PowerPoint Lecture Outlines
to accompany
Hole’s Human
Anatomy and Physiology
Tenth Edition
Shier w Butler w Lewis
Chapter
14
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
14-1
Chapter 14
Blood
Functions
• transports vital
substances
• maintains stability
of interstitial fluid
• distributes heat
Blood Cells
• form mostly in red bone
marrow
• red blood cells
• white blood cells
• platelets (cell fragments)
14-2
Blood Volume
•about 8% of body weight
• about 5 liters
•varies with
• body size
• changes in fluid concentration
• changes in electrolyte concentration
• amount of adipose tissue
14-3
Blood Composition
14-4
Origin of Blood Cells
14-5
Red Blood Cells
• erythrocytes
• biconcave
• one-third hemoglobin
• oxyhemoglobin
• deoxyhemoglobin
• can readily squeeze
through capillaries
• lack nuclei and
mitochondria
14-6
Red Blood Cell Count
• number of RBCs in a cubic millimeter of blood
• 4,600,000 – 6,200,000 in males
• 4,200,000 – 5,400,000 in adult females
• 4,500,000 – 5,100,000 in children
• reflects blood’s oxygen carrying capacity
14-7
Red Blood Cell Production
• low blood oxygen causes
kidneys and liver to
release erythropoietin
which stimulates RBC
production
• vitamin B12, folic acid
and iron necessary
14-8
Life Cycle of Red Blood Cell
• circulate for about 120 days
• macrophages in spleen and
liver destroy worn out RBCs
• hemoglobin is broken down
into heme and globin
• iron return to red bone
marrow
• bilirubin and biliverdin
excreted in bile
14-9
Types of Anemia
• aplastic anemia
• bone marrow damaged
• toxic chemicals
• radiation
• hemolytic anemia
• RBCs destroyed
• toxic chemicals
• sickle cell anemia
• abnormal shape of RBCs
• defective gene
• iron deficiency anemia
• hemoglobin deficient
• lack of iron
• pernicious anemia
• excess of immature RBCs
• inability to absorb B12
• thalassemia
• hemoglobin deficient
• RBCs short-lived
• defective gene
14-10
Hemolytic Anemia
Normal RBCs
RBCs of person with
hemolytic anemia
14-11
White Blood Cells
• leukocytes
• protect against disease
• interleukins and colony-stimulating factors stimulate
development
• granulocytes
• neutrophils
• eosinophils
• basophils
• agranulocytes
• lymphocytes
• monocytes
14-12
Neutrophils
• light blue granules in acid-base
stain
• lobed nucleus
• other names
• segs
• polymorphonuclear
leukocyte
• bands (young neutrophils)
• first to arrive at infections
• phagocytic
• 54% - 62% of leukocyte
• elevated in bacterial infections
14-13
Basophils
• deep blue granules is
basic stain
• release histamine
• release heparin
• less than 1% of
leukocytes
14-14
Eosinophils
• deep red granules in acid
stain
• bilobed nucleus
• moderate allergic reactions
• defend against parasitic
worm infestations
• 1% - 3% of leukocytes
• elevated in worm
infestations and allergic
reactions
14-15
Monocytes
• largest blood cell
• kidney-shaped or oval
nuclei
• leave bloodstream to
become macrophages
• 3% - 9% of leukocytes
• elevated in typhoid fever,
malaria, tuberculosis
14-16
Lymphocytes
• about the size of RBC
• large spherical nuclei
• thin rims of cytoplasm
• T cells
• B cells
• important in immunity
• produce antibodies
• 25% - 33% of
leukocytes
• decreased T Cells in
AIDS
14-17
Diapadesis
• leukocytes squeeze through capillary walls to
enter tissue space outside the blood vessel
14-18
White Blood Cell Counts
• number of WBCs per cubic millimeter of blood
• 5,000 – 10,000 per cubic millimeter of blood
• leukopenia
• low WBC count
• typhoid fever, flu, measles, mumps, chicken pox, AIDS
• leukocytosis
• high WBC count
• acute infections, vigorous exercise, great loss of body fluids
• differential WBC count
• lists percentages of types of leukocytes
• may change in particular diseases
14-19
Blood Platelets
• thrombocytes
• cell fragments of megakaryocytes
• 130,000 – 360,000 per cubic millimeter of blood
• helps control blood loss from broken vessels
14-20
Blood Plasma
• straw colored
• liquid portion of blood
• 55% of blood
14-21
Plasma Proteins
Albumins
Alpha and Beta Globulins
• most numerous plasma
• originate in liver
proteins
• transport lipids and fat• originate in liver
soluble vitamins
• help maintain osmotic
pressure of blood
Fibrinogen
• originate in liver
• plays key role in
blood coagulation
Gamma Globulins
• originate in
lymphatic tissues
• constitute the
antibodies of immunity
14-22
Gases and Nutrients
Gases
• oxygen
• carbon dioxide
• nitrogen
Nutrients
• amino acids
• simple sugars
• nucleotides
• lipids
• lipoproteins
14-23
Plasma Lipoproteins
Chylomicrons
• high concentration
of triglycerides
• transport dietary
fats to muscles and
adipose cells
LDLs
• relatively high
concentration of
cholesterol
• formed from
VLDLs
• deliver
cholesterol to
various cells
VLDLs
• relatively high
concentration of
triglycerides
• produced in the liver
• transport triglycerides
from liver to adipose cells
HDLs
• relatively high concentration
of proteins
• relatively low concentration
of lipids
• transport remnants of
chylomicrons to liver
14-24
Nonprotein Nitrogenous
Substances
• molecules containing nitrogen but are not proteins
• urea – product of protein catabolism; about 50% of
NPN substances
• uric acid – product of nucleic acid catabolism
• amino acids – product of protein catabolism
• creatine – stores phosphates
• creatinine – product of creatine metabolism
• BUN – blood urea nitrogen; indicate health of kidney
14-25
Plasma Electrolytes
• sodium
• potassium
• calcium
• magnesium
• chloride
• bicarbonate
• phosphate
• sulfate
• sodium and potassium most abundant
14-26
Hemostasis
• stoppage of bleeding
Blood Vessel Spasm
• triggered by
pain receptors,
platelet release,
or serotonin
• smooth muscle
in vessel
contracts
Platelet Plug
Blood Coagulation
Formation
• triggered by
• triggered by
cellular damage
exposure of
and blood
platelets to
contact with
collagen
foreign surfaces
• platelets
• blood clot
adhere to
forms
rough surface
to form a plug
14-27
Platelet Plug Formation
14-28
Blood Coagulation
14-29
Blood Coagulation
Extrinsic Clotting Mechanism
• chemical outside of blood triggers blood coagulation
• triggered by thromboplastin (not found in blood)
• triggered when blood contacts damaged tissue
Intrinsic Clotting Mechanism
• chemical inside blood triggers blood coagulation
• triggered by Hageman factor (found inside blood)
• triggered when blood contacts a foreign surface
14-30
Blood Clots
• After forming, blood clot retracts and pulls the edges of a
broken vessel together
• Platelet-derived growth factor stimulates smooth muscle cells
and fibroblasts to repair damaged blood vessels
• Plasmin digests blood clots
• thrombus – abnormal blood clot
• embolus – blood clot moving through blood
14-31
Prevention of Coagulation
• The smooth lining of blood vessels discourages the
accumulation of platelets
• As a clot forms, fibrin absorbs thrombin and prevents
the reaction from spreading
• Antithrombin interferes with the action of excess
thrombin
• Some cells secrete heparin
14-32
ABO Blood Group
14-33
Agglutination
14-34
Preferred and Permissible
Blood Types for Transfusion
14-35
Clinical Application
Leukemia
Myeloid Leukemia
Lymphoid Leukemia
• bone marrow produces
• lymphocytes are cancerous
too many immature
• symptoms similar to
granulocytes
myeloid leukemia
• leukemic cells crowd
out other blood cells
Treatments
• anemia
• blood transfusions
• bleeding
• marrow transplants
• susceptible to
• anti-cancer drugs
infections
• stem cell transplants
14-36