. – Before WWI, can anyone blame this family of kings, or their subjects, for assuming that a war between these crowned cousins was all but impossible? Fragile Alliances 1871 last great European conflict 1907 two camps evolve: – Triple Alliance (Central Powers) Germany, A-H, Italy – Triple Entente (Allies) GB, France, Russia Important Dates June 1914 – Assassination of Archduke August 1914 – WWI begins March 1917 – Russian Revolution April 1917 – US enters the war Nov 1918 – War ends Europe was a “powder keg” waiting for a spark to ignite Assassination of the Archduke Ferdinand heir to the AustroHungarian throne and his wife A chain of events follows leading Europe to war The assassin… Gavrilo Princip A Serbian nationalist trained in Serbia The “Black Hand”… The chain of events… AFF assassinated in Bosnia AH blames Serbia AH makes harsh demands of Serbia AH asks Germany for support continued >>> New Alliances Allies Great Britain France Italy Serbia Russia Japan Belgium Central Powers Germany Austria – Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria America should be “neutral in fact as well as in name-impartial in thought as well as in action.” – Woodrow Wilson What was the American response? War would threaten U.S. business interests Many saw no reason to become involved Wilson: America should remain above the conflict and he would serve as peacemaker Neutrality Proclamation: U.S. was not committed to either side and should remain neutral How did Americans feel about the war? Some Americans felt personally involved 1/3 were first or second generation immigrants 4 million Irish-Americans and 8 million German-Americans were hostile to Great Britain Most favored Allies - Saw Kaiser as an autocrat or saw opportunity to gain markets - liked Allies - common English ties - French our friends ... What is a consequence of propaganda? Anti-German hysteria German music and literature banned German language not taught Harassment of German Americans Name changes: Sauerkraut – liberty cabbage, German measles – liberty measles, Dachshund – liberty puppy, hamburger – liberty sandwich, frankfurter – hot dog What were America’s economic ties with the Allies? As a neutral power we could trade with belligerents Trade with Germany ended because of British blockade practices – Munitions: 1914 - $6,000,000 explosives sold to the Allies – by 1916 – 80X that amount – Exports to Allies: 1914 - $824 million and in 1916 - $3.2 billion – Loans to Allies $2.5 billion and to CP $27 million by 1917 Neutral in name only German Trench near the Hindenburg Line British prepare to go “over the top” at the Battle of the Somme Modern weapons made the trenches a grim reality The effects of mustard gas How did Germany violate American neutrality rights? February, 1915 – Germany announced waters around Great Britain as a war zone Warned neutral powers identification at sea a problem Wilson informed Germany that will be held in strict accountability American response: “an indefensible violation of neutral rights” Lusitania British liner – departed from New York Sunk off the coast of Ireland 128 Americans died Wilson condemned the act as barbaric and insisted on sending a warning to Germany Was carrying munitions to Allies in its hull. The Sussex Unarmed French ship Sunk by Germany – March, 1916 4 Americans injured Wilson protested Sussex pledge: – Germany agreed to warn all ships before sinking puts the decision of when the U.S. goes to war in Germany’s hands Fading opposition to the War War becomes viewed as a positive force for social change War required greater government involvement in American life Women believed they could win the right to vote Middle-class women became community leaders Who opposed the war? American Union against Militarism Jane Addams, Lillian Wald – progressive reformers, socialists, pacifists Suffrage movement: “I didn’t raise my boy to be a soldier.” Anti-war feeling in the South and Midwest Wilson’s campaign slogan in 1916 – “He Kept Us Out of War” Safe for Democracy Germany resumes sub warfare Gambles on ending the war before American entry Wilson’s two goals: – US neutrality – Freedom of the seas Wilson breaks off relations Zimmerman note made public Arms US ships against subs Why did the U.S. enter the war? Germany – fearful of loss unless she cut British supply lines – announced resumption of unlimited submarine warfare Wilson broke diplomatic relations – Feb, 3, 1917 Zimmerman note… Russian Revolution… Wilson ordered Am. Merchant ships armed in March Germany sank 7 Am. Merchant ships The Russian Revolution and America’s Response Czar’s repressive and corrupt government falls – Germans smuggle Lenin into Russia Provisional government under Kerensky stays in war Soldiers hate the war Lenin promises “peace, land, & bread” – Signs treaty with Germany Bolsheviks call for a worldwide revolution against capitalism U.S. Declared War on Germany April 2, 1917 – Wilson addressed Congress Submarine warfare – “warfare against mankind” “The world must be made safe for democracy” Senate – 82 to 6 House – 373 to 50 Declaration of war – April 6, 1917 President Wilson delivers his War Message to Congress April 2, 1917 Central Powers v. Allied Powers Austro- United Hungarian Empire Germany Ottoman Empire France Great States Britain Italy Belgium Japan Serbia American Mobilization Objective: describe how the US mobilized the minds of Americans at home and soldiers overseas. Selling the War Committee for Public Information (CPI) led by George Creel –Pamphlets, articles, books, posters, slides, newspaper ads, and films promoting the war –Bond rallies w/ movie stars –“Four Minute Men” Selling the War Creel’s 3 themes: – America is morally unified – Crusade for peace & freedom – Hatred of all things German Consequences: – Abandonment of Old World ties and become “unhyphenated Americans” – Attacks on German Americans, radicals, and peace activists “You’re in the Army Now” How did the U.S. raise an army? 1917 – only 200,000 men in the service Selective Service Act – 24 million register – 2.8 million are drafted – 2 million volunteer – Democratic procedures controlled by local draft boards New IQ test shows illiteracy at 25% Most had not attended high school and 20% foreign born – “The military tent will rank next to the public schools among the great agents of democratization,” Teddy Roosevelt. Americans in Battle Commander of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) Believed in the total destruction of his enemy Hated the defensive nature of the trenches General “Blackjack” Pershing Americans in Battle The Convoy System Racism in the Military Segregated units or exclusion Low status jobs Overt racism and violence 200,000 serve in France with 1 in 5 experiencing combat – The 369th Harlem Hellfighters fought with the French – 191 days in the trenches – French award them the Croix de Guerre Objectives: Summarize the effect of WWI on the American home front. Describe the effects of WWI on America’s economy, politics, and cultural life. Essential Questions How did American labor mobilizes for World War I? What were the consequences of WW I for labor, women and African Americans? What was the US’s economic and military role? How did the power of the government expand? Convert economy… Business and government collaborated Congress gave Wilson direct control over much of the economy –Fix prices –Regulate war related industries What was the function of the War Industries Board? Organizing the Economy – Bernard M. Baruch (Wall Street speculator) – – – – Increase production…. Reduce waste…. Set production quotas…. Allocate raw materials….. What was the function of the Fuel Administration? Monitored coal supplies Rationed gasoline and heating oil –Gasless Sundays –Lightless nights –Daylight savings time What was the function of the Food Administration? Herbert Hoover – Imposed price controls – Raised prices on grain to increase production – No rationing of food Persuasion High prices Voluntary controls – “Hooverizing” – food conservation – “meatless Tuesdays” – “Food will win the war” “Hooverizing” How did the government finance the war? Cost $33 billion Three ways: – Income taxes replace excise and customs levies Increase the number of Americans paying income tax – Liberty Bonds Raises $23 billion – Federal Reserve Expanded National money supply with easy borrowing debt grows from $1 billion to $20 billion Financing the War WW I Liberty Bond Support for Liberty Bonds Sec. of the Treasury William McAdoo Liberty Bond Booths were set up by the Boy/Girl Scouts The Business of War Corporate profits nearly triple Larger businesses do even better Du Pont quadrupled profits Farm production increases 20-30% Economic legacy of corporate and government cooperation – Entire industries and economic sectors are organized, regulated, and subsidized Labor and the War Labor shortage causes government to recognize labor unions Higher wages and a better standard of living resulted Unions become a junior partner in mobilizing the economy President of the AFL Samuel Gompers – Skilled white males – Building trades, railroads, and miners Samuel Gompers and “business unionism” President of the AFL Skilled, white males Collective bargaining… Concrete gains – bread and butter issues Served on the National War Labor Board Labor and the War Union membership rises NWLB establishes the practice of government intervening on behalf of labor Labor shortages in the SW ease immigration restrictions on Mexican workers – Early example of the growing importance of cheap Mexican labor to the region’s economy Eugene Debs Gave speech defending antiwar protesters Sentenced to 10 years Ran for Pres. From jail Served 32 months Pardoned by Harding in 1921 The Espionage Act Espionage Act of 1917 attacks antiwar sentiments – 20 yrs in prison & $10,000 fine – Aid to the enemy, obstruction of recruitment, or causing insubordination – Postal service stops treasonous newspapers & magazines Enforcement the FBI leads to the creation of The Sedition Act Amendment to Espionage Act added in 1918 outlaws: – “any disloyal, profane (contempt), scurrilous (vulgar), or abusive language intended to cause contempt, scorn, contumely (rudeness), or disrepute” to the government, Constitution, or flag. 21,000 cases combined aimed at socialists, radical labor, & pacifists Eugene Debs 10yrs (serves 32 mo.) Suppression of Dissent Schenck v. United States – Justice Holmes, restriction of speech is Constitutional when it “creates a clear and present danger.” Debs v. United States – Affirmed guilt Abrams v. United States – Convicts 4 Russian immigrants denouncing US intervention in the Russian Revolution Labor Strife 1919 more than 4 million workers conduct 3,600 strikes Causes: – Modest wage increases wiped away by inflation and high prices for food, fuel, and housing – End of government control on industry, allowed many employers to withdraw their recognition of unions – Continuation of 12-hour day – Demobilized servicemen Labor Strife Seattle shipyard strike ends with federal troops occupying the city. Boston police strike ends when Gov. Calvin Coolidge calls in the Nat’l Guard and fires the entire force. Midwestern steelworker strike fails when Elbert Gary uses black strikebreakers, armed guards, and propaganda. How did the war affect women? Women in Industry Service – Mary Van Kleeck Formulated standard for treatment of females – – – – – – 8 hr. day Equal pay for equal work Rest periods and meal breaks Restrooms No night work Minimum wage Reality of women’s work? Accepted goals – not enforced Received roughly ½ the pay as men for the same work Lost jobs at the end of the war Accelerated women’s work in traditional fields Led Congress to est. Woman’s Bureau in the Dept. of Labor What new opportunities did the war offer women? Women moved into jobs previously held by men… Continued traditional jobs …. Red cross volunteers Bolstered support for women’s suffrage amendment 19th Amendment - 1920 Women’s Suffrage… Battle for the vote prior to WWI… National American Women’s Suffrage Association – Carrie Chapman Catt… Alice Paul – National Women’s Party… “The fight for democracy must begin at home.” 1917 Wilson – suffrage amendment “vital to the winning of the war.” Woman Suffrage New wageworkers Highly visible volunteer work – Selling bonds – Saving food, organizing benefits National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) – Carrie Chapman Catt – Anna Howard Shaw – Patriotic support of the war Woman Suffrage National Woman’s Party – More radical and militant than NAWSA – Alice Paul Catt urges “war measure” Passage of the 19th Amendment Prohibition Drinking seen as a source of working class problems – Family violence – Unemployment – Poverty Anti-German feelings Conserve grain 18th Amendment = worthy moral reform Stimulates growth of organized crime Public Health More Progressive Governmental Reforms – Venereal disease Free treatment Educational campaigns – Child welfare care for children of working mothers Child labor and delinquency Prenatal and obstetrical care – Disease prevention Influenza Worldwide pandemic killing 20 million Sept 1918 sweeps military bases and eastern cities 350,000 Americans die in 10 months Congress appropriates $ to suppress the spread Aid from Red Cross and local volunteers Economic Opportunity Between 1914-1920 some 300,000 to 500,000 leave rural South for the North Labor shortages Few receive high-paying skilled positions Most are construction laborers, teamsters, janitors, or porters How did the Great Migration increase racial tensions? 300,000 to 500,000 African Americans moved to northern cities Labor shortages in the North Better economic opportunity Less racial violence What were African American expectations? Supported war effort Hoped cooperation would improve their situation Experienced equality in France Frustrated at home Intolerance increased Racial Violence Lynching in the South Not limited to the South Two of the worst race riots in US history occur in the North: – East St. Louis, Illinois 1917 – Unions refuse to accept blacks – Owners using black labor against Union demands – 200 African Americans killed What caused the collapse of Germany? Nov. 3, 1918 Austria Hungary surrendered Critical food shortages and prospect of U.S. reinforcements for the Allies 14 Points… Nov. 9, socialist leaders in Berlin established the German Republic Kaiser abdicated November 11, 1918 – cease – fire armistice Essential Questions were Wilson’s Fourteen Points? Why did the Allies not agree with Wilson? What was the Treaty of Versailles? Why did the US Senate reject it? What were some consequences of the war? What Wilson in Paris The Big Four Hailed by the European public, Wilson found a hostile atmosphere at Versailles among the “Big Four” France: George Clemenceau Italy: Vittorio Orlando U.S.: Woodrow Wilson G.B.: David Lloyd George What were Allied Motives? –Clemenceau wanted to make sure Germany never invaded France again –David Lloyd George wanted revenge –Orlando wanted land from Austria What were the 14 Points? Wilson’s blue print for peace Rooted in progressive liberalism Moral vision – road to lasting peace General principles 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Freedom of the seas Open covenants – no secret treaties Free trade Reduced armaments Mediation of competing colonial claims The Fourteen Points Three main elements: 1. Right of all peoples to “national selfdetermination” 2. General principles governing international conduct 3. A League of Nations which would implement these principles and resolve future conflicts Article X The most controversial both at home and abroad “members undertake to respect and preserve as against external aggression and territorial integrity and existing political independence of all Members” U.S. critics 1. Surrender of national sovereignty 2. Power to declare war held by Congress The Treaty Of Versailles Self-determination finds limited appeal – Nine new nations in Europe – No independence for German colonies – GB, France, and Japan seize War guilt clause and the forced reparation of $33 billion to GB and France – The seeds are sown for the rise of the Nazi Party League of Nations is accepted The Treaty Fight Wilson’s miscalculations 1918 midterm elections – Republicans capture Congress Senator Henry Cabot Lodge No Republicans with US delegation extreme enemies or “Irreconcilables” headed by Senator Borah Republican Henry Cabot Lodge (reservationists) – Opposed to League, but – Offers amendments weakening League How did Wilson respond to his opposition? Took the Treaty and the League to the American people 8,000 mile speaking tour MidwestPacificEast 36 speeches in 23 days Sept. 25 – collapsed in Pueblo, Colo Suffered stroke – partially paralyzed Congress never signs the Treaty The Treaty Fight Mutual hatred Wilson refuses – Takes his League to the American people – 8,000 mile journey – Suffers a paralyzing stroke – Calls on Democrats to vote against Lodge’s version – Treaty fails ratification – The US never signs the Treaty nor does it join the League of Nations The Election of 1920 Possessed virtually no qualifications for president A “return to normalcy” Biggest landslide to date Repudiated Wilson’s idealism and progressive reform Conclusion A “second industrial revolution” Progressive movement ends Prohibition Powerful new industries of advertising and public relations Political xenophobia and racism Overwhelming desire for “normalcy” Smoldering resentment in Germany grows
